protected areas. protected areas – a long history sacred groves, esp. of africa, asia & europe...
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Protected Areas
Protected Areas – a long history
Sacred Groves, esp. of Africa, Asia & Europe
Usually have religious significance for the communities that protect them
Photo from Wikimedia Commons of torii gates at Shimogamo Shrine, Japan & associated sacred grove
Protected Areas – a long history
Royal Hunting Preserves
Photo of Windsor Castle & Great Park from Wikimedia Commons
E.g., Windsor Castle’s Great Park
Definition from IUCN
Protected Areas
A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the
long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values
Not the only way to conserve biodiversity, but can helpavoid habitat degradation/destruction, overexploitation,
etc., especially in key areas
> 108,000 around the world> 12% land surface area
~ 0.8% oceans (~ 5000 marine protected areas)
Protected Areas
“Rocks & ice syndrome” (protected areas are often a biased subset of habitats – those that are not desirable for other purposes)
E.g., the world’s largest nat’l. park is Northeast Greenland Nat’l. Park –
essentially the Greenland icecap
Map from Wikimedia Commons
Quote from Wilcove (2008) “No Way Home” – pg. 205
Protected Areas
Many formally protected national parks are “paper parks” (i.e., established in name only w/o enforcement); especially prevalent
in less-developed countries
“Of an estimated $6 billion spent annually to manage protected areas worldwide, < 12%... is spent in less-developed countries (where, ironically,
most of the earth’s biodiversity resides.”
United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Logos from respective Web sites
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1945
UNESCO’s first Director General, Sir Julian Huxley, helped establish this institution in 1948, to give UNESCO a more scientific base
IUCN Categories of Protected Areas
Category I – Nature reserve / wilderness area / “wildlife sanctuary”; mainly for scientific research or wilderness protection
Category II – National park; mainly for ecosystemprotection & recreation
Category III – Natural monument; conservation of specific natural features
Category IV – Habitat / species management area
Category V – Protected landscape / seascape
Category VI – Managed resource protected area; mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems
(key objective = to develop national strategies for the conservation & sustainable use of biodiversity)
Logo from www.eoearth.org
Kyoto Protocol
Convention on Biological Diversity
(adopted 1997, Kyoto, Japan)
United Nations Conference on Environment & Development, a.k.a. Rio Earth Summit, 1992
Two major achievements of the Earth Summit:
Photo from Wikimedia Commons Torres del Paine National Park, Chile
UNESCO Programme on Man & the Biosphere (MAB) – Biosphere Reserves
(531 in 105 countries since est. in 1970s)
Photo from Wikimedia Commons Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda
UNESCO Programme on Man & the Biosphere (MAB) – Biosphere Reserves
(531 in 105 countries since est. in 1970s)
Photo from Wikimedia Commons Denali National Park, AK, USA
UNESCO Programme on Man & the Biosphere (MAB) – Biosphere Reserves
(531 in 105 countries since est. in 1970s)
Photo from Wikimedia Commons Pirin National Park, Bulgaria
Convention for the Protection of World Cultural & Natural Heritage –
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
(678 cultural, 174 natural & 26 mixed, in 145 countries; est. in 1972)
Photo from Wikimedia Commons Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Australia
Convention for the Protection of World Cultural & Natural Heritage –
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
(678 cultural, 174 natural & 26 mixed, in 145 countries; est. in 1972)
Photo from Wikimedia Commons Pyramids of Giza, Egypt
Convention for the Protection of World Cultural & Natural Heritage –
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
(678 cultural, 174 natural & 26 mixed, in 145 countries; est. in 1972)
Logo & photo from Wikimedia Commons Kakadu National Park, Australia
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (est. in Ramsar, Iran)
(1,801 sites since est. in 1971)
Logo & photo from Wikimedia Commons Okavango Delta, Botswana
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (est. in Ramsar, Iran)
(1,801 sites since est. in 1971)
Table from Wikipedia
Classification as of 2003 Number AcreageNational Battlefield, National Battlefield Park, National Military Park & National Battlefield Site 24 64,738.87
National Historical Park, National Historic Site, & International Historic Site 120 204,840.71
National Lakeshore 4 228,873.58National Memorial 28 10,541.50National Monument 73 2,277,010.75National Park 58 51,961,285.92National Parkway 4 176,344.29National Preserve & National Reserve 20 24,189,328.85National Recreation Area 18 3,692,664.98National River & National Wild & Scenic River & Riverway 15 746,357.19
National Scenic Trail 3 237,995.55National Seashore 10 595,078.55Other Designations (White House, National Mall, etc.) 11 40,128.85Totals 388 84,425,189.59
U.S. National Parks
First U. S. National Park (& first in the world) = Yellowstone, 1872
Photo of boardwalk along Grand Prismatic Spring from Wikimedia Commons
U.S. National Parks
First U. S. National Monument = Devils Tower, 1906
Photo from Wikimedia Commons
U.S. National Parks
U.S. Military Installations
E.g., Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Photo from Wikimedia Commons
E.g., Kisatchie National Forest
Map from www.fs.fed.us
U.S. National Forests
Logos of LA Departments engaged in protected area activities from respective departmental Web sites
Agriculture & Forestry
Culture, Recreation & Tourism
Environmental Quality
Natural Resources
Wildlife & Fisheries
Louisiana’s Government - Departments
Photo from www.ldaf.state.la.us
Louisiana State Forests
E.g., Alexander State Forest & Indian Creek Recreation Area
E.g., Lake Ramsey Savannah WMA
K. Harms’ photo of 1-m2 plot containing > 30 species of flowering plants
Louisiana State Wildlife Management Areas
E.g., NGOs such as TNC – Lake Ramsay Preserve
K. Harms’ photo of 1-m2 plot containing > 30 species of flowering plants; TNC = The Nature Conservancy
Privately Protected Areas
See article in The Advocate on Latimore Smith & Lake Ramsay: Reviving Longleaf Pine
E.g., Private organizations such as the Girl Scouts
K. Harms’ photo of Whispering Pines Girl Scout Camp, St. Tammany Parish, LA; logo from www.girlscouts.org
Privately Protected Areas
Image from July 4, 1977 Sports Illustrated from http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com
Privately Protected Areas
Ted Turner (b. 1938)Media mogul & philanthropist
Among the world’s largest land owners (by acreage);
owns > 2 million acres in U.S. & S. America
Owns largest privately owned contiguous tract of land in U.S. –
Vermejo Park Ranch, N.M.(920 mi2; 2,400 km2)
Especially focused on restoring Western U.S. & Argentine
wildlands
Photo from Wikimedia Commons
Privately Protected Areas
Among the world’s largest land owners (by acreage);own > 2 million acres in U.S. & S. America
Doug Tompkins (b. 1943) – co-founder of The North Face® & ESPRIT®
& Kristine Tompkins (b. 1950) – former CEO of Patagonia®
Especially focused on conservation in Chilean wildlands (e.g., Pumalín Park)
Privately Protected Areas
E.g., Conservation easements
Legally enforceable land preservation agreement between a landowner and government agency (municipality, county, state,
federal) or qualified land protection organization, for conservation
Restricts real estate development, commercial and industrial uses, and certain other activities, to a mutually agreed upon level
Remains the private property of the landowner
Landowner may receive significant tax advantages for having donated or sold the conservation easement
Binding on all future owners of the property
Species Loss Occurs Even in Protected Areas
Fig. from J. S. Brashares (2010) “Filtering Wildlife” from Science
“Wildlife in protected areas face a range of threats that
can be envisioned as ‘extinction filters’
(colored disks) passing through an ecological
community. Species most vulnerable to a given
threat, or to the combined or synergistic impacts of
multiple threats, face local extinction.”
Species Loss Occurs Even in Protected Areas
Fig. from W. D. Newmark (1987) Nature
“…the natural post-establishment loss of
mammalian species in 14 western North American
national parks is consistent with… predictions [from
Island Biogeography Theory]… and… all but the
largest western North American national parks are too small to retain an intact mammalian fauna.”