prostate cancer in points of view of foods, herbs and vitamins

8/12/2019 Prostate Cancer in Points of View of Foods, Herbs and Vitamins

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Prostate Cancer in Points of View of Foods, Herbs and

VitaminsBy Kyle J. Norton

I. In Foods' Points of View

The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male,now have become major concerns of governments and scientific communityin South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age

population. Suggestions emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time inhistory accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the possiblecauses of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2 decades.oods for diseases! management have been prescribed in folk medicine overthousands of year as one of best medicine of nature in preventing and

treating diseases, including prostate cancer.Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has

become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility ofspreading to the distant parts of the body. "ost prostate cancers are slowgrowing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during

physical #rectum$ e%ams.

A. y!es of "e#etables may red$ce ris% of Prostate cancer

&. Cr$cifero$s "e#etables

&ruciferous vegetables are the group of vegetables belonging to the family'rassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc..Epidemiological studies has demonstrated reduced risk of prostatecancer in cruciferous consumption. (ndole)*)carbinol, a major chemicalcompound in &rucifers, are found to be effective in inhibiting prostatecancer by blocking initiation through induction of phases ( and ((deto%ification pathways and suppressing prostate cancer progression,through down)regulated cell signaling pathways#+$. (ts derivative *,*!)iindolylmethane #("$, showed to activate the A"-#regulator ofcellular energy homeostasis$ signaling pathway, associated with suppression

of the mammalian target of rapamycin #mT/0$#cell regulator$, down)regulation of androgen receptor #A0$ e%pression, and induction of apoptosisin both androgen)sensitive prostate cancer cells#2$. Erucin #E0$, derivedfrom (sothiocyanates #(T&s$ in crucifers, may hold an anti progressive

property in prostate cancer as it showed an effect in increasing significantly p2+ protein e%pression # regulator of cell cycle progression at 1+ and S phase$ and E0+2 phosphorylation#cell regulation$ in a dose)dependent



manner to inhibit -&*#3uman prostate cell line$ cell proliferation#*$.Sulforaphane #S4$ in crucifers also inhibited prostate cancer cell linethrough impacting epigenetic pathways#5$.

. omato

Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belonging to familySolanaceae, native to South America. 'ecause of its health benefits, tomatois grown world wide for commercial purpose and often in green house.Studies of tomato, linking to reduced risk of prostate caner have producedinconsistent results.#6$#7$#8$#9$#:$. 0egardless to these mi%ed results, intakeof lycopene and specific tomato products acknowledged by manyresearchers is associated in reduced risk prostate cancer. ;ycopene, a lipidsoluble carotenoid molecule found in tomato and Alpha #<$)tomatine,a saponin presented in tomato, showed to e%ert its tumor suppressing effects

by increased apoptosis and lower proliferation of tumor cells.#+=$#++$.According to the 4orthwestern >niversity "edical School, in a recent

prospective dietary analysis identified lycopene as the carotenoid with theclearest inverse relation to the development of prostate cancer#+2$#+*$. (nAndrogen)independent >+56 prostate cancer cells, Apo)lycopenals orother lycopene metabolites, significantly reduced cell proliferation throughalteration of the normal cell cycle#+5$. (n 'A;'c nude mice, lycopenecaused >+56 cells to accumulate in the 1#=$1#+$ #&ell cycle$phase and toundergo apoptosis in a dose)dependent manner#+6$.

(. )arlic

1arlic is a natural superfood healer for its natural antibiotic with antiviral,antifungal, anticoagulant and antiseptic properties.1arlics intake, are related to decreased risk of prostate cancer#+8$, in areviewed study with evidence from +*2,+:2 subjects#+9$. S)allylcysteine#SA&$ derived from garlic, suppressed the proliferation of -&)* cells and ledto cell cycle arrest at the 1=1+ &ell cycle$phases, as well as inducing cellapoptosis which was accompanied by the decreased e%pression of 'cl)2 andincreased e%pression of 'a% and caspase 9#+:$. iallyl disulfide #AS$

another compound in garlic, at 26 and 5= micro" concentrations inducedcell cycle arrest and apoptosis in -&)* cells through increased e%pression ofcaspases#e%tent of apoptosis$#2=$ #*, :, and +=$, proapoptotic protein'a%#Apoptosis regulator$#2+$.

*. +weet !otato

Sweet potato is a large, starchy, sweet tasting tuberous roots vegetable,



genus (pomoea, belonging to the family &onvolvulaceae. (ts young leavescan be made into a delicious dish in &hinese foods but some species of

batatas are actually poisonous.Sweet potato #(pomoea batatas$ leaves, a favor vegetable consumede%tensively in Africa and Asia, containing rich sources of dietary

polyphenols #anthocyanins and phenolic acids$ e%erted its significantantiproliferative activity in some prostate cancer cell lines without damagingto normal prostate epithelial cells. S-1E #Sweet potato e%tract$ altered cellcycle progression, reduced clonogenic survival, modulated cell cycle andapoptosis regulatory molecules and induced apoptosis in human prostatecancer -&)* cells both in vitro and in vivo#22$. (n nude mice testing, thee%tract inhibited growth and progression of prostate tumor %enografts by?86@#2*$.

. )in#er)in#er -ingiber officinale$ or ginger root is the genus ingiber, belongingto the family ingiberaceae, native to Tamil. (t has been used in traditionaland &hinese medicine to treat dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema,difficult urination, colic, etc.1inger e%tract #1E$ and 7)gingerol. a chemical constituent found in gingerroot, synergistically inhibited proliferation of -&)* cells#25$. aily oralfeeding of +== mgkg body weight of 1E, inhibited growth and progressionof -&)* %enografts by appro%imately 67 @ in nude mice and reduced

proliferation inde% and widespread apoptosis compared with controls#26$. (nthe comparison of 1E and an artificial Buasi)mi%ture #"i%$ formulated bycombining four most)active ginger constituents at concentrationseBuivalent, 1E showed 2.5)fold higher tumor growth)inhibitory efficacythan "i% in human prostate tumor %enografts#27$.

. +!inac/

Suggestion of intake of typical green and yellowvegetable and spinach wereassociated to reduced risk factors for prostate cancer#28$ and risk ofaggressive prostate cancer decreased with increasing spinach

consumption#29$. Spinach e%tract #4A/$ e%erted its anti profileration of thehuman -&A cell line -&* by 4A/)induced 1+ delay and prolonged cellcycle prolongation as a result of downregulation of the protein e%pression of

pp0b#tumour suppressor pathway$#2:$and E2 transcription factors#*=$. (nhuman prostatic cancer #-&A$ cell lines >+56 and -&*, showed aninhibition of cellular proliferation occurred in a dose)dependent manner,increasing numbers of 1+ cells #&ell cycle$and reducing 0/S#reactive



o%ygen species$ levels#*+$.

0. C/ili !e!!er

&hili pepper is the fruit of plants from the genus &apsicum, belonging to thenightshade family, Solanaceae. The fruit has been used in human history forspices and cultivated for commercial profits.&apsaicin, a chemical constituent of chili pepper e%erted its antiproliferativeactivity correlates with o%idative stress induction and apoptosis and potentlysuppresses the growth of human prostate carcinoma cells in vitro and invivo#*2$, inducing the apoptosis of both androgen receptor #A0$)positive#;4&a-$ and )negative #-&)*, >)+56$ prostate cancer cell lines associatedwith an increase of p6*, p2+, and 'a%#**$#*5$. &apsaicin in other studyshowed to induce apoptosis in -&)* cells#-rostate cancer$ via 0/S#reactiveo%ygen species$ generation, C4#tumorigenetic regulator$ activation,

ceramide accumulation, and second, e%tracellular signal)regulated proteinkinase #E0$ activation#*6$.

1. Carrot

Studies of ietary intake of the carotenoids beta)carotene and lycopenefound in carrot for its reduced risk of prostate cancer has producedinconsistent results. Some studies suggested that dietary intake of beta)carotene and its main vegetable sources was largely unassociated with

prostate cancer risk, whereas intake of lycopene and tomato)based foods wasweakly associated with a reduced risk#*7$. (n antio%idant study, someresearchers suggested that beta)carotene supplementation in men with lowdietary beta)carotene intakes were associated with reduced risk of prostatecancer#*8$ and vegetable and carotene intake was associated with lower riskof prostate cancer among Capanese#*9$. >nfortunately, there is a report ofintake of beta)carotene supplement may increase prostate cancer incidence,2*@ higher and mortality, +6@ higher in comparison with those notreceiving#*:$.

2. 3$s/room

"ushroom is a standard name of white button mushroom, the fleshy, spore) bearing fruiting body of a fungus produced above ground on soil or on itsfood source, (t is a genus A. "uscaria, belonging to the family Amanitaceaeand has been cultivation in many cultures all over the world for foods andhealth benefits."ushroom (nonotus obliBuus #(. obliBuus$ petroleum ether and ethyl acetatefractions was found effectively against human prostate cancer cell line -&*



by inhibition effects on 4/ production and 4)D' luciferase activity in cells produced by the differentiation of white blood cells in 0A 275.8 cells andcytoto%icity#5=$. Also in human androgen)independent cancer -&)* cells,water)soluble e%tract #-/E$ of the fresh oyster mushroom e%erted mostsignificant cytoto%icity on -&)* cells comparisin to 2 other mushroomspecies with cytoto%icity and induced apoptosis mediated in dose)dependentmanner#5+$. -olysaccharide)F #-S$, an e%tract of the mushroom,induced significantly tumor suppression in a reduction of tumor proliferationand apoptosis enhanced, by lowering the decrease in number of white bloodcells, accompanied by increased numbers of tumor)infiltrating &5G and&9G T cells.#52$.

&4. Bean s!ro$ts eaten raw or cooked, bean sprouts are common ingredient in Asian cuisine,

made from sprouting beans.(soliBuiritigenin isolated from bean sprout, used in treatment on themigration, invasion and adhesion characteristics of >+56 human prostatecancer showed to inhibit basal and E1)induced cell#proliferation5 migration, invasion in doses dependent#5*$ and cell proliferation andinduced apoptosis in >+56 human prostate cancer cells and "AT);y;u#";;$ rat prostate cancer cells, through inhibition of Erb'* signaling andthe -(*Akt ##anti)apoptosis and increased cell proliferation$pathway#55$./ther researchers also suggested that these inhibition are associated with anevident disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the releaseof cytochrome c and Smaciablo#a mitochondrial protein$, and theactivation of caspase):#apoptosis$#56$.

B. y!es of fr$it may red$ce ris% of !rostate cancer

&. 3an#osteen fr$it

"angosteen fruit, a tropical fruit growth in South East Asia is a tropicalevergreen tree originated in the Sunda (slands and the "oluccas of(ndonesia.(n 220v+ and ;4&a-, and prostate epithelial cells #-rE&s$, standardiHed

mangosteen fruit e%tract #"E$, showed its inhibited effect by suppressingtumor growth in a %enograft tumor model without causing damage to non)tumorigenic prostate epithelial cell and induced to%icity#57$. -olyphenols,the main chemical constituent of the fruit e%tract also targeted multiplesignaling pathways involved in cell cycle modulation and apoptosis in

prostate cancer#58$. <)"angostin, a %anthone derivedfrom -olyphenols of mangosteen fruit, targeted cell cycle)related proteins



involved in prostate carcinogenesis#59$.

. 6on# Pe!!er or Indian lon# !e!!er

>sed as a spice and seasoning, ;ong -epper or (ndian long pepper is aflowering vine in the family -iperaceae.-iperlongumine #-;$, a natural alkaloid presented in the fruit of the ;ong

pepper, e%erted its effect on prostate cancer by downregulation of Aktdownstream signaling#apoptosis, cell proliferation$ resulted in decrease ofmT/0&+ #nutrientenergy$activity and autophagy #celldegradation$stimulation#5:$. -; also found to induce rapid depletion of theAndrogen receptor #A0$ in prostate cancer #-&$ cells which is an earlyindication of prostate cancer#6=$. (n human prostate cancer >+56, -&)*and ;4&a- cells, piperine, another an alkaloid from black and long

peppers, e%hibited anti)proliferative effect in human prostate cancer cells by

inducing cell cycle arrest and autophagy#6+$.

(. Pome#ranate

Pome#ranates is a fruit)bearing small tree, genus -unica, belonging tofamily ;ythraceae, native to (ran but has been cultivated in Asian sinceancient time.-/"%, a omegranate #-E$ formula currently approved for clinical trials,effectively inhibited survivin #baculoviral inhibitor$, induced apoptosis,retarded the rate of tumor growth in skeleton#62$.-olyphenols, main chemical compounds from pomegranate fruit e%tracts#-Es$, slightly decreased secretion of matri% metalloproteinase #""-$)2

but not ""-): #e%pression usually seen in invasive and highly tumorigeniccancers$ from both prostate cell lines#6*$. /ther polyphenol derivative,ellagic acid #EA$ than to urolithin #>A$ converted from Ellagitannins #ETs$from pomegranate juice #-C$, sgnificantly decreased cell proliferation bye%hibiting synergism in -&)* cells#65$.

*. +trawberry

Strawberries is a genius of ragaria I ananassa belongs to the family

0oseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climatefor commercial profits and for health benefits.'erry juice study, including strawberry, showed to inhibit prostate cancercell proliferation, not involve caspase)dependent apoptosis, but in cell)cyclearrest, by down)regulation of the e%pression of cdk5, cdk7, cyclin + andcyclin *#ecrease the proliferative activity #66$. (n fact major classes of

berry phenolics, including anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, ellagitannins,



gallotannins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids are found to be effectivein inhibition the growth of many human cancer cell lines, including prostate#;4&a-$ tumor cell lines at concentrations ranging from 26 to 2== microgm;.#67$. &rude e%tracts #26= microgm;$ from strawberry and its purecompounds #+== microgm;$also found to inhibit prostate #;4&a-, >+56$cancer cells#68$.

. )ra!es

1rape is a woody vines of the genus Jitis, belong to the family Jitaceae,native to southern Turkey.isetin, a chemical compound found in grape inhibited prostate cancer celllines through downregulation of the -(*Akt #anti)apoptosis and increasedcell proliferation$and the mT/0#energy sources$ pathways#69$. Anotherchemical constituent pterostilbene, in dose)dependent inhibited cellular

proliferation, through activation of e%pression of A"-#cellular energyhomeostasis$ and the p6*#antigens$ but in p6* positive ;4&a- cells,

pterostilbene blocked the progression of cell cycle at 1+ phase by inducing p6* e%pression and further up)regulating p2+ e%pression and in p6*negative, induced apoptosis in -&* cells#6:$. -iceatannol found in grape,e%hibited potential anticancer properties by suppressing proliferation of awide variety of tumor cells, through cell)cycle arrest, upregulation ofantibody antigens and apoptotic activity and down)regulation of cancer cell

proliferation#7=$.

. A!!le

A!!le is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, a species of the rose family0osaceae. (t is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. The tree isoriginated in &entral Asia.Apple peel e%tract #A-E$, e%erted its anti cancer effects by significantdecreasing in growth and enhancing clonogenic survival of human prostatecarcinoma &0220nu+ and >+56 cells, through a 1=)1+#&ellcycle$ phase arrest#7+$. (n the study of oes an apple a day keep theoncologist awayK showed an inverse association of apple intake and

incidence of cancer#72$.

0. Pa!aya

-apaya is a species of &arica -apaya, belongs to the family &aricaceae andnative to the tropics of the Americas, and was first cultivated in "e%ico andseveral centuries.'enHylisothiocyanate #'(T&$, a solvent of papaya fruit inhibited cancer cell



line through induced apoptosis by converging two major pathwaysL the deathreceptor mediated e%trinsic and the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway#7*$. (nthe role of diet, papaya is found effectively #more than 22.8 gd #6=th

percentile$ in reduced prostate cancer risk by 8.5 #Adjusted /0 8.5 #:6@ &(+.+8)57.9$#75$. ;ycopene, a major chemical constituent in tomato, also in

papaya, in prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies indicated ofan inverse relationship between lycopene intake and prostate cancer risk invitro and in vivo e%periments#76$.

1. A!ricot

Apricot tree is about 9M+2 m tall and a trunk up to 5= cm diameter belongingto the family 0osaceae. Apricot is classified with the family of the plum andhas yellow to orange, often tinged red on the side which is e%posed to thesun.

Ethanolic e%tracts #*=@$ of apricot showed to inhibit the growth of -&)*and ;4&a- #-rostate cancer cell lines$ cellsN induce apoptosis and alter cellkineticsN down regulated E0alpha #estrogen receptor <$, $ and -&)alpha#interaction with the cell membrane$ protein, and demonstrate good

binding ability to both mouse uterine estrogen receptors and ;4&a- humanandrogen receptors#77$.

2. A"ocado

A"ocados are a commercially valuable fruit and are cultivated in tropicalclimates throughout the world, it is a green)skinned, pear)shaped fruit thatripens after harvesting and native to the &aribbean, "e%ico, South America.hole)blood fatty acids testing indicated that higher intakes of dietary">A#monounsaturated fatty$ with principal source of dietary avocadointake was inversely related to prostate cancer#78$.Acetone e%tract of avocado, containing carotenoids and tocopherols showedto inhibit the growth of both androgen)dependent #;4&a-$ and androgen)independent #-&)*$ prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. (ncubation of -&)*cells with the avocado e%tract led to 1#2$" cell cycle arrest accompanied

by an increase in p28#cell cycle inhibitor$ protein e%pression#79$.

&4. Citr$s fr$its

ruits of the genus &itrus, native to southern and southeast Asia, includegrapefruit, lemon, orange, etc.Study of incidence of prostate caner in 4orth (ndia compared to South (ndia,showed a positive decreased risk of increasing dietary consumption of tea,citrus fruits and melon#7:$. &itrus consumption is associated with reduced



T0A"- model#88$ and la%seed)supplemented diet showed to lower prostate cancer proliferation rates and associated with biological alterationsthat may be protective for prostate cancer#89$.

. Ve#etable oil

Jegetables oil is a triglyceride e%tracted from a plant. (ncreased levels of ">A)rich vegetable oil##including olive oil, canola or

peanut oil$$ intake were associated with a progressive reduction in prostatecancer risk#8:$. 3ydrogenated soybean oil #S3S/$ showed remarkablystrong anticarcinogenic activity against prostate cancer in the rat model and6@ dietary supplementation with S3S/ inhibited the growth of prostatecancer by 9=@ in vivo#9=$.

(. Honey

The rich golden liBuid is the miraculous product made by bees using nectarfrom flowers. (t is considered as one of healthy sweet food for replacing theuse of white sugar and artificial sweetener by many people.&hrysin, a natural flavone commonly found in honey, and honey itselfshowed to e%ert its antiproliferative effect on -&)* cells in a dose) and time)dependent manner#9+$

*. C/ic%!ea

1arbanHo beans also known as chickpea is an edible legume of genus &icerand the family abaceae, high in protein and minerals. (t is one of theearliest cultivated vegetables, native to "iddle East.8 protease inhibitor concentrates #-(&s$ isolated from chickpea showed asignificant inhibition the ;4&a- prostate cancer cells in concentrationstested of 26)5== Pgml#92$.

. 7li"e oil

E%tra virgin olive oil #EJ//$, was found to significantly affect the growthof 3&T ++7 tumours %enografted in athymic mice#9*$. -olyphenols, foundin E%tra virgin olive oil #EJ//$, e%erted chemopreventive effects towards

different organ specific cancers, affecting the overall process ofcarcinogenesis by inhibition of 4A synthesis, modulation of 0/S

production, regulation of cell cycle arrest, modulation ofsurvivalproliferation pathways#95$. /ther study suggested that -olyphenolscan directly interact with specific steps andor proteins regulating theapoptotic process in different ways depending on their concentration, the cellsystem, the type or stage of the pathological process#96$.



. Blac% !e!!er

'lack pepper, is a flowering vine in the family -iperaceae, its fruits used asa spice and seasoning

-iperine, a major alkaloid constituent of black pepper, inhibited the proliferation of ;4&a-, -&)*, 220J+ and >)+56 prostate cancer cells in adose dependent manner and induced apoptosis resulted in caspase activationin ;4&a- and -&)* cells#97$. Q)caryophyllene o%ide #&-/$, a sesBuiterpeneisolated from essential oils of medicinal plants such as guava #-sidiumguajava$, oregano #/riganum vulgare ;.$, cinnamon #&innamomum spp.$clove #Eugenia caryophyllata$, and black pepper #-iper nigrum ;.$ not onlyinhibited the constitutive activation of -(*ATmT/0S7+ #anti)apoptosis and increased cell proliferation and nutrientMhormonal signalingnetwork$ pathway signaling cascade but also down)regulated the e%pression

of various downstream gene products that mediate cell proliferation #cyclin+$, survival #bcl)2, bcl)%;, survivin, (A-)+, and (A-)2$, metastasis #&/O)2$, angiogenesis #JE1$, and increased the e%pression of p6* and p2+#98$.

0. )reen tea

1reen tea containing more amount of antio%idants than any drinks or foodwith the same volume, is the leaves of &amellia sinensis, undergoneminimal o%idation during processing, originated from &hina. 1reen tea has

been a precious drink in traditional &hinese culture and used e%ceptional insocialiHation for more than 5=== thousand years. 'ecause of their health

benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over theworld.1reen tea catechins #1T&s$, a potent chemical constituent containing #)$)epigallocathechin, #)$)epicatechin, #)$)epigallocatechin)*)gallate, #)$)epicatechin)*)gallate, in treatment of preprostate cancer men reduced lowerurinary tract symptoms, improved coe%istent benign prostate hyperplasiaand reached a statistical significance in the case of (nternational -rostateSymptom Scores#99$.(n green tea polyphenols study, epigallocatechin)*)gallate #E1&1$ e%erted

its anti cancer effect on signaling pathways in -&a#9:$. Also combinationadmiration of Buercetin and green tea, showed a significant increase in theinhibition of proliferation, androgen receptor and phosphatidylinositol *)kinaseAkt signaling#tumor genesis in early stage$, and stimulation ofapoptosis#:=$. (n short, 1reen tea, a potent anti prostate cancer withactivities of heritable alterations of gene e%pression and chromatinorganiHation without changes in 4A seBuence induced multistep process



of carcinogenesis#:+$ may be considered as a natural treatment in vary typesof cancer.

1. Fermented soybean !rod$cts

ermented soybean products are made from fermenting soybeans andfilamentous fungus, along with water and salt after a period of sometime.(n the Capan, incidence of prostate caner in aging men are low comparedwith the estern world, suggestion of these result may be tradition Capanesediet related. &onsumption of fish, all soybean products, tofu #bean curds$,and natto #fermented soybeans$ was associated with decreased risk of /0s#Estimates of age)adjusted odds ratios$ which supported traditional Capanesediet rich in soybean products and fish against prostate cancer#:2$. (n &hina,suggestion of reduced risk of prostate cancer associated with consumption ofsoy foods and isoflavones found abundantly in fermented soybean

products#:*$. >nfortunately, the epidemiological data, linking fermentsoybean products to reduced risk of prostate cancer are inconsistentincluding miso.

The prevalence and widespread of prostate cancer may be diet, demographicand life style related disease#:5$#:6$#:7$. Suggestions and intentions are for

prevention of prostate cancer to develop in the first place or usedconjunction with conventional medicine in treating the disease. Eatinghealthy, with plenty of vegetables and fruits has always been considered as a

preventive engagement in human history. R;et foods be your medicine andlet medicine be your foodsR by 1reek physician 3ippocrates #57=)*88 '&$.

C/inese +ecrets o Fatty 6i"er And 7besity 9e"ersal

>se The 0evolutionary indings To Achieve/ptimal 3ealth And ;oose eight

/varian &ysts And -&/S Elimination3olistic System (n E%istence That ill Show ou 3ow To-ermanently Eliminate All Types of /varian &ysts ithin 2 "onths

'ack to "ost common Types of &ancerhttpLkylejnorton.blogspot.capblog)page.html

'ack to yle C. 4orton 3ome page httpLkylejnorton.blogspot.ca

9eferences

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#+$ -hytochemicals from cruciferous vegetables, epigenetics, and prostatecancer prevention by atson 1, " 'eaver ;, E illiams , 3ashwood 0, 3o E.#-ub"ed$#2$ Activation of A"-)activated protein kinase by *,*!)iindolylmethane#("$ is associated with human prostate cancer cell death in vitro and invivo by &hen , 'anerjee S, &ui &, ong , Sarkar 3, ou -.#-ub"ed$#*$ Antiproliferative activity of the dietary isothiocyanate erucin, a bioactivecompound from cruciferous vegetables, on human prostate cancer cells by"elchini A, Traka "3, &atania S, "iceli 4, Taviano ", "aimone -,rancisco ", "ithen 0, &osta &.#-ub"ed$#5$ -romoter de)methylation of cyclin 2 by sulforaphane in prostate cancercells by 3su A, ong &-, u , illiams E, ashwood 03, 3o E.#-ub"ed$

#6$ ;ow prostate concentration of lycopene is associated with developmentof prostate cancer in patients with high)grade prostatic intraepithelialneoplasia by "ariani S+, ;ionetto ;2, &avallari "*, Tubaro A5, 0asio 6, e

4unHio &7, 3ong 1"8, 'orro "9, Simmaco ":.#-ub"ed$#7$ A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancerrisk by 1iovannucci E, 0imm E', ;iu , Stampfer "C, illett &.#-ub"ed$#8$ A prospective study of lycopene and tomato product intake and risk of

prostate cancer by irsh JA, "ayne ST, -eters >, &hatterjee 4, ;eitHmann", i%on ;', >rban A, &rawford E, 3ayes 0'#-ub"ed$#9$ ;ycopeneTomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancerL asystematic review and meta)analysis of prospective studies by &hen C, Song, hang ;.#-ub"ed$#:$ The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prev2:ntion of prostatecancerL a meta)analysis of observational studies by Etminan ", Takkouche', &aamaUo)(sorna .#-ub"ed$#+=$ Alpha)tomatine attenuation of in vivo growth of subcutaneous andorthotopic %enograft tumors of human prostate carcinoma -&)* cells isaccompanied by inactivation of nuclear factor)kappa ' signaling by ;ee ST,

ong -, 3e 3, 3ooper C, "ustafa "0.#-ub"ed$#++$ Alpha)tomatine induces apoptosis and inhibits nuclear factor)kappa 'activation on human prostatic adenocarcinoma -&)* cells by ;ee ST, ong-, &heah S&, "ustafa "0.#-ub"ed$#+2$ ;ower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopenelevelsL results of a prospective analysis by 1ann -3, "a C, 1iovannucci E,illett , Sacks ", 3ennekens &3, Stampfer "C.#-ub"ed$

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23800833


























#+*$ (nverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoidsand prostate cancer by ;u , 3ung C&, 3eber , 1o J;, 0euter JE,&ordon)&ardo &, Scher 3(, "arshall C0, hang .#-ub"ed$#+5$ ;ycopene and apo)+2!)lycopenal reduce cell proliferation and alter cellcycle progression in human prostate cancer cells by ord 4A, Elsen A&,uniga , ;indshield ';, Erdman C Cr.#-ub"ed$#+6$ ;ycopene inhibits the growth of human androgen)independent prostatecancer cells in vitro and in 'A;'c nude mice by Tang ;, Cin T, eng O,ang CS.#-ub"ed$#+7$ Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancerL evidence from +*2,+:2subjects by hou O, ing S, ;iu 4'.#-ub"ed$#+8$ Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancerL a population)based study

by 3sing A, &hokkalingam A-, 1ao T, "adigan "-, eng C, 1ridley1, raumeni C Cr.#-ub"ed$

#+9$ Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancerL a population)based study by 3sing A, &hokkalingam A-, 1ao T, "adigan "-, eng C, 1ridley1, raumeni C Cr.#-ub"ed$$#+:$ S)allylcysteine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in androgen)independent human prostate cancer cells by ;iu , ;i ", &hen , ang C,&hen 0, ang T, ;iu C, ang , e #-ub"ed$.#2=$ E%pression of caspases *, 7 and 9 is increased in parallel with apoptosisand histological aggressiveness of the breast lesion by Jakkala ", -VVkkW-, Soini .#-ub"ed$#2+$ Effects of diallyl disulfide #AS$ on e%pression of apoptosisassociated proteins in androgen independent human prostate cancer cells#-&)*$ by 1ayathri 0, 1unadharini 4, Arunkumar A, Senthilkumar ,rishnamoorthy 1, 'anudevi S, Jignesh 0&, Arunakaran C.#-ub"ed$#22$ -olyphenol)rich sweet potato greens e%tract inhibits proliferation andinduces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by arna -,1undala S0, 1upta "J, Shamsi SA, -ace 0, ates &, 4arayan S, Aneja0.#-ub"ed$#2*$ -olar biophenolics in sweet potato greens e%tract synergiHe to inhibit

prostate cancer cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth by 1undala S0,

ang &, ;akshminarayana 4, Asif 1, 1upta "J, Shamsi S, Aneja 0.#-ub"ed$#25$ 1inger phytochemicals e%hibit synergy to inhibit prostate cancer cell

proliferation by 'rahmbhatt ", 1undala S0, Asif 1, Shamsi SA, Aneja 0.#-ub"ed$#26$ 'enefits of whole ginger e%tract in prostate cancer by arna -, &haganiS, 1undala S0, 0ida -&, Asif 1, Sharma J, 1upta "J, Aneja 0.#-ub"ed$





























#27$ Enterohepatic re)circulation of bioactive ginger phytochemicals isassociated with enhanced tumor growth)inhibitory activity of ginger e%tract

by 1undala S0, "ukkavilli 0, ang &, adav -, Tandon J, Jangala S,-rakash S, Aneja 0.#-ub"ed$#28$ A case)control study of prostatic cancer with reference to dietary habits

by /ishi , /kada , oshida /, amabe 3, /hno , 3ayes 0',Schroeder 3.#-ub"ed$#29$ -rospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and risk of prostatecancer by irsh JA, -eters >, "ayne ST, Subar A, &hatterjee 4, Cohnson&&, 3ayes 0'N -rostate, ;ung, &olorectal and /varian &ancer ScreeningTrial.#-ub"ed$#2:$ Enterohepatic re)circulation of bioactive ginger phytochemicals isassociated with enhanced tumor growth)inhibitory activity of ginger e%tract

by 1undala S0, "ukkavilli 0, ang &, adav -, Tandon J, Jangala S,

-rakash S, Aneja 0.#-ub"ed$#*=$ >niBue natural antio%idants #4A/s$ and derived purified componentsinhibit cell cycle progression by downregulation of pp0b and E2 in human-&* prostate cancer cells by 'akshi S, 'ergman ", ovrat S, 1rossman S.#-ub"ed$#*+$ Slowing tumorigenic progression in T0A"- mice and prostaticcarcinoma cell lines using natural anti)o%idant from spinach, 4A/))acomparative study of three anti)o%idants by 4yska A, Suttie A, 'akshi S,;omnitski ;, 1rossman S, 'ergman ", 'en)Shaul J, &rocket -, 3asemanC, "oser 1, 1oldsworthy T;, "aronpot 00.#-ub"ed$#*2$ Effect of capsaicin on prostate cancer cells by XaH);aviada (.#-ub"ed$#**$ &apsaicin, a component of red peppers, inhibits the growth ofandrogen)independent, p6* mutant prostate cancer cells by "ori A,;ehmann S, /!elly C, umagai T, esmond C&, -ervan ", "c'ride 3,iHaki ", oeffler 3-.#-ub"ed$#*5$ &apsaicin, a component of red peppers, induces e%pression of androgenreceptor via -(* and "A- pathways in prostate ;4&a- cells by"alagarie)&aHenave S, /lea)3errero 4, Jara , XaH);aviada (.#-ub"ed$#*6$ Apoptosis induced by capsaicin in prostate -&)* cells involves

ceramide accumulation, neutral sphingomyelinase, and C4 activation bySYncheH A", "alagarie)&aHenave S, /lea 4, Jara , &hiloeches A, XaH);aviada (.#-ub"ed$#*7$ -rostate cancer and dietary carotenoids by 4orrish AE, Cackson 0T,Sharpe SC, Skeaff &".#-ub"ed$#*8$ Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta)carotene, and vitamin &intakes and prostate cancer risk by irsh JA, 3ayes 0', "ayne ST,

























&hatterjee 4, Subar A, i%on ;', Albanes , Andriole 1;, >rban A,-eters >N -;&/ Trial.#-ub"ed$#*9$ 0elationship between vegetable and carotene intake and risk of prostatecancerL the CA&& study by >mesawa ", (so 3, "ikami , ubo T, SuHuki, atanabe , "ori ", "iki T, Tamakoshi AN CA&& Study1roup#-ub"ed$#*:$ -rostate cancer and supplementation with alpha)tocopherol and beta)caroteneL incidence and mortality in a controlled trial by 3einonen /-,Albanes , Jirtamo C, Taylor -0, 3uttunen C, 3artman A", 3aapakoskiC, "alila 4, 0autalahti ", 0ipatti S, "VenpVV 3, Teerenhovi ;, oss ;,Jirolainen ", Edwards '.#-ub"ed$#5=$Anti)inflammatory and anticancer activities of e%tracts and compoundsfrom the mushroom (nonotus obliBuus by "a ;, &hen 3, ong -, ;u O.#-ub"ed$

#5+$&ytoto%ic effect of oyster mushroom -leurotus ostreatus on humanandrogen)independent prostate cancer -&)* cells by 1u 3, Sivam 1.#-ub"ed$#52$ -olysaccharide) augments doceta%el)induced tumor suppression andantitumor immune response in an immunocompetent murine model ofhuman prostate cancer by enner &A, "artHen "0, ;u 3, Jerneris "0,ang 3, Slaton C.#-ub"ed$#5*$ (soliBuiritigenin inhibits migration and invasion of prostate cancer cellsL

possible mediation by decreased C4A-)+ signaling by won 1T, &ho 3C,&hung , -ark , "oon A, -ark C3.#-ub"ed$#55$ (soliBuiritigenin #(S;$ inhibits Erb'* signaling in prostate cancer cells

by Cung C(, &hung E, Seon "0, Shin 3, im EC, ;im SS, &hung ,-ark , -ark C3.#-ub"ed$#56$ (soliBuiritigenin induces apoptosis by depolariHing mitochondrialmembranes in prostate cancer cells by Cung C(, ;im SS, &hoi 3C, &ho 3C,Shin 3, im EC, &hung , -ark , -ark C3.#-ub"ed$#57$ Selective modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in

prostate cancer cells by a standardiHed mangosteen fruit e%tract by ;i 1+,-etiwala S"+, -ierce 0 +, 4onn ;2, Cohnson C#-ub"ed$

#58$ -olyphenols from the mangosteen #1arcinia mangostana$ fruit for breast and prostate cancer by ;i 1, Thomas S, Cohnson CC.#-ub"ed$#59$ <)"angostin, a %anthone from mangosteen fruit, promotes cell cyclearrest in prostate cancer and decreases %enograft tumor growth by CohnsonCC, -etiwala S", Syed 4, 0asmussen CT, Adhami J", SiddiBui (A, ohlA", "ukhtar 3.#-ub"ed$#5:$ -iperlongumine promotes autophagy via inhibition of AktmT/0










http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Li%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24367485

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Petiwala%20SM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24367485

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Pierce%20DR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24367485

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nonn%20L%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24367485













http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Li%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24367485

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Petiwala%20SM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24367485

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Pierce%20DR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24367485

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nonn%20L%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24367485






signalling and mediates cancer cell death by "akhov -, 1olovine , TeperE, utikov A, "ehraHin 0, &orcoran A, Tulin A, >HHo 01, olenko J".#-ub"ed$#6=$ -iperlongumine induces rapid depletion of the androgen receptor inhuman prostate cancer cells by 1olovine J, "akhov -', Teper E, utikovA, &anter , >HHo 01, olenko J".#-ub"ed$#6+$ -iperine inhibits the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells viainduction of cell cycle arrest and autophagy by /uyang , eng ;3, -an3, Ou ;3, ang , ;iu -, 3e O3.#-ub"ed$#62$ -omegranate e%tract inhibits the bone metastatic growth of human

prostate cancer cells and enhances the in vivo efficacy of doceta%elchemotherapy by ang , hang S, (Bbal S, &hen , ang O, ang A,;iu , 'ai , 0itenour &, ucuk /, u .#-ub"ed$#6*$ Ellagic acid inhibits migration and invasion by prostate cancer cell lines

by -itchakarn -, &hewonarin T, /gawa , SuHuki S, Asamoto ", TakahashiS, Shirai T, ;imtrakul -.#-ub"ed$#65$ -omegranate Cuice "etabolites, Ellagic Acid and >rolithin A,Synergistically (nhibit Androgen)(ndependent -rostate &ancer &ell 1rowthvia istinct Effects on &ell &ycle &ontrol and Apoptosis by JicinanHa 0,hang , 3enning S", 3eber .#-ub"ed$#66$ (nhibition of cancer cell proliferation and suppression of T4)inducedactivation of 4kappa' by edible berry juice by in , 'lanchette ",'arrette S, "oghrabi A, 'Zliveau 0.#-ub"ed$#67$'lackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, andstrawberry e%tracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancercells in vitro by Seeram 4-, Adams ;S, hang , ;ee 0, Sand , Scheuller3S, 3eber .#-ub"ed$#68$(solation and identification of strawberry phenolics with antio%idant andhuman cancer cell antiproliferative properties by hang , Seeram 4-, ;ee0, eng ;, 3eber .#-ub"ed$#69$ ietary flavonoid fisetinL a novel dual inhibitor of -(*Akt and mT/0for prostate cancer management by Adhami J", Syed 4, han 4,"ukhtar 3.#-ub"ed$

#6:$ Activation of A"- by pterostilbene suppresses lipogenesis and cell)cycle progression in p6* positive and negative human prostate cancer cells

by ;in J&, Tsai &, ;in C4, an ;;, -an "3, 3o &T, u C, ay T.#-ub"ed$#7=$ 'iological activity of piceatannolL leaving the shadow of resveratrol by-iotrowska 3, ucinska ", "urias ".#-ub"ed$#7+$ Antiproliferative effects of apple peel e%tract against cancer cells by



























0eagan)Shaw S, Eggert , "ukhtar 3, Ahmad 4.#-ub"ed$#72$ oes an apple a day keep the oncologist away by 1allus S, Talamini 0,1iacosa A, "ontella ", 0amaHHotti J, ranceschi S, 4egri E, ;a Jecchia&.#-ub"ed$#7*$ ietary isothiocyanate mediated apoptosis of human cancer cells isassociated with 'cl)%; phosphorylation by 'asu A, 3aldar S.#-ub"ed$#75$ 0oles of diet, lifetime physical activity and o%idative 4A damage inthe occurrence of prostate cancer among men in lang Jalley, "alaysia byShahar S, Shafurah S, 3asan Shaari 4S, 0ajikan 0, 0ajab 4, 1olkhalkhali', ainuddin ".#-ub"ed$#76$ "ultitargeted therapy of cancer by lycopene by van 'reemen 0',-ajkovic 4.#-ub"ed$#77$ -hytosterol -ygeum africanum regulates prostate cancer in vitro and invivo by Shenouda 4S, Sakla "S, 4ewton ;1, 'esch)illiford &,

1reenberg 4", "aconald 0S, ;ubahn '.#-ub"ed$#78$Associations of whole)blood fatty acids and dietary intakes with prostatecancer in Camaica by Cackson ", alker S-, Simpson)Smith &", ;indsay&", Smith 1, "carlane)Anderson 4, 'ennett (, &oard &, Aiken ,Tulloch T, -aul TC, an 0;.#-ub"ed$#79$(nhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by an avocado e%tractL role oflipid)soluble bioactive substances by ;u , Arteaga C0, hang , 3uertaS, 1o J;, 3eber #-ub"ed$#7:$ A case control study on prostate cancer in elhi by Tyagi ',"anoharan 4, 0aina J.#-ub"ed$#8=$ &itrus consumption and cancer incidenceL the /hsaki cohort study by;i , uriyama S, ;i , 4agai ", 3oHawa A, 4ishino , Tsuji (.#-ub"ed$#8+$ -otent anti)cancer effects of citrus peel flavonoids in human prostate%enograft tumors by ;ai &S, ;i S, "iyauchi , SuHawa ", 3o &T, -an "3.#-ub"ed$#82$ &itrus fruits intake and prostate cancer riskL a Buantitative systematicreview by 'ae C", ;ee EC, 1uyatt 1.#-ub"ed$#8*$ 'itter melon e%tract impairs prostate cancer cell)cycle progression and

delays prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in T0A"- model by 0u -, Steele0, 4erurkar -J, -hillips 4, 0ay 0'.#-ub"ed$#85$ 0ibosome)inactivating proteins isolated from dietary bitter meloninduce apoptosis and inhibit histone deacetylase)+ selectively in

premalignant and malignant prostate cancer cells by Oiong S, u , ;iuO3, in ;3, irschenbaum A, ao S, 4arla 1, ieo A, u C', uan ,3o S", ;am , ;evine A&.#-ub"ed$





























#86$ "omordica charantia leaf e%tract suppresses rat prostate cancer progression in vitro and in vivo by -itchakarn -, /gawa , SuHuki S,Takahashi S, Asamoto ", &hewonarin T, ;imtrakul -, Shirai T.#-ub"ed$#87$ la%seed)derived enterolactone is inversely associated with tumor cell

proliferation in men with localiHed prostate cancer by AHrad ", Jollmer 0T,"adden C, ewhirst ", -olascik TC, Snyder &, 0uffin "T, "oul C,'renner E, emark)ahnefried .#-ub"ed$#88$ Effect of fla%seed supplementation on prostatic carcinoma in transgenicmice ' ;in O, 1ingrich C0, 'ao , ;i C, 3aroon A, emark)ahnefried.#-ub"ed$#89$ la%seed supplementation #not dietary fat restriction$ reduces prostatecancer proliferation rates in men presurgery by emark)ahnefried ,-olascik TC, 1eorge S;, SwitHer '0, "adden C, 0uffin "T 5th, Snyder&, /wHar , 3ars J, Albala ", alther -C, 0obertson &4, "oul C,

unn ', 'renner , "inasian ;, Stella -, Jollmer 0T.#-ub"ed$#8:$ "en who consume vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated fatL theirdietary patterns and risk of prostate cancer #4ew ealand$ by 4orrish AE,Cackson 0T, Sharpe SC, Skeaff &".#-ub"ed$#9=$ Selectively hydrogenated soybean oil e%erts strong anti)prostate canceractivities by Cung ", &hoi 4C, /h &3, Shin 3, oon S3.#-ub"ed$#9+$ &hrysin reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in the human

prostate cancer cell line pc)* by Samarghandian S, Afshari CT, avoodi S.#-ub"ed$#92$&hickpea #&icer arietinum$ and other plant)derived protease inhibitorconcentrates inhibit breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro. by"agee -C, /wusu)Apenten 0, "c&ann "C, 1ill &(, 0owland (0.#-ub"ed$#9*$ Analgesic, anti)inflammatory and anticancer activities of e%tra virginolive oil by eHai ", Senovilla ;, Cema[ ", 'en)Attia "#-ub"ed$.#95$ "odulatory effects of polyphenols on apoptosis inductionL relevancefor cancer prevention by !Archivio ", Santangelo &, ScaHHocchio ', Jar\0, ilesi &, "asella 0, 1iovannini &.#-ub"ed$#96$ Apoptosis in cancer and atherosclerosisL polyphenol activities by1iovannini &, ScaHHocchio ', Jar\ 0, Santangelo &, !Archivio ", "asella

0.#-ub"ed$#97$ -iperine, a 'ioactive &omponent of -epper Spice E%erts TherapeuticEffects on Androgen ependent and Androgen (ndependent -rostate &ancer&ells by Samykutty A, Shetty AJ, akshinamoorthy 1, 'artik "",Cohnson 1;, ebb ', heng 1, &hen A, alyanasundaram 0,"unirathinam 1.#-ub"ed$#98$ Q)&aryophyllene o%ide inhibits growth and induces apoptosis through



























the suppression of -(*ATmT/0S7+ pathways and 0/S)mediated"A-s activation by -ark 0, 4am , un 3", ;ee S1, Cang 3C, Sethi1, &ho S, Ahn S.#-ub"ed$#99$ &hemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration ofgreen tea catechins in volunteers with high)grade prostate intraepithelialneoplasiaL a preliminary report from a one)year proof)of)principle study by'ettuHHi S, 'rausi ", 0iHHi , &astagnetti 1, -eracchia 1, &orti A.#-ub"ed$#9:$ "odulation of signaling pathways in prostate cancer by green tea

polyphenols by han 4, "ukhtar 3.#-ub"ed$#:=$Enhanced inhibition of prostate cancer %enograft tumor growth bycombining Buercetin and green tea by ang -, Jadgama CJ, Said C,"agyar &E, oan 4, 3eber , 3enning S".#-ub"ed$#:+$ Epigenetic effects of green tea polyphenols in cancer by 3enning S",

ang -, &arpenter &;, 3eber .#-ub"ed$#:2$ A case)control study of diet and prostate cancer in CapanL possible

protective effect of traditional Capanese diet by Sonoda T, 4agata , "ori", "iyanaga 4, Takashima 4, /kumura , 1oto , 4aito S, ujimoto ,3irao , Takahashi A, Tsukamoto T, ujioka T, AkaHa 3.#-ub"ed$#:*$ Soy and isoflavone consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in&hina by ;ee "", 1omeH S;, &hang CS, ey ", ang 0T, 3sing A.#-ub"ed$#:5$ Soy intake and cancer riskL a review of the in vitro and in vivo data by"essina "C, -ersky J, Setchell , 'arnes S.#-ub"ed$#:5$ "editerranean iet and -rostate &ancer 0isk and "ortality in the3ealth -rofessionals ollow)up Study by enfield SA, upre 4, 0ichmanE;, Stampfer "C, &han C", 1iovannucci E;.#-ub"ed$#:6$ A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer amongmen of Capanese ancestry in 3awaii by Severson 0, 4omura A", 1roveCS, Stemmermann 14.#-ub"ed$#:7$ Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostatecancer in a large health plan cohort in &alifornia #>nited States$ by 3iatt0A, Armstrong "A, latsky A;, Sidney S.#-ub"ed$

II. In Herbs' Points of View

The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered as a disease of agingmale, now have become major concerns of governments and scientificcommunity in South East Asian with tendency to spread to younger age

population. Suggestions emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time inhistory accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the possible

























causes of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2 decades.3erbal medicine for diseases! management have been prescribed in folkmedicine over thousands of year as one of best medicine of nature in

preventing and treating diseases, including prostate cancer.Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has


physical #rectum$ e%ams.&. Aloe "era

Aloe Jera is species of succulent plant in the genus Aloe, belonging to theamily Oanthorrhoeaceae, native to Sudan. (t has become very popular forcommercial cultivation due to its health benefits. Aloe vera has been used inherbal medicine in treating many kinds of disease, including wound, burn

healing, minor skin infections, sebaceous cysts, diabetes, and elevated ofcholesterol, etc. (t is also one of many popular herb studied in scientificways with some conflicted results.Aloe)emodin, a chemical constituent in Aloe vera, inhibited both

proliferation and anchorage)independent growth of -&* cells throughactivation of the downstream substrates of mT/0&2, Akt and -&< causesof apoptosis, cell proliferation#+$. prostate cancer, ;4&a- e%pression of 4)acetylated by cytosolic 4)acetyltransferase #4AT$ activity and m04Ainhibited by aloe)emodin in doses depending manner through its kinaseactivity in cellular transformation#2$#*$.

2. Cascara sa#rada

Cascara sa#rada is a species of buckthorn, genus 0hamnus, belonging tothe family 0hamnaceae, native to western 4orth America, it!s bark has beenused in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought tohave a la%ative and natural cleansing, etc., effect.Emodin, a cemical compoubd found in &ascara sagrada, inhibited cellularmigration and invasion in prostate cancer through downregulate &O&05e%pression which is involved in promoting invasion and metastasis in

tumors#5$. (n human prostate cancer cell ;4&a-, amodin increasedapoptosis and decreased in cell proliferation through down regualting thee%pression of e%pression of androgen receptor #A0$ and prostate specificantigen #-SA$ and upregulating the e%pression of p6*#Anti tumorantigen$ and p2+## regulator of cell cycle progression at 1+ and S phase$#6$,(n other study, Emodin enhanced the cytoto%ic effectiveness ofchemotherapeutic drugs in prostate cancer cells through 0/S#reactive



o%ygen spiecies$)mediated suppression of multidrug resistance and hypo%iainducible factor)+#influence cell metabolism, cell survival and angiogenesisto maintain biological homeostasis$#7$.

(. )reen tea

1reen tea contains more amount of antio%idants than any drinks or food withthe same volume, and is the leaves of &amellia sinensis, undergone minimalo%idation during processing, originated from &hina. 1reen tea has been a

precious drink in traditional &hinese culture and used e%ceptional insocialiHation for more than 5=== thousand years. 'ecause of their health

benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over theworld.Epigallocatechin)*)gallate #&hit)nanoE1&1$, a phytochemical in green tea,e%erted a significant inhibition of tumor growth and secreted prostate)

specific antigen levels compared with E1&1 and control groups, troughinduction of poly #A-)ribose$ polymerases cleavage, increase in the

protein e%pression of 'a%#involved in p6*)mediated apoptosis$ withaccompanied decrease in 'cl)2#family of regulator proteins that regulate celldeath$, and activation of caspases#mechanisms of apoptosis$ and reductionin i)78 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen#8$. (n androgen)independent

prostate cancer, synthetic derivative, E1&1 #E1&1)-$ and E1&1 treatmentsuppressed the growth of the tumor correlated with the decrease of serum-SA level together with the reduction in tumor angiogenesis and an increasein apoptosis on prostate cancer cells#9$. (n anticancer drug cisplatin, E1&1ehnaced the effectiveness of the chemo agent in reduction of cell survival of

prostate cancer cell line -&* and induced apoptosis#:$.

*. Pome#ranate

Pome#ranates is a fruit)bearing small tree, genus -unica, belonging tofamily ;ythraceae, native to (ran but has been cultivated in Asian sinceancient time.-/"%, a pomegranate e%tract #-E$ formula, e%hibited potent in vitrocytoto%icity in metastatic castration)resistant -&a cells through inhibition

of survivin, induced apoptosis, retarded &5)2 tumor growth in skeleton andsignificantly enhanced the efficacy of doceta%el#&hemodrug$ in athymicnude mice#+=$. Ellagic acid #EA$ converted from Ellagitannins #ETs$ foundin from pomegranate juice #-C$ showed to induce apoptosis in both celllines, >)+56 and -&)* through induced cell cycle arrest in S phaseassociated with decreased cyclin '+ and cyclin + levels in regulation ofcell cycle progression#++$. -omegranate juice #-C$ -C components luteolin,



ellagic acid, and punicic acid together found to inhibit growth of hormone)dependent and hormone)refractory prostate cancer cells and their migration,increase the e%pression of cell adhesion genes and decrease e%pression ofgenes involved in cell cycle control through suppression micro04As#mi04As$, decrease several oncogenic mi04As, and inhibit the chemokinesreceptor type 5 #&O&05$S+< chemota%is a%is#decreased -SA cellmigration$#+2$.

. )arlic

)arlic -Alli$m sati"$m5 is a species in the onion genus, belonging tofamily Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia. (t has been used popularly intraditional and &hinese medicine in treating common cold and flu to the-lague, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc.(n androgen)independent prostate cancer, garlic)derived organosulfur

compound S)allylmercaptocysteinesuppresses invasion and cell motility ofandrogen)independent prostate cancer cells via the up)regulation of cell)adhesion molecule E)cadherin#;oss of E)cadherin e%pression has beenimplicated in cancer progression and metastasis$#+7$. 1arlic compounddiallyl disulfid,a oil soluble organosulfur compound of garlic, e%erted itsantiproliferative and inhibited effect on prostate cancer cells, throughinduction of 4A damage in a dose dependent manner#+8$. 1arlicconstituent diallyl trisulfide #ATS$, induced apoptosis in prostate cancercells is mediated in part by suppression of O(A-#a protein that stopsapoptotic cell death$ protein e%pression#+9$.

8. C/amomile

C/amomile is also known as camomile, common name of many speciesdaisy)like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used intraditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti)inflammatory constituentsand to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping andspastic pain in the bowels, relieve e%cessive gas and bloating in the intestine,etc.-henolic profile of chamomile showed to inhibited the cell proliferation and

to reduce (;)9 #an important mediator of the immune reaction in the innateimmune system response$ levels in -&* prostate cancer cells#+:$.Traditional 'otanical Supplement)+=+ #T'S)+=+$, including the e%tracts of-ana% ginseng, cranberry, green tea, grape skin, grape seed, 1anodermalucidum and chamomile, showed to inhibit in hormone)refractory -&)* cellsand large aggressive -&)* tumors cell growth in a dose)dependentmanner#2=$. (n human cancer cell lines -&)*, A)65: and "&)8,



&hamomile!s essential oils, induced cytoto%icity of prostate carcinoma cell#-&)*$, significantly stronger than on human lung carcinoma #A65:$ andhuman breast cancer #"&)8$ cell lines#2+$.

1. 7nion

The onion is a close relation of garlic plant in the genus Allium, belongingto the family Alliaceae. (t is often called the Rking of vegetablesR because ofits pungent taste and found in a large number of recipes and preparations,spanning almost the totality of the world!s cultures. epending on thevariety, an onion can be sharp, spicy, tangy, pungent, mild or sweet.ata from southern European populations showed intake of alliumvegetables, including onion are inversely associated reduced risk of severalcommon cancers, including prostate cancer#22$. isetin, a chemical constituent found in /nion, in prostate cancer, it e%erted

anti cell profilerative effect as a dual inhibitor of the -(*Akt #anti)apoptosis and increased cell proliferation$ and the mT/0#regulates cellgrowth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, andtranscription$ pathways#2*$. uercetin, also found in onion, inhibited the

prostate cancer line -&)* through 4A fragmentation and proteine%pressions of 'cl)2, 'cl)%;, 'a% and caspase)* #cell apoptosis$

pathways#25$.

2. $rmeric

$rmericis a perennial plant in the genus &urcuma, belonging to the family

ingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has been used intraditional medicine as anti)o%idant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic,wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss,ulcers, ecHema, inflammations, etc.(n -&)*" prostate cancer cell line, e%tract from turmeric, showed significantinhibitory effects on anti profilerative ability in -&)*" in clonogenicassays#26$. emetho%ycurcumin #"&$, one of mjor chemical constituentsfound in turmeric, e%erted it antitumor effects on prostate cancer cells viaA"-##cellular energy homeostasis$$)induced down)regulation of 3S-8=

#upregulated by and to%ic chemicals, particularly heavy metals$ andE10#over e%pression of epidermal growth factor receptor have beenassociated with a number of cancers$#27$#28$. &urcumin, a non)nutritiveyellow pigment derived from the turmeric showed a inhibitory effects on thee%pression of 4)D' #a transcription factor that has crucial roles ininflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and apoptosis$correlated withtheir effects on growth inhibition and apoptosis stimulation in -&)*



cells#29$.

&4. )insen#

1inseng is a slow)growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus-ana%, belonging to the family Araliaceae. epending to the climate whereit grows, ginseng can be classified mainly into -ana% ginseng Asian ginseng#root$, 0ed ginseng, wild ginseng, American ginseng #root$.(n a highly metastatic -&)*" prostate cancer cell line, 1insenoside 0g*#0g*$, a bioactive e%tract from ginseng, suppressed migration of -&)*"cells by down)regulating A-+#a molecular water channel protein$e%pression through p*9 #highly e%pressed in aggressive and invasivecancers$"A-#(ncreased "A- e%pression and activity in primaryhuman carcinoma$ pathway and some transcription factors acting on theA-+ promoter#2:$. 1insenoside 2=#S$)0h2 of 1insenosides, a main

component of ginseng, found to be effective in proliferative inhibition onandrogen)dependent and )independent prostate cancer cells#*=$. ormula of'otanical Supplement)+=+ #T'S)+=+$, containing -ana% ginseng, cranberry,green tea, grape skin, grape seed, 1anoderma lucidum and chamomileshowed a significant inhibition of tumor growth and invasion in a dose)dependent manner#*+$.

&&. )ra!e +eed :8tract )ra!e +eed :8tract is the commercial e%tracts from whole grape seedscontaining many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleicacid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins#/-&s$, etc.. The herb has been used intraditional medicine as antio%idant, anti)inflammatory agents and to treatskin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis,enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol, etc.1rape seed e%tract #1SE$, inhibited 3AT#3AT mutations are associated tocertain cancers$, leading to decreased A0#plays roles in prostatedevelopment and cancer #-&a$$)mediated transcription and cancer cellgrowth, and implicate 1SE as a novel candidate for therapeutic activityagainst prostate cancer#*2$. '212 from total 1SE, derived from -rocyanidin

'2 *,*])di)/)gallate, a 'iologically Active &onstituent of 1rape SeedE%tract inhibited cell growth, decreased clonogenicity#colony e%pansion$,and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death, in various human -&a celllines#**$.(n a highly metastatic androgen)independent -&* prostate cancer, 1rapeseed e%tract #1SE$, inhibited 4A)binding activity of the transcriptionfactor nuclear factor kappa ' #4kappa'$#a transcription factor that has



crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and apoptosis$,which in turn decreased 4kappa')dependent u-A#in tumor invasion andmetastasis$ transcription#**$.

&. ;ans/en -+al"ia miltiorr/i<a B$n#e5

;an +/en is also known as 0ed Sage 0oot. The bitter and slightly cold herbhas been used in T&" as antithrombotic, antihypertonic #lowering blood

pressure$, antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti)inflammatory, sedative agent andto treat dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, palpable tumors, angina,restlessness,insomnia, irritability, etc., by enhancing the functions of heart and liverchannels.Tanshinones, a chemical constituent found in &hinese herb an Shen, wasfound to be effective in inhibition of the growth of prostate cancer sell lines,in a dose)dependent manner through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

induction#*5$ specially in ;4&a- cells and several androgen)independent-&a cell, through suppression of prostate cancer growth and androgenreceptor#A0$ signaling.#*6$ or through induction of 1+ arrest via activationof p6*#tumor antigen$ signaling and inhibition of A0 in ;4&a- cells#*7$.

&(. )in%#o biloba

)in%#o biloba is oldest living tree species, genus 1inkgo, belonging to thefamily 1inkgoaceae, native to &hina, from temperate Hone to subtropicalHone and some parts of north America. (t has been used in traditional herbalmedicine in treating impotence, memory loss,respiratory diseases,circulatory disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and

bedwetting.1inkgetin, isolated from leaves of 1inkgo biloba ;, inhibited -&)* cells in aconcentration)dependent manner, through significantly increased the sub)1+#detection of cumulative apoptosis$ 4A contents of cell cycle

by activated caspase)* #mechanisms of apoptosis$ and weakened thee%pression of survival genes such as 'cl)2, 'cl)%;,#family of regulator

proteins that regulate cell death$ Survivin #baculoviral inhibitor$, and &yclin+#regulating cell cycle progression$ at protein and m04A levels#*8$.

>nfortunately, Some reseachers suggested that there were no associationsfor use of ginkgo biloba in reduced risk of prostate cabcer#*9$#*:$

&*. 6icorice -)lycyrr/i<a )labra5

6icorice -)lycyrr/i<a )labra5 also known as sweetwood, is the genus1lycyrrhiHa, belonging to the family abaceae, native to the "editerraneanand certain areas of Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to



treat skin diseases, coughs, constipation, bronchitis, inflammation.;icochalcone)A, isolated from licorice, induced modest level of apoptosis ofandrogen)independent -&)* prostate cancer cells through the cell cycle

progression arresting cells in 12", accompanied by suppression of cyclin'+ and cdc2#cell division cycle 2$#5=$. (soangustone A #(AA$ in licorice,attenuated the growth of prostate cancer cell cultures and %enograft tumorsattributed to inhibition of the 1+S phase cell cycle transition and theaccumulation of p28#cell cycle inhibitor$#5+$. /ther chemical compoundsuch as 1lycyrrhetinic acid found in licorice, in the e%periment of prostatecancer cell line >)+56, inhibited proliferation and growth of these cells byinducing apoptosis, through down regulated e%pression of 4)D' #p76$.#52$.

&. Pe!!ermint

Pe!!ermint is a hybrid mint with small purple or white flowers and downyleaves, in the genus "entha, belonging to the family ;amiaceae, native toEurope. The herb has been used in folk medicine as analgesic, antiseptic,antispasmodic, decongestant, agent and to relieve gas, nausea, and stomach

pain due to an irritable bowel, intestinal cramps, or indigestion, infecttion,etc.Essential oils of peppermint e%erted its cytoto%ic effect against of prostatecancer #;4&a-$ cell lines#5*$. "enthol, a naturally isolatedfrom peppermint oil, induced cell death in -&)* cells independent to &a#2G$influ% pathways#55$. hen combined with +alpha,26)dihydro%yvitamin#*$ ^+alpha,26#/3$#2$#*$_, the most active form of vitamin #*$,menthol increased an anti)proliferation activity of +alpha,26#/3$#2$#*$ in;4&a- prostate cancer cells, through evoking the increase in ^&a#2G$_#56$.

&. =olfberry

=olfberry is the common name for the fruit of two very closely relatedspecies, the genus of ;ycium, belong to family Solanaceae, native to nativeto southeastern Europe and Asia.;ycium barbarum polysaccharides #;'-s$ in dose and time)dependently

inhibited the growth of both -&)* and >)+56 cells through e%hibiting the breakage of 4A strands of -&)* and >)+56 cells and inducedapoptosis#57$. E%tract from ;ycium barbarum. showed an inhibited effectagainst -&* cell proliferation#58$.

&1. 9osemary 0osemary is a perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle)like leaves,



the genus 0osmarinus, belonging to the family ;amiaceae. (ts fresh anddried leaves has been used freBuently in traditional "editerranean cuisineand as flavor foods while barbecuing.-olyphenols isolated from rosemary, inhibited prostate cancer cell throughtargeting multiple signaling pathways involved in cell cycle modulation andapoptosis#59$. &arnosic acid #&A$, a polyphenolic diterpene, isolated fromrosemary, induced apoptosis of -&)* cells, by activation of --2A#playcritical roles in cell cycle and apoptosis$ through modulation ofAkt(4)D' pathway#5:$.

Taking altogether, The above herbs have shown effectively in reduced riskand treatments of prostate cancer, through induced apoptosis, e%hibited anti

proliferation of prostate cancer cell line in cell cycle arrest, down regulationof pro cell growth pathways, etc.. -lease consult with your doctor or related

field specialist before applying.

&hinese Secrets To atty ;iver And /besity 0eversal>se The 0evolutionary indings To Achieve/ptimal 3ealth And ;oose eight


'ack to 0esearched articles ) -oints of view of Jitamins, oods and 3erbshttpLkylejnorton.blogspot.capblog)page`25.html


9eferences

#+$ Aloe)emodin suppresses prostate cancer by targeting the mT/0 comple%2 by ;iu , -ark &, ;i S, ;ee , ;iu 3, 3e ;, Soung 4, Ahn CS, 'odeA", ong , im ', ong .#-ub"ed$

#2$ Effect of inhibition of aloe)emodin on 4)acetyltransferase activity andgene e%pression in human malignant melanoma cells #A*86.S2$ by ;in S,ang C3, 3sia T&, ;ee C3, &hiu T3, ei 3, &hung C1.#-ub"ed$#*$ Aloe)emodin suppresses prostate cancer by targeting the mT/0 comple%2 by ;iu , -ark &, ;i S, ;ee , ;iu 3, 3e ;, Soung 4, Ahn CS, 'odeA", ong , im ', ong .#-ub"ed$#5$ Emodin inhibits invasion and migration of prostate and lung cancer cells























by downregulating the e%pression of chemokine receptor &O&05 by /k S,im S", im &, 4am , Shim 'S, im S3, Ahn S, &hoi S3, Ahn S.#-ub"ed$#6$ Emodin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cell ;4&a- by u&O, hang O, ang ;, hang -C, &hen , ;iu , ;iu , hangC.#-ub"ed$#7$ &hemosensitiHation by emodin, a plant)derived anti)cancer agentLmechanism of action by Sun .#-ub"ed$#8$ /ral administration of naturally occurring chitosan)basednanoformulated green tea polyphenol E1&1 effectively inhibits prostatecancer cell growth in a %enograft model by han 4, 'harali C, AdhamiJ", SiddiBui (A, &ui 3, Shabana S", "ousa SA, "ukhtar 3.#-ub"ed$#9$ Effect of a prodrug of the green tea polyphenol #)$)epigallocatechin)*)gallate on the growth of androgen)independent prostate cancer in vivo by

;ee S&, &han , ;ee T, ;am 3, ang O, &han T3, ong &.#-ub"ed$#:$ Epigallocatechin)*)gallate promotes apoptosis and e%pression of thecaspase :a splice variant in -&* prostate cancer cells by 3agen 0", &hedeaJS, "intoff &-, 'owler E, "orse 30, ;adomery "0.#-ub"ed$#+=$ -omegranate e%tract inhibits the bone metastatic growth of human

prostate cancer cells and enhances the in vivo efficacy of doceta%elchemotherapy by ang , hang S, (Bbal S, &hen , ang O, ang A,;iu , 'ai , 0itenour &, ucuk /, u .#-ub"ed$#++$ -omegranate Cuice "etabolites, Ellagic Acid and >rolithin A,Synergistically (nhibit Androgen)(ndependent -rostate &ancer &ell 1rowthvia istinct Effects on &ell &ycle &ontrol and Apoptosis by JicinanHa 0,hang , 3enning S", 3eber .#-ub"ed$#+2$ Specific pomegranate juice components as potential inhibitors of

prostate cancer metastasis by ang ;, 3o C, 1lackin &, "artins)1reen ".#-ub"ed$#+*$ &ytoto%ic effect of the pentacyclic o%indole alkaloid mitraphyllineisolated from >ncaria tomentosa bark on human Ewing!s sarcoma and breastcancer cell lines by 1arcXa 1imZneH , 1arcXa -rado E, SYenH 0odrXgueH T,

ernYndeH Arche A, e la -uerta 0.#-ub"ed$#+5$ The antiproliferative effects of >ncaria tomentosa e%tracts and fractionson the growth of breast cancer cell line by 0iva ;, &oradini , i ronHo 1,e eo J, e Tommasi 4, e Simone , -iHHa &.#-ub"ed$#+6$ Anticancer activity of the >ncaria tomentosa #illd.$ &. preparationswith different o%indole alkaloid composition by -ilarski 0, ilip ',ietrHyk C, ura ", 1ulewicH .#-ub"ed$



























#+7$ 1arlic)derived S)allylmercaptocysteine is a novel in vivo antimetastaticagent for androgen)independent prostate cancer by 3oward E, ;ing "T,&hua &, &heung 3, ang O, ong &.#-ub"ed$#+8$ 1rowth suppressing effect of garlic compound diallyl disulfide on

prostate cancer cell line #-&)*$ in vitro by Arunkumar A, Jijayababu "0,anagaraj -, 'alasubramanian , Aruldhas "", Arunakaran C.#-ub"ed$#+9$ 1arlic constituent diallyl trisulfide suppresses %)linked inhibitor ofapoptosis protein in prostate cancer cells in culture and in vivo by im S3,'ommareddy A, Singh SJ.#-ub"ed$#+:$ 3erbal infusionsN their phenolic profile, antio%idant and anti)inflammatory effects in 3T2: and -&* cells by ogiannou A,alogeropoulos 4, efalas -, -olissiou "1, aliora A&.#-ub"ed$#2=$The effect of a novel botanical agent T'S)+=+ on invasive prostatecancer in animal models by Evans S, iHeyi 4, Abrahamsson -A, -ersson C.

#-ub"ed$#2+$ Activities of ten essential oils towards -ropionibacterium acnes and -&)*, A)65: and "&)8 cancer cells by u , u 3, ;iang ;, u , Efferth T,;iu O, u 4.#-ub"ed$#22$ /nion and garlic use and human cancer by 1aleone &, -elucchi &, ;evi, 4egri E, ranceschi S, Talamini 0, 1iacosa A, ;a Jecchia &.#-ub"ed$#2*$ ietary flavonoid fisetinL a novel dual inhibitor of -(*Akt and mT/0for prostate cancer management by Adhami J", Syed 4, han 4,"ukhtar 3.#-ub"ed$#25$ Effects of Buercetin on insulin)like growth factors #(1s$ and their

binding protein)* #(1'-)*$ secretion and induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by C. Jijayababu "0, Arunkumar A, anagaraj -,Arunakaran #-ub"ed$#26$ &ombinatorial cytoto%ic effects of &urcuma longa and ingiberofficinale on the -&)*" prostate cancer cell line by urapati 0,Samikkannu T, adiyala ', ainulabedin S", 1andhi 4, Sathaye SS,(ndap "A, 'oukli 4, 0odrigueH C, 4air "-.#-ub"ed$#27$ emetho%ycurcumin "odulates -rostate &ancer &ell -roliferation viaA"-)(nduced own)regulation of 3S-8= and E10 by 3ung &", Su

3, ;in 3, ;in C4, ;iu ;&, 3o &T, ay T.#-ub"ed$#28$ 1rowth factor receptor e%pression in anal sBuamous lesionsLmodifications associated with oncogenic human papillomavirus and humanimmunodeficiency virus#3uman -atholog$#29$ Effects of cyclohe%anone analogues of curcumin on growth, apoptosisand 4)D' activity in -&)* human prostate cancer cells by ei O, > ,&ui OO, Jerano ", "o 0, Tang , &onney A3, heng O, hang .












http://www.humanpathol.com/article/S0046-8177(09)00197-X/abstract












http://www.humanpathol.com/article/S0046-8177(09)00197-X/abstract



#-ub"ed$#2:$ 1insenoside 0g* attenuates cell migration via inhibition of aBuaporin +e%pression in -&)*" prostate cancer cells by -an O, 1uo 3, 3an C, 3ao ,An , Ou , Oiaokaiti , -an , ;i OC.#-ub"ed$#*=$ Stereospecificity of hydro%yl group at &)2= in antiproliferative actionof ginsenoside 0h2 on prostate cancer cells by ;iu C, ShimiHu , u 3,hang &, Cin , ondo 0.#-ub"ed$#*+$ The effect of a novel botanical agent T'S)+=+ on invasive prostatecancer in animal models by Evans S, iHeyi 4, Abrahamsson -A, -ersson C.#-ub"ed$#*2$ 1rape seed e%tract regulates androgen receptor)mediated transcriptionin prostate cancer cells through potent anti)histone acetyltransferase activity

by -ark S, ;ee 3, &hoi &, Seong A0, &hoi 3, ;ee /3, 3wang 3C,oon 31.#-ub"ed$

#*2$ -rocyanidin '2 *,*])di)/)gallate, a 'iologically Active &onstituent of1rape Seed E%tract, (nduces Apoptosis in 3uman -rostate &ancer &ells JiaTargeting 4)D', Stat*, and A-+ Transcription actors by Tyagi A, 0aina, Shrestha S-, "iller ', Thompson CA, empe ", Agarwal 0, Agarwal&.#-ub"ed$#**$ 4kappa')dependent regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator by

proanthocyanidin)rich grape seed e%tractL effect on invasion by prostatecancer cells by >chino 0, "adhyastha 0, "adhyastha 3, hungana S,

4akajima , /mura S, "aruyama ".#-ub"ed$#*5$ 'ioactive tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiHa inhibit the growth of

prostate cancer cells in vitro and in mice by 1ong , ;i , ;u , ;i ;,Abdolmaleky 3, 'lackburn 1;, hou C0.#-ub"ed$#*6$ Tanshinones from &hinese medicinal herb anshen #Salvia miltiorrhiHa'unge$ suppress prostate cancer growth and androgen receptor signaling byhang , on S3, Ciang &, ;ee 3C, Ceong SC, ;ee E/, hang C, e ", imS3, ; C.#-ub"ed$#*7$ Activation of p6* signaling and inhibition of androgen receptor mediatetanshinone ((A induced 1+ arrest in ;4&a- prostate cancer cells by onS3, ;ee 3C, Ceong SC, ; C, im S3.#-ub"ed$

#*8$ 1inkgetin induces apoptosis via activation of caspase and inhibition ofsurvival genes in -&)* prostate cancer cells by ou /3, im S3, im ',Sohn EC, ;ee 3C, Shim 'S, un ", won '", im S3.#-ub"ed$#*9$ Specialty supplements and prostate cancer risk in the J(Tamins and;ifestyle #J(TA;$ cohort by 'rasky T", ristal A0, 4avarro S;, ;ampeC, -eters >, -atterson 0E, hite E.#-ub"ed$#*:$ 1inkgo biloba and risk of cancerL secondary analysis of the 1inkgo



























Evaluation of "emory #1E"$ Study by 'iggs ";, Sorkin '&, 4ahin 0;,uller ;3, itHpatrick A;.#-ub"ed$#5=$ ;icochalcone)A, a novel flavonoid isolated from licorice root#1lycyrrhiHa glabra$, causes 12 and late)1+ arrests in androgen)independent-&)* prostate cancer cells by u , 3sieh T&, 1uo C, unicki C, ;ee ",arHynkiewicH , u C".#-ub"ed$#5+$ &2 and mT/0 are direct molecular targets of isoangustone A in thesuppression of human prostate cancer cell growth by ;ee E, Son CE, 'yun S,;ee SC, im A, ;iu , im C, ;im SS, -ark C3, ong , ;ee , ;ee 3C.#-ub"ed$#52$ +9<)glycyrrhetinic acid targets prostate cancer cells by down)regulatinginflammation)related genes by Shetty AJ, Thirugnanam S,akshinamoorthy 1, Samykutty A, heng 1, &hen A, 'osland "&,ajdacsy)'alla A, 1nanasekar ".#-ub"ed$

#5*$ Seasonal variation in content, chemical composition and antimicrobialand cytoto%ic activities of essential oils from four "entha species by3ussain A(, Anwar , 4igam -S, Ashraf ", 1ilani A3.#-ub"ed$#55$ "enthol regulates T0-"9)independent processes in -&)* prostatecancer cells by im S3, 4am C3, -ark EC, im 'C, im SC, So (, Ceon C3.#-ub"ed$#56$ "enthol Enhances an Antiproliferative Activity of +alpha,26)ihydro%yvitamin #*$ in ;4&a- &ells by -ark EC, im S3, im 'C, imS, So (, Ceon C3.#-ub"ed$#57$ ;ycium barbarum polysaccharides induce apoptosis in human prostatecancer cells and inhibits prostate cancer growth in a %enograft mouse modelof human prostate cancer by ;uo , ;i , an C, hu , Ou 0C, &ai .#-ub"ed$#58$ ^E%traction and isolation of active component for inhibiting -&* cell

proliferation in vitro from the fruit of ;ycium barbarum ;_.^Article in&hinese_ by ;iu O;, Sun C, ;i 3, hang ;, ian '&.#-ub"ed$#59$ -olyphenols from the "editerranean herb rosemary #0osmarinusofficinalis$ for prostate cancer. by -etiwala S", -uthenveetil A1, CohnsonCC.#-ub"ed$

#5:$ &arnosic acid modulates Akt(4)D' signaling by --2A andinduces intrinsic and e%trinsic pathway mediated apoptosis in human

prostate carcinoma -&)* cells by ar S, -alit S, 'all ', as -.#-ub"ed$

III. In Vitamins' Points 7f View

A. Vitamin A

























Vitamin A is a general term of Jitamin A 0etinol, retinal, beta)carotene,alpha)carotene, gamma)carotene, and beta)crypto%anthin best known for itsfunctions for vision health and antio%idant scavenger and essential forgrowth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.0ecommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the (nstitute of "edicineof the 4ational Academies #formerly 4ational Academy of Sciences$ is 7==g daily as e%tremely high doses #:=== mg$ can be to%icity, causing dry,scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches,etc.

&. 9etinols

0etinols derived from vitamin A, most often are used in medical field inregulation of epithelial cell growth. Suggestion of serum retinol, linking torisk of prostate cancer have produced inconclusive results. Study of Serum

retinol and risk of prostate cancer, showed that higher serum of retinolelevates risk of prostate cancer by Buintiles of baseline and *)year serumretinol concentrations and by change in serum retinol levels from baseline to* years#+$. but the study by the Erasmus >niversity, indicated theotherwise#2$#*$and Capan)3awaii &ancer Study, uakini "edical &enter,showed that none of the micronutrients is strongly associated with prostatecancer risk. including serum of retinol#5$.

0etinoic acid #0A$, a metabolite of retinol, was found to be effective insuppression of carcinogenesis in tumorigenic animal models for the skin,oral, lung, breast, bladder, ovarian and prostate#6$. (n prostate cancer ;4&a-and -&* cells, all)trans)retinoic acid #at0A$ inhibited angiogenesis prostatecancer cell growth and identify retinoic acid receptor alpha as the receptorthrough up)regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta up)regulation and downregulation of prostate cancer cell proliferation#7$. (n androgen)responsivehuman prostate cancer cells, retinoids, the synthetic derivatives of retinol,showed to inhibit the growth of prostate caner cells and the formation anddegradation of gap junctions#are ensembles of intercellular channels that

permit the e%change of small growth regulatory molecules between

adjoining cells$, through modulation#8$. (n androgen receptor)negative#A0#)$$ prostate cancer cells, all)trans retinoic acid #AT0A$, induced thegrowth arrest through alteration of 3/O'+*#genetic variant in 3/O'+*increased risk of prostate cancer by a +=)2=)fold$ e%pression as a result ofepigenetic modifications#9$. (n mice study of p28#ip+$#cell cyclesuppressor gene$ deficiency prostate cancer, :)cis retinoic acid #:c0A$ wasfound effectively in suppression of prostate cell proliferation #-E&-$ and



increased cellular biological aging#:$.

2. Carotenoids-beta>carotene, al!/a>carotene, #amma>carotene and

beta>cry!to8ant/in5

&arotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play animportant role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through itantio%idant effects."easured serum of -lasma carotenoids, retinol once considered as a makerfor risk of prostate cancer, have produced an inconsistent result. Accordingto the >niversity of /%ford, there was no associations between plasmaconcentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostatecancer risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoidswith the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect#+=$.>nfortunately, the study by red 3utchinson &ancer 0esearch &enter

indicated that high serum beta)carotene concentrations were associated withincreased risk for aggressive, clinically relevant prostate cancer#++$ and the3arvard "edical School showed no associated at all#+2$.Epidemiological studies of carotenoids in reduced risk of prostate cancerhave also been inconclusive.Q)(onone, a cyclic sesBuiterpene and an end)ring analog of Q)carotene, in>+56 and -&)* cells induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the 1+

phase and in >+56 cells, initiated the degradation of reductase, suppressedthe net growth of >+56 cells by 8*@#+*$. &ombination of vitamin A andvitamin , showed an effectiveness in induction of prostate cancer cellsapoptosis through enhanced the e%pression of 'a%#involved in p6*)mediatedapoptosis$ and reduced the e%pression of &yclin +#in regulating cell cycle

progression$#+5$. /ral administration of Q)carotene #'&$ inhibited the proliferation of -&)* cells at 2= P" '& at +2 h of incubation#+6$.uco%anthin, a marine carotenoid found in brown algae, inhibited the growthof ;4&ap prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest withSA-C4#involved in proliferation, apoptosis, motility$ activation#+7$ orinduces 1+ arrest with 1A56 gene#growth arrest and 4A)damageinducible$ e%pression#+8$. (n human androgen)independent prostate

carcinoma -&)* cells, oral administration of a low or a high dose oflycopene #5 and +7 mgkg$ and a single dose of Q)carotene #+7 mgkg$ twicea week for 8 wk, suppressed the growth of prostate tumor cells associatedwith reduction of proliferation #attenuation of proliferating cell nuclearantigen e%pression$ and with interference of the insulin)like growth factor +signaling #increased plasma insulin)like growth factor)binding protein)*levels$#+9$.



>nfortunately, the study by the 4ational &ancer (nstitute, indicated thatthere is not enough evidences to for a strong support for population)wideimplementation of high)dose antio%idant supplementation for the preventionof prostate cancer. 3owever, beta)carotene supplementation in men with lowdietary beta)carotene intakes were associated with reduced risk of thisdisease#+:$.

Taking altogether, without going into reviews, vitamin A and its syntheticversion induced apoptosis and e%hibited anti proliferation of prostate cancercell lines through cell cycle arrested and attenuated cancer progressive

pathways and may be considered as potent agents in reduced risk andtreatment of prostate cancer. 'ut no doubt, certain vitamins and mineralsdeficiencies may play a critic role in the influence of development of

prostate cancer. /ver doses can lead to to%ic symptoms. -lease make sure

you follow the guideline of the (nstitute of "edicine of the 4ationalAcademies.

&hinese Secrets To atty ;iver And /besity 0eversal>se The 0evolutionary indings To Achieve/ptimal 3ealth And ;oose eight




9eferences

#+$ Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer by "ondul A", atters C;,"VnnistW S, einstein SC, Snyder , Jirtamo C, Albanes .#-ub"ed$

#2$ Serum retinol and prostate cancer.

3ayes 0', 'ogdanovicH C, Schroeder 3, e 'ruijn A, 0aatgever C,Jan der "aas -C, /ishi , oshida /.#-ub"ed$#*$ Serum retinol and prostate cancer riskL a nested case)control study in the

prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial by Schenk C",





















0iboli E, &hatterjee 4, ;eitHmann ", Ahn C, Albanes , 0eding C, ang, riesen ", 3ayes 0', -eters >.#-ub"ed$#5$ Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Capanese Americans in3awaii by 4omura A", Stemmermann 14, ;ee C, &raft 4E.#-ub"ed$

#6$ 0etinoids and their biological effects against cancer by AliHadeh ,'olhassani A. havari A, 'athaie S, 4aji T, 'idgoli SA #-ub"ed$#7$ Effect of an all)trans)retinoic acid conjugate with spermine on viabilityof human prostate cancer and endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis invivo by Jourtsis , ;amprou ", Sadikoglou E, 1iannou A,Theodorakopoulou /, Sarrou E, "agoulas 1E, 'ariamis SE,Athanassopoulos &", rainas , -apaioannou , -apadimitriou E.#-ub"ed$#8$ 0etinoids regulate the formation and degradation of gap junctions in

androgen)responsive human prostate cancer cells by elsey ;, atoch -,Cohnson E, 'atra S, "ehta --.#-ub"ed$#9$ AT0A inhibits the proliferation of >+56 prostate cancer cells throughreducing the methylation level of 3/O'+* gene by ;iu , 0en 1,Shangguan &, 1uo ;, ong , ;i , hang , hao ;, 3ou -, hang ,ang O, ;u C, 3uang '.#-ub"ed$#:$ p28#ip+$ deficiency promotes prostate carcinogenesis but does notaffect the efficacy of retinoids in suppressing the neoplastic process byTaylor , "athias A, Ali A, e 3, Stoynev 4, Shilkaitis A, 1reen A,iyokawa 3, &hristov .#-ub"ed$#+=$ -lasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostatecancer in the European -rospective (nvestigation into &ancer and 4utritionstudy by ey TC, Appleby -4, Allen 4E, Travis 0&, 0oddam A, Cenab", Egevad ;, Tjnneland A, Cohnsen 4, /vervad , ;inseisen C,0ohrmann S, 'oeing 3, -ischon T, -saltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A,Trichopoulos , -alli , Jineis -, Tumino 0, 'errino , iemeney ;,'ueno)de)"esBuita 3', uirs C0, 1onHYleH &A, "artineH &, ;arraUaga 4,&hirlaBue ", ArdanaH E, Stattin -, 3allmans 1, haw T, 'ingham S,Slimani 4, errari -, 0inaldi S, 0iboli E.#-ub"ed$

#++$ Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer riskL a nestedcase)control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancerscreening trial by -eters >, ;eitHmann ", &hatterjee 4, ang , Albanes, 1elmann E-, riesen ", 0iboli E, 3ayes 0'.#-ub"ed$#+2$ (ntake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer by1iovannucci E, Ascherio A, 0imm E', Stampfer "C, &olditH 1A, illett&.#-ub"ed$


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Serum+retinol+and+prostate+cancer+in+Chinese+men










http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Serum+retinol+and+prostate+cancer+in+Chinese+men











#+*$ Q)ionone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostatetumor cells by Cones S, ernandes 4J, eganehjoo 3, aturu 0, u 3, u, "o 3.#-ub"ed$#+5$ Synergistic effect and mechanism of vitamin A and vitamin oninducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by Sha C, -an C, -ing -, Ouan 3,;i , 'o C, ;iu , 3uang .#-ub"ed$#+6$ iverse effects of Q)carotene on secretion and e%pression of JE1 inhuman hepatocarcinoma and prostate tumor cells by &hen 3, 3uang S",ang &", 3u ";.#-ub"ed$#+7$ uco%anthin induces 1A56A e%pression and 1+ arrest withSA-C4 activation in ;4&ap human prostate cancer cells by Satomi .#-ub"ed$#+8$ uco%anthin, a natural carotenoid, induces 1+ arrest and 1A56 genee%pression in human cancer cells by oshiko S, 3oyoku 4.#-ub"ed$

#+9$ 1rowth inhibitory efficacy of lycopene and Q)carotene againstandrogen)independent prostate tumor cells %enografted in nude mice byang &", en T, 3uang &S, 3u ";.#-ub"ed$ #+:$ Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta)carotene, and vitamin &intakes and prostate cancer risk by irsh JA, 3ayes 0', "ayne ST,&hatterjee 4, Subar A, i%on ;', Albanes , Andriole 1;, >rban A,-eters >N -;&/ Trial.#-ub"ed$

B. Vitamin B com!le8

B.&. Vitamin BVitamin B also known as 0iboflavin, is a water)soluble, yellow)orangeorganic compound found abundantly in milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enrichedflour, green vegetables, etc. The vitamin is essential for normal cellulargrowth and function and best known for converting energy from protein, fat,and carbohydrates during metabolism and its antio%idant effects ino%idation)reduction reactions.

Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of

spreading to the distant parts of the body. "ost prostate cancers are slowgrowing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during

physical #rectum$ e%ams./ver e%pression of riboflavin carrier protein #0&-$ in prostate cancer patientmay be used as a marker in )targeted diagnosis and for the assessment ofvascular metabolism in tumors#7$. (n localiHed both androgen)dependent andindependent prostate cancer cell lines, antibodies to chicken 0&- inhibited

















incorporation of tritiated thymidine into 4A and prevented riboflavinuptake in -&* prostate cancer cells#8$. /ther suggestion of elevated plasmaconcentrations of choline and vitamin '2 may be associated with anincreased risk of prostate cancer#9$.

Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin '2 in reduced risk of prostatecancer have produced inconsistent results. (n prostate cancer cell line cancer#;n&ap$, vitamin '2 intakes were not associated with prostate cancersurvival#+$ and dietary supplements, including vitamn '2 effectivetreatments for -& patients is not supported by sound clinical evidence#2$.;uckily, in the study of &ancer 0esearch and -roduct evelopment

;aboratory, (mmunal ;td, active mi%ture A"L ;)arginine, ;)histidine, ;)methionine, ;)phenylalanine, ;)tyrosine, ;)tryptophan, ;)ascorbate, )

biotin, pyrido%ine, riboflavin, adenine, ;#)$malate$, induced apoptosis

through the mitochondrial pathway and 1+ arrest in -&)* cells and in -&)*%enografts#*$. Also in the interaction of interaction between Q)cyclode%trin#Q&$ or hydro%ypropyl)Q)cyclode%trin #3-Q&$ and riboflavin #0$indicated that both 0)Q& and 0)3-Q& comple%es were cytoto%ic to-&* prostate cancer cells#5$. /ther suggestion showed a weak associations

between prostate cancer incidence and dietary intake of riboflavin and between riboflavin intake and prostate cancer mortality#6$. 'ut in the studyof the role of diet in prostate cancer, researchers suggested that intake oflinoleic acid and riboflavin #in subjects 6= years and over$ could be

protective when compared with control subjects#+=$(n the study of the effects of irradiated riboflavin on androgen)independenthuman, by >niversidade Estadual de &ampinas, showed that riboflavin

photoproducts are cytoto%ic to these cells in a as;)as)dependent manner,through inhibited matri%)degrading proteases#invloved both the process ofE&" remodeling and angiogenesis, and in a potential causal relationship

between these processe$ caused downregulation of JE1#vascularendothelial growth factor $ and upregulation of T("-+#inhibitor ofmetalloproteinases$#:$.

Taking altogether, riboflavin carrier protein #0&-$ may be considered as amarker in targeted diagnosis of prostate cancer and vitamin '2 is a vitalcomponent of any treatment plan instead of sole means of cancer preventionand treatment in -rostate cancer patients. /ver doses for a prolong periodmay cause symptoms of skin rashes, hypersensitivity, high blood pressureetc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the (nstitute of "edicineof the 4ational Academies.



9eferences

#+$ /ne)carbon metabolism)related nutrients and prostate cancer survival byasperHyk C;, all , "ucci ;A, 3kansson 4, olk A, Cohansson CE,Andersson S/, AndrZn /#-ub"ed$#2$ ietary supplements and prostate cancerL a systematic review of double)

blind, placebo)controlled randomised clinical trials by -osadHki -, ;ee "S,/nakpoya (, ;ee 3, o 'S, Ernst E.#-ub"ed$#*$ A mi%ture of amino acids and other small molecules present in the serumsuppresses the growth of murine and human tumors in vivo by ulcsYr 1,1aYl , ulcsYr -(, SchulcH , &HWmpWly T#-ub"ed$#5$ 4on)inclusion comple%es between riboflavin and cyclode%trins by deCesus "', raceto ;, "artini ", -ickholH ", erreira &J, de -aulaE#-ub"ed$

#6$ ietary intake of ' vitamins and methionine and prostate cancerincidence and mortality by 'assett C, Severi 1, 3odge A", 'aglietto ;,3opper C;, English 0, 1iles 11.#-ub"ed$#7$ 0iboflavin carrier protein)targeted fluorescent >S-(/ for the assessmentof vascular metabolism in tumors by Cayapaul C, Arns S, ;ederle ,;ammers T, &omba -, 1Vtjens C, iessling #-ub"ed$#8$ 'iochemical characteriHation of riboflavin carrier protein #0&-$ in

prostate cancer by Cohnson T, /uhtit A, 1aur 0, ernando A,SchwarHenberger -, Su C, (smail ", El)Sayyad 3(, arande A, ElmageedA, 0ao -, 0aj "#-ub"ed$#9$ /ne)carbon metabolism and prostate cancer riskL prospectiveinvestigation of seven circulating ' vitamins and metabolites by Cohansson", Jan 1uelpen ', Jollset SE, 3ultdin C, 'ergh A, ey T, "idttun /,3allmans 1, >eland -", Stattin -#-ub"ed$#:$ A possible anti)proliferative and anti)metastatic effect of irradiatedriboflavin in solid tumours by de SouHa ueiroH &, ambuHHi , Santosde SouHa A&, da Silva 0A, "achado , Custo 1, &arvalho 3,-eppelenbosch "-, erreira &#-ub"ed$#+=$ The role of diet in prostate cancer by aul ;, 3eshmat ", ovi C,

Cackson "A, Cackson A1, Cones 1, Edson ", Enterline C-, orrell 01,-erry S;#-ub"ed$

B.. Vitamin B

Jitamin '7, also known as pyrido%ine, is a water soluble vitamin foundabundantly in green peas, yams, broccoli, asparagus and turnipgreens,-eanuts, sunflower seeds, cashews and haHelnuts, meat, fish etc., with







http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Johnson%20T%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=19273299











http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Johnson%20T%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=19273299







functions of amino acid, carbohydrate metabolism, brain health, and liverdeto%ification, etc. Epidemiological studies, focusing pyrido%ine in reduced risk and treatmentof prostate cancer have been inconclusive. Study of the link between intakeof olate, "ethionine, and Jitamins ')+2, ')7 and -rostate &ancer 0isk inAmerican Jeterans, showed no evidence for associations between 'vitamins #folate, '+2, and '7$ and -& risk#+$ and (n the one)carbonmetabolism and prostate cancer risk, researcher found no convincingevidence for a protective role of one)carbon metabolism against prostatecancer#2$. ietary methyl groups#methionine, one)carbon units and choline#or the choline metabolite betaine$ showed a a protective effect on thedevelopment of higher grades of prostate cancer in the R3i)mycR mousemodel of prostate cancer#*$. /ther suggestion indicated that high vitamin ')

7 intake may improve prostate cancer survival among men with a diagnosisof localiHed)stage disease#5$. A case)control study of diet and prostatecancer, included *29 men diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of86 years and *29 age)matched population controls, vitamin '7 wasassociated to reduced risk of prostate cancer#6$


9eferences

#+$ Associations between (ntake of olate, "ethionine, and Jitamins ')+2,')7 and -rostate &ancer 0isk in American Jeterans by Jidal A&, 1rant C,illiams &, "asko E, Allott E3, Shuler , "c-hail ", 1aines A,&alloway E, 1erber ;, &hi CT, reedland SC, 3oyo &.#-ub"ed$#2$ ietary factors of one)carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk byeinstein SC, StolHenberg)Solomon 0, -ietinen -, Taylor -0, Jirtamo C,Albanes .#-ub"ed$#*$ -rogression of prostate carcinogenesis and dietary methyl donorsLtemporal dependence by Shabbeer S, illiams SA, Simons ', 3ermanC1, &arducci "A.#-ub"ed$

#5$ /ne)carbon metabolism)related nutrients and prostate cancer survival byasperHyk C;, all , "ucci ;A, 3kansson 4, olk A, Cohansson CE,Andersson S/, AndrZn /.#-ub"ed$#6=$ A case)control study of diet and prostate cancer by ey TC, Silcocks-', avey 1, Appleby -4,













B.(. Vitamin B&

Vitamin B&, also known as cobalamin, a water)soluble vitamin, foundabundantly in a variety of foods, such as fish, shellfish, meat, eggs, dairy

products, etc. plays an important role in regulating the functions of nervoussystem and formation of blood.

Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility ofspreading to the distant parts of the body. "ost prostate cancers are slowgrowing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during


Epidemiological studies linking levels of plasma of vitamin '+2 in reducedrisk of prostate cancer have produced inconclusive results, it may be due to

single nucleotide polymorphisms in '#+2$)related genes #"T0, "T00,>T2, T&42, T&4+, &>'4, and ">T$, tT&#involved in many processesin the body, such as protein production, protein transport, and the cycle ofcell division$, holo)transcobalamin#markers of vitamin '+2 deficiency$,holo)haptocorrin, folate, and homocysteine#a non)protein <)amino acid andcan be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of ')vitamins$#+$. Study from the >niversity of 'ristol, showed that the increased'+2 and holo)haptocorrin concentrations associated to positive correlationwith prostate cancer risk#2$#*$. 'ut the >niversity of 'ergen, in a

prospective cohort in 4orway #n *+8 ===$ study, showed no association between vitamin '+2 status and prostate cancer risk#5$.(n a clinical trial of dietary supplements and prostate cancer, found that acombination of antio%idants, isoflavones, lycopenes, minerals, plantoestrogens and vitamins, including vitamin '+2 significantly decreased -SAlevels compared with placebo#6$.

Taking altogether, without going into reviews, combination of treatmentincluded vitamin '+2 may be associated to reduced risk of prostate cancer./ver doses of the vitamin may induce symptoms of to%icity, including

headache, giddiness and abnormal heart functioning, etc., please make sureto follow the guideline of the (nstitute of "edicine of the 4ationalAcademies. 9eferences

#+$ The causal roles of vitamin '#+2$ and transcobalamin in prostate cancerLcan "endelian randomiHation analysis provide definitive answers by &ollin



S", "etcalfe &, -almer T", 0efsum 3, ;ewis SC, Smith 1, &o% A, avis", "arsden 1, Cohnston &, ;ane CA, onovan C;, 4eal E, 3amdy &,Smith A, "artin 0".#-ub"ed$#2$ &irculating folate, vitamin '+2, homocysteine, vitamin '+2 transport

proteins, and risk of prostate cancerL a case)control study, systematic review,and meta)analysis by &ollin S", "etcalfe &, 0efsum 3, ;ewis SC, uccolo;, Smith 1, &hen ;, 3arris 0, avis ", "arsden 1, Cohnston &, ;ane CA,Ebbing ", 'naa 3, 4ygrd /, >eland -", 1rau "J, 'aron CA,onovan C;, 4eal E, 3amdy &, Smith A, "artin 0"#-ub"ed$#*$ -lasma folate, vitamin '+2, and homocysteine and prostate cancer riskL a

prospective study by 3ultdin C, Jan 1uelpen ', 'ergh A, 3allmans 1,Stattin -.# -ub"ed $

#5$ Serum folate and vitamin '+2 concentrations in relation to prostate

cancer risk))a 4orwegian population)based nested case)control study of*=== cases and *=== controls within the CA4>S cohort by de Jogel S,"eyer , redriksen , >lvik A, >eland -", 4ygrd /, Jollset SE, Tell1S, Tretli S, 'jrge T.#-ub"ed$#6$ ietary supplements and prostate cancerL a systematic review of double)

blind, placebo)controlled randomised clinical trials by -osadHki -, ;ee "S,/nakpoya (, ;ee 3, o 'S, Ernst E.#-ub"ed$

C. Vitamin C

The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male,now have become major concerns of governments and scientific communityin South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population.

Jitamin &, also known as ;)ascorbic acid, is a water)soluble vitamin, foundin fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. (t is best known for its freeradical scavengers activity and regenerating o%idiHed "itamin E for immunesupport.

Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin & in reduced risk and treatment of

prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results.(n reviewed studies e%amined the relationship between prostate cancer andantio%idants indicated that there is no strong evidence for a beneficial effectof selenium, vitamin &, or beta)carotene, in reduced risk of prostate cancerand effect of dietary antio%idants on prostate cancer remains undefined andinconclusive#+$. Supplemental vitamin &, in +**9 cases of prostate canceramong 2: *7+ men during up to 9 years of follow)up, also showed no strong

https://www.blogger.com/The%20causal%20roles%20of%20vitamin%20B(12)%20and%20transcobalamin%20in%20prostate%20cancer:%20can%20Mendelian%20randomization%20analysis%20provide%20definitive%20answers?%20Collin%20SM,%20Metcalfe%20C,%20Palmer%20TM,%20Refsum%20H,%20Lewis%20SJ,%20Smith%20GD,%20Cox%20A,%20Davis%20M,%20Marsden%20G,%20Johnston%20C,%20Lane%20JA,%20Donovan%20JL,%20Neal%20DE,%20Hamdy%20FC,%20Smith%20AD,%20Martin%20RM.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Collin%20SM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=20501771

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Metcalfe%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=20501771

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Refsum%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=20501771

https://www.blogger.com/null















https://www.blogger.com/The%20causal%20roles%20of%20vitamin%20B(12)%20and%20transcobalamin%20in%20prostate%20cancer:%20can%20Mendelian%20randomization%20analysis%20provide%20definitive%20answers?%20Collin%20SM,%20Metcalfe%20C,%20Palmer%20TM,%20Refsum%20H,%20Lewis%20SJ,%20Smith%20GD,%20Cox%20A,%20Davis%20M,%20Marsden%20G,%20Johnston%20C,%20Lane%20JA,%20Donovan%20JL,%20Neal%20DE,%20Hamdy%20FC,%20Smith%20AD,%20Martin%20RM.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Collin%20SM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=20501771

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Metcalfe%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=20501771

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Refsum%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=20501771

















support for high)dose antio%idant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer#2$./n Androgen)independent #>+56$ and androgen)dependent #;4&a-$human prostate cancer cell lines, vitamin & inhibited prostate cancer cell

proliferation through production of unidentified free radical#s$ generation ofhydrogen pero%ide#*$ and -&)* through reactive o%ygen specie#5$ orthrough increased with temperature in cancer cells#6$. &ombination ofe*/5& nanoparticles #4-s$ and Ascorbic acid #AA$ enhancedcytoto%icity of -&)* cells, through created hydro%yl radicals via ano%idative stress process#7$. /n intravenous #i.v.$ vitamin & or ascorbic acid#ascorbate, vitamin & treatment depleted Adenosine triphosphate-AT-$#transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism$ and inducedautophagy in sensitive prostate cancer cells#;a-&5$and in five of the si%tested prostate cancer cell lines#8$.

(n a study of mi%ture of nutrients #4"$ containing lysine, proline, ascorbicacid and green tea e%tract, showed that 4" inhibited prostate cancer cellline -&)* and >)+56 through suppression of the secretion of u)-A subunit+#correlated with matri% proteolysis, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion$#9$. &ombination of "onensin and vitamin & study showed an enhancementof vitamin & in e%hibition of the effect of "onensin in induced apoptosisthrough increased generation of intracellular reactive o%ygen species and byinduction of a transcriptional profile characteristic of an o%idative stressresponse#:$. (nredo%)active form of vitamin &, ascorbate induced apoptosis throughinduction of cell cycle arrest#+=$.

Taking altogether, without going through the reviews, vitamin & may beeffective in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer through generationof reactive o%ygen species#0/S$, or cell cycle arrest when used alone orcombination with other chemo)agents or phytochmecials. aily ingestion ofhigh)dose vitamin & may be considered safe, but in rare incidence,overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra)renal o%alatecrystal deposition, a fatal nephroto%icity#++$#22$.

9eferences

#+$ ietary antio%idants and prostate cancerL a review by Jance T", Su C,ontham ET, oo S(, &hun /#-ub"ed$#2$ Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta)carotene, and vitamin &intakes and prostate cancer risk by irsh JA, 3ayes 0', "ayne ST,





&hatterjee 4, Subar A, i%on ;', Albanes , Andriole 1;, >rban A,-eters >N -;&/ Trial#-ub"ed$#*$ Effect of vitamin & on prostate cancer cells in vitroL effect on cellnumber, viability, and 4A synthesis by "aramag &, "enon ", 'alaji &,0eddy -1, ;a%manan S#-ub"ed$#5$ Effect of vitamin & on androgen independent prostate cancer cells #-&*and "at);y);u$ in vitroL involvement of reactive o%ygen species)effect oncell number, viability and 4A synthesis by "enon ", "aramag &,"alhotra 0, Seethalakshmi ;#-ub"ed$#6$ -ero%idase)like activity of e*/5carbon nanoparticles enhancesascorbic acid)induced o%idative stress and selective damage to -&)* prostatecancer cells by An , Sun &, ;i , Ou , 1uo C, ang &.#-ub"ed$#7$ Effect of ascorbic acid on reactive o%ygen species production inchemotherapy and hyperthermia in prostate cancer cells by ukumura 3,

Sato ", eHuka , Sato (, eng O, /kumura S, ujita T, okoyama >,Eguchi 3, (shikawa , Saito T#-ub"ed$#8$ -harmacological ascorbate induces cytoto%icity in prostate cancer cellsthrough AT- depletion and induction of autophagy by &hen -, u C,&halmers ', risko C, ang C, ;i ', &hen #-ub"ed$#9$ own)regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator and matri%metalloproteinases and up)regulation of their inhibitors by a novel nutrientmi%ture in human prostate cancer cell lines -&)* and >)+56 by 0oomi", alinovsky T, 0ath ", 4iedHwiecki A#-ub"ed$#:$ "onensin is a potent inducer of o%idative stress and inhibitor ofandrogen signaling leading to apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by etola ,Jainio -, ey J, allioniemi /, (ljin #-ub"ed$#+=$ Ascorbate e%erts anti)proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibitionand sensitiHes tumor cells towards cytostatic drugs by rWmberg A, 1utsch, SchulHe , Jollbracht &, eiss 1, &Hubayko , Aigner A#-ub"ed$

#++$ atal vitamin &)associated acute renal failure by "c3ugh 1C, 1raber";, reebairn 0&.#-ub"ed$#+2$ Ascorbic acid overdosingL a risk factor for calcium o%alate

nephrolithiasis by >rivetHky ", essaris , Smith A.#-ub"ed$

; . Vitamin ;

Vitamin ; is a fat)soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods,including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays animportant role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction,tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals,





























including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and Hinc.

The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered as a disease of agingmale, now have become major concerns of governments and scientificcommunity in South East Asian with tendency to spread to younger age

population. Suggestions emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time inhistory accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the possiblecauses of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2 decades.3erbal medicine for diseases! management have been prescribed in folkmedicine over thousands of year as one of best medicine of nature in

preventing and treating diseases, including prostate cancer.

)enetic m$tation

1enetic mutation of Jitamin )deactivating enHyme &-25A+may be

associated to increased risk of prostate cancer. (n a orean cohort suggestedthat five &-25A+ seBuence variants #rs225957+, rs2259*6:, rs7=22::,rs2696529, rs59=::6: had a significant association with prostate cancerrisk#+$Nvitamin receptor #J0$ gene #two J0 seBuence variants #rs25=9987and rs22*:+92$, may play an important role in the onset and progression of

prostate cancer#2$. /thers study of vitamin pathway genes, J0,&-28'+, and &-25A+, in prostate cancer showed an conflict result ofthat genotypes of &-28'+ and &-25A+ were not associated with

prostate cancer risk, but polymorphisms in the J0 gene may be#*$#5$#6$.(n common genetic variation of the calcium)sensing receptor#&aS0$, the3arvard School of -ublic 3ealth showed that &aS0 may be involved in -&a

progression#6a$

Vitamin ; !lasma

Suggestions of plasma used in measurement of risk of prostate have beencontroversial with many inconsistent results, epidemiologically. The

population)based cohort study of +587 prostate cancer patients to assessdisease recurrenceprogression and prostate cancer)specific mortality

#-&S"$ risks associated with serum levels of 26#/3$ vitamin ^26#/3$_, showed no evidence of serum vitamin levels measured afterdiagnosis associated to prostate cancer prognosis#7$ and according to the/regon 3ealth Science >niversity prospective cohort of older men alsofound no association between serum 26)/3 vitamin levels and subseBuentrisk of prostate cancer.#7a$. 'ut according to the 3arvard "edical School,suboptimal vitamin status #especially during the winterspring season$,



and both 26#/3$ and +,26#/3$2 may play an important role in preventing prostate cancer progression#8$ and higher prediagnostic plasma26#/3$ might be associated with improved prostate cancer prognosis#9$.(n the variation of above, some researchers suggested that plasma 26#/3$levels associated to common variation among several vitamin )relatedgenes##&-28A+, &-20+, &-28'+, 1&, &-25A+, 0O0A, and J0$and calcium)sensing receptor #&aS0$were associated with lethal prostatecancer risk#:$#+=$#++$. A report of survival in veterans with prostate cancerindicated a veterans who are initially vitamin deficient and both initial andfollow)up vitamin deficiency are associated with decreased likelihood ofsurvival after prostate cancer diagnosis#+2$. /ther suggestions, linkingvitamin in reduced risk of prostate cancer and prostate cancer)relatedhealth disparities in African)American men were greatly involved at least in

part the result of widespread hypovitaminosis within the African)

American population.#+6$.

/e efficacy

Jitamin most active form, +,26#*$ in an e%periment of a stable prostatecancer cell line -&* with &-25A+ promoter inhibited gene e%pression of&-25A+ through enhancement and regulation of a protein kinase &2selective inhibitor#+*$N e%hibited tumor suppressive mi04As in patient

prostate tissue, thus decreased proliferation in primary cells and cancer cellsand suppressed migration and clonal growth of prostate cancer cell in ami04A)dependent manner#+5$. A report from the "edical >niversity ofSouth &arolina, showed that vitamin #*$ supplementation at 5=== (>d for+ year, in patients with low)risk prostate cancer under active surveillancemay benefit from vitamin #*$ supplementation#+7$ and eliminated anysignificant differences in circulating concentrations of 26#/3$ betweenAfrican American and white men#+8$. >nfortunately, the >niversity of /slostudy within 4orwegian health studies indicated a increased risk of prostatecancer related to a high 26#/3$ concentration only during the summer andautumn due to vitamin itself or to other factors associated with sune%posure#+9$. The discrepancy between the results of studies of solar

e%posure and studies of serum 26)/3 may be related to methodologicaldifferences and to uncertainties regarding the critical period for vitamin e%posure#+:$. ;ow levels of >J radiationvitamin are indeed associatedwith an increased risk of prostate cancer in individual men#2=$.

Taking altogether, without going into reviews, although it is controversial,vitamin may be effectively and selectively in reduced risk and treatment



for prostate cancer in hypovitamin deficient men and without e%posure to>J sunlight and the disagreement of amount of vitamin intake and plasmalevel in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer may still need furtherstudies. /ver doses of vitamin supplement may cause e%cessive calciumabsorption, calcification, >rinary stones etc. please make sure to follow theguideline of the (nstitute of "edicine of the 4ational Academies.

9eferences

#+$ 1enetic variants in the &-25A+ gene are associated with prostatecancer risk and aggressiveness in a orean study population. by /h CC+,'yun SS2, ;ee SE2, 3ong S 2, Ceong &2, &hoi S*, im 5, im 3C6,"yung S&7#-ub"ed$#2$ 1enetic variations in J0 associated with prostate cancer risk and

progression in a orean population by /h CC, 'yun SS, ;ee SE, 3ong S,Ceong &, im , im 3C, "yung S&#-ub"ed$#*$ &omprehensive association analysis of the vitamin pathway genes,J0, &-28'+, and &-25A+, in prostate cancer by 3olick &4, StanfordC;, won E", /strander EA, 4ejentsev S, -eters >.#-ub"ed$#*$ 1enetic variants in the vitamin d receptor are associated with advanced

prostate cancer at diagnosisL findings from the prostate testing for cancer andtreatment study and a systematic review by &hen ;, avey Smith 1, Evans", &o% A, ;awlor A, onovan C, uan , ay (4, "artin 0", ;ane A,0odrigueH S, avis ", uccolo ;, &ollin S", 3amdy , 4eal , ;ewisSC#-ub"ed$#6$ 0eview and meta)analysis on vitamin receptor polymorphisms andcancer risk by 0aimondi S, Cohansson 3, "aisonneuve -, 1andiniS#-ub"ed$#6a$ &ommon genetic variation of the calcium)sensing receptor and lethal

prostate cancer risk by Shui (", "ucci ;A, ilson ", raft -, -enney;, Stampfer "C, 1iovannucci E#-ub"ed$

#7$ &irculating levels of 26)hydro%yvitamin and prostate cancer prognosis

by 3olt S, olb S, u 0, 3orst 0, eng , Stanford C;.#-ub"ed$#8$ A prospective study of plasma vitamin metabolites, vitamin receptor

polymorphisms, and prostate cancer by ;i 3, Stampfer "C, 3ollis C', "ucci;A, 1aHiano C", 3unter , 1iovannucci E;, "a C#-ub"ed$#9$ -rediagnostic plasma vitamin metabolites and mortality among

patients with prostate cancer by ang , asperHyk C;, Shui (, 3endrickson, 3ollis ', all , "a C, 1aHiano C", Stampfer "C, "ucci ;A,

















1iovannucci E#-ub"ed$#:$ Jitamin )related genetic variation, plasma vitamin , and risk of lethal

prostate cancerL a prospective nested case)control study by Shui (", "ucci;A, raft -, Tamimi 0", ;indstrom S, -enney ;, 4imptsch , 3ollis', upre 4, -latH EA, Stampfer "C, 1iovannucci E#-ub"ed$#+=$ &ommon genetic variation of the calcium)sensing receptor and lethal

prostate cancer risk by Shui (", "ucci ;A, ilson ", raft -, -enney;, Stampfer "C, 1iovannucci E#-ub"ed$#++$ Jitamin )related genes, serum vitamin concentrations and prostatecancer risk by Ahn C, Albanes , 'erndt S(, -eters >, &hatterjee 4,reedman 4, Abnet &&, 3uang , ibel AS, &rawford E, einsteinSC, &hanock SC, SchatHkin A, 3ayes 0'N -rostate, ;ung, &olorectal and/varian Trial -roject Team#-ub"ed$#+2$Jitamin d and prostate cancer survival in veterans by er T+, 'ailey

'A2, oussef +, "anning T*, 1rant '5, -eiris A4#-ub"ed$#+*$ (nhibition of protein kinase &2 reduces &yp25a+ e%pression andenhances +,26)dihydro%yvitamin #*$ antitumor activity in human prostatecancer cells by ;uo , u , "a , &hernov ", Trump ;, Cohnson &S.#-ub"ed$#+5$ Tumor suppressor micro04As, mi0)+== and )+26b, are regulated by+,26)dihydro%yvitamin in primary prostate cells and in patient tissue by1iangreco AA, Jaishnav A, agner , inelli A, leshner 4, Jan derwast T, Jieth 0, 4onn ;.#-ub"ed$#+6$ Jitamin * supplementation, low)risk prostate cancer, and healthdisparities by 3ollis ', "arshall T, Savage SC, 1arrett)"ayer E, indy"S, 1attoni)&elli S#-ub"ed$#+7$ Jitamin * supplementation at 5=== international units per day for oneyear results in a decrease of positive cores at repeat biopsy in subjects withlow)risk prostate cancer under active surveillance by "arshall T, SavageSC, 1arrett)"ayer E, eane TE, 3ollis ', 3orst 0;, Ambrose ;3, indy"S, 1attoni)&elli S.#-ub"ed$#+8$ Jitamin * supplementation #5=== (>d for + y$ eliminates differencesin circulating 26)hydro%yvitamin between African American and white

men by 1arrett)"ayer E, agner &;, 3ollis ', indy "S, 1attoni)&elliS.#-ub"ed$#+9$ Jitamin , season, and risk of prostate cancerL a nested case)controlstudy within 4orwegian health studies by "eyer 3E, 0obsahm TE, 'jrgeT, 'rustad ", 'lomhoff 0.#-ub"ed$#+:$ Jitamin , sunlight, and the epidemiology of prostate cancer bySchwartH 11.#-ub"ed$



























#2=$ Jitamin and the epidemiology of prostate cancer by SchwartH 11.#-ub"ed$

:. Vitamin :

The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male,now has become major concerns of governments and scientific communityin South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population.Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin E in reduced risk of prostate cancerhave produced conflict results. (t may be due to age related, smoking habit,gene mutation, types of tocopherol, etc.

Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility ofspreading to the distant parts of the body. "ost prostate cancers are slow

growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical #rectum$ e%ams.

/e conflict res$lts

The Selenium and Jitamin E &ancer -revention Trial #SE;E&T$ showed anadverse effect of dietary supplement with vitamin E significantly increasedthe risk of prostate cancer among healthy men through illustration per +===

person)years.#+$or prevented the development of prostate cancer in the population of relatively healthy men#2$. (n the study of combination used ofvitamin & and E of total of +5,75+ male physicians in the >nited Statesinitially aged 6= years or older, including +*=8 men with a history of priorcancer at randomiHation, also suggested that neither vitamin E nor &supplementation reduced the risk of prostate or total cancer#*$. -ositively,on prostate cancer #-&a$, in 4)methyl)4)nitrosourea #"4>$)inducedepithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate #J-$, animals fed a controlG)tocopherol #&TGT$ significantly attenuated the adverse effects of "4> inthe J- through the deceased epithelial dysplasia, along with the cell

proliferation inde%, 1ST)pi and &o%)2 immunoe%pression#*$. Someresearchers insisted that different forms of vitamin E e%ert different effects

on prostate cancer, with alpha)tocopherol potentially increasing and gamma)tocopherol potentially decreasing risk of the disease#6$.

/e ser$m of toco!/erol (n the study of the effects of Serum <)tocopherol and )tocopherol in

prostate cancer patient showed that higher serum <)tocopherol wasassociated with significantly lower prostate cancer risk and by contrast, risk





was non)significantly elevated among men with higher )tocopherolconcentrations#+2$.Some researchers suggested that higher prediagnostic serum concentrationsof alpha)tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, was associated with lowerrisk of developing prostate cancer, particularly advanced prostatecancer#+*$. 'ut in the Alpha)Tocopherol, 'eta)&arotene &ancer -revention#AT'&$ Study, showed that risk of prostate cancer reduced with high serumtocopherols and higher circulating concentrations of the major vitamin Efractions, alpha)tocopherol and gamma)tocopherol#+5$ and higher alpha)tocopherol #and not beta)carotene or retinol$ status increases overall prostatecancer survival#+6$.

/e benefits

Study of 9)wk)old male T0A"- mice fed =.+@ )TmT or a control diet for

+7 weeks, observation of nuclear factor)erythroid 2)related factor 2 #4rf2$,showed that )tocopherol)rich mi%ture of tocopherols #)TmT$ inhibited&p1 methylation #promoters of genes can lead to their silencing, a featurefound in a number of human cancers $ in the 4rf2 promoter in the prostate oftransgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate #T0A"-$ and inT0A"-)&+ cells#7$. (n prostate cancer, combination use of 4A1)+ andJitamin E succinate #JES$, showed the enhancement of JES in *)foldincrease in the half)life of 4A1)+ m04A through transcriptionalpost)transcriptional mechanism in a p*9 kinase)dependent manner#8$. /n prostatecancer in male smokers. long)term supplementation with alpha)tocopherolsubstantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality#9$. (n the studyof the incidence of prostate cancer risk associations of alpha)tocopherol,gamma)tocopherol, and selenium, indicated that risk of prostate cancerdeclined, but not linearly, with increasing concentrations of alpha)tocopherolN gamma)tocopherol, men in the highest fifth of the distributionhad a fivefold reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer than men inthe lowest fifth#:$.Alpha)Tocopherol, 'eta)&arotene &ancer -revention Study of 2:,+**innish male smokers aged 6=)7: years, showed a decreased risk of prostate

cancer with oral administration of daily <)tocopherol #6= mg$ for a medianof 7.+ years and lower prostate cancer mortality#+=$. /ther suggestion ofinhibitory prostate cancer activities of )T and )T #than <)T$ may be as aresult of due trapping of reactive nitrogen species and their capacity togenerate side)chain degradation products#++$.

Taking altogether, most researchers agreed that intake of alpha)tocopherol



may be beneficiary in reduced risk and treatment of prostate canceraccompanied with diet, life style change#+7$#+8$#+9$. /ver doses of vitaminE supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, diHHiness,nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the(nstitute of "edicine of the 4ational Academies.

C/inese +ecrets o Fatty 6i"er And 7besity 9e"ersal

>se The 0evolutionary indings To Achieve/ptimal 3ealth And ;oose eight


9eferences

#+$ Jitamin E and the risk of prostate cancerL the Selenium and Jitamin E&ancer -revention Trial #SE;E&T$ by lein EA, Thompson (" Cr, Tangen&", &rowley CC, ;ucia "S, 1oodman -C, "inasian ;", ord ;1, -arnes3;, 1aHiano C", arp , ;ieber "", alther -C, lotH ;, -arsons C,&hin C;, arke A, ;ippman S", 1oodman 1E, "eyskens ; Cr, 'aker;3#-ub"ed$#2$ Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and othercancersL the Selenium and Jitamin E &ancer -revention Trial #SE;E&T$

by;ippman S", lein EA, 1oodman -C, ;ucia "S, Thompson (", ord;1, -arnes 3;, "inasian ;", 1aHiano C", 3artline CA, -arsons C,'earden C *rd, &rawford E, 1oodman 1E, &laudio C, inBuist E, &ookE, arp , alther -, ;ieber "", ristal A0, arke A, Arnold ',1anH -A, Santella 0", Albanes , Taylor -0, -robstfield C;, Cagpal TC,&rowley CC, "eyskens ; Cr, 'aker ;3, &oltman &A Cr.#-ub"ed$#*$ Jitamins E and & in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in menLthe -hysicians! 3ealth Study (( randomiHed controlled trial by 1aHiano C",1lynn 0C, &hristen 1, urth T, 'elanger &, "acadyen C, 'ubes J,

"anson CE, Sesso 3, 'uring CE#-ub"ed$#5$ -rotective effect of )tocopherol)enriched diet on 4)methyl)4)nitrosourea)induced epithelial dysplasia in rat ventral prostate by Sanches;, Santos SA, &arvalho C0, Ceronimo 1, avaro C, 0eis ", elisbinoS;, Custulin ;A Cr#-ub"ed$#6$ ietary antio%idants and prostate cancerL a review by Jance T", Su C,ontham ET, oo S(, &hun /.#-ub"ed$























#7$ A )tocopherol)rich mi%ture of tocopherols maintains 4rf2 e%pression in prostate tumors of T0A"- mice via epigenetic inhibition of &p1methylation by 3uang , hor T/, Shu ;, Saw &;, u T, Suh 4, ang&S, ong A4#-ub"ed$#8$ Jitamin E succinate induces 4A1)+ e%pression in a p*9 kinase)dependent mechanism by Shim ", Eling TE #-ub"ed$#9$ long)term supplementation with alpha)tocopherol substantially reduced

prostate cancer incidence and mortality by 3einonen /-+, Albanes ,Jirtamo C, Taylor -0, 3uttunen C, 3artman A", 3aapakoski C, "alila 4,0autalahti ", 0ipatti S, "VenpVV 3, Teerenhovi ;, oss ;, Jirolainen ",Edwards '.#-ub"ed$#:$ Association between alpha)tocopherol, gamma)tocopherol, selenium,and subseBuent prostate cancer by 3elHlsouer C, 3uang 3, Alberg AC,3offman S, 'urke A, 4orkus E-, "orris CS, &omstock 1#-ub"ed$

#+=$ Effects of <)tocopherol and Q)carotene supplementation on cancerincidence and mortalityL +9)ear postintervention follow)up of the Alpha)Tocopherol, 'eta)&arotene &ancer -revention Study by Jirtamo C, Taylor-0, ontto C, "VnnistW S, >triainen ", einstein SC, 3uttunen C, Albanes.#-ub"ed$#++$ &ancer prevention by different forms of tocopherols by ang &S, Suh

4#-ub"ed$#+2$ Serum <)tocopherol and )tocopherol concentrations and prostatecancer risk in the -;&/ Screening TrialL a nested case)control study byeinstein SC, -eters >, Ahn C, riesen ", 0iboli E, 3ayes 0', Albanes#-ub"ed$#+*$ Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk byeinstein SC, right "E, ;awson A, Snyder , "VnnistW S, Taylor -0,Jirtamo C, Albanes .#-ub"ed$#+5$ Serum alpha)tocopherol and gamma)tocopherol in relation to prostatecancer risk in a prospective study by einstein SC, right "E, -ietinen -,ing (, Tan &, Taylor -0, Jirtamo C, Albanes #-ub"ed$#+6$ Associations between alpha)tocopherol, beta)carotene, and retinol and

prostate cancer survival by atters C;, 1ail "3, einstein SC, Jirtamo C,

Albanes #-ub"ed$#+7$ "editerranean iet and -rostate &ancer 0isk and "ortality in the3ealth -rofessionals ollow)up Study by enfield SA, upre 4, 0ichmanE;, Stampfer "C, &han C", 1iovannucci E;.#-ub"ed$#+8$ A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer amongmen of Capanese ancestry in 3awaii by Severson 0, 4omura A", 1roveCS, Stemmermann 14.#-ub"ed$



























#+9$ Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostatecancer in a large health plan cohort in &alifornia #>nited States$ by 3iatt0A, Armstrong "A, latsky A;, Sidney S.#-ub"ed$

F. Vitamin K

Vitamin K #+, phylloBuinoneN 2, menaBuinones$, is a fat soluble vitamin,found abundantly in leafy green vegetables, broccoli, and 'russels sprouts,etc. (t is best known for promotion of coagulation and bone health.Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has



Epidemiological studies focused in the synthetic version of vitamin #Jk*$in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer have proven successful incertain e%tents. (n human prostate cancer cells #>+56$ implanted mice,administration of &vitamin #*$ showed to e%hibit serum alkaline 4ase#4ase ($ and acid 4ase #4ase (($ known as circulating tumour markeraccompanied by a decrease in 4A e%pression of the tumor cells#+$.Administration of vitamin & #Jit &$, vitamin * #Jit *$, or vitamin&Lvitamin * combinations against a prostate cancer cell line #>+56$,suggest that vitamin treatment with individual vitamins affects thecytoskeleton#a series of intercellular proteins that help a cell with shape,support, and movement$, the mitochondria, and other membranouscomponents of the cell#2$.Jitamin 5 #J5$ is a synthetic version of vitamin , inhibited

proliferation in -&)* cells with an (&6= value of about 2=.:5 micro",through cell cycle arrest at the S phase, disruption of the energy productionin the surface of cell membrane, up regulation apoptotic and downregulation of proliferative pathways#*$. Alpha)tocopheryl succinate #alpha)T/S$, the redo%)silent vitamin E analogue used in combination with J*,showed to induce efficiently cell death that resembles autoschiHis#cell

death$, through cell demise, lipid pero%idation, 4A damage, cytoskeletonalteration, lysosomal)mitochondrial perturbation, and release of cytochromec without caspase activation#5$, (n a A prostate carcinoma cell line derivedfrom the transgenic murine prostate cancer model #T0A"-$, combination ofof ascorbateLmenadione #J& G J#*$, induced cell death by autoschiHis,included cytokeletal changes conducive to cytoplasmic blebbing, self)e%cisions, and progressive nuclear alteration, through a%idative stress#6$. and





the &o)administration of the vitamins also enhanced the antitumour activity6) to 2=)fold, with increased cytoto%icity through redo% cycling andincreased o%idative stress#7$. /n a human prostate carcinoma cell line#>+56$, the co administration also showed to enhance cytoto%icity throughincreased o%idative stress, subseBuent membrane damage, and 4Afragmentation #8$. "enaBuinones #vitamin #2$ in the study of itsassociation with overall cancer incidence and mortality, showed toassociate with a reduced risk of incident and fatal cancer#9$ including

prostate cancer#:$.

Taking altogether, co administration of synthetic vitamin * and othervitamins such as vitamin & is associated to reduced risk and treatment of

prostate cancer, though cell cycle arrest, up regulation ofanti profilerative and down regulation of cancer promoter pathways or

increased o%idative stress. /verdoses can induce symptoms of Skin rash,iarrhea, 4ausea, Jomiting, Anemia, etc. -lease make sure you follow the

guideline of the (nstitute of "edicine of the 4ational Academies. 9eferences

#+$ (n vivo reactivation of 4ases in implanted human prostate tumors afteradministration of a vitamin &#*$ combination by Taper 3S, Camison C",1illoteau% C, 1win &A, 1ordon T, Summers C;#-ub"ed$#2$ Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopyaspects of synergistic antitumor activity of vitamin & ) vitamin *combinations against human prostatic carcinoma cells by 1illoteau% C,Camison C", Jenugopal ", 1iammar , Summers C;#-ub"ed$#*$ Jitamin 5 induces tumor cytoto%icity in human prostate carcinoma -&)* cells via the mitochondria)related apoptotic pathway by Ciang , ang C,ang &, "eng , hou , u ', han ", ang 3#-ub"ed$#5$ alpha)Tocopheryl succinate promotes selective cell death induced byvitamin * in combination with ascorbate by Tomasetti ", Strafella E,Staffolani S, Santarelli ;, 4euHil C, 1uerrieri 0#-ub"ed$#6$ &ell death by autoschiHis in T0A"- prostate carcinoma cells as a result

of treatment by ascorbateL menadione combination by 1illoteau% C, CamisonC", 4eal 0, Summers C;#-ub"ed$#7$ Synergistic antitumour activity of vitamins & and * against human

prostate carcinoma cell lines by Jenugopal ", Camison C", 1illoteau% C,och CA, Summers ", 3oke C, Sowick &, Summers C;.#-ub"ed$#8$ low cytometric and ultrastructural aspects of the synergistic antitumoractivity of vitamin &)vitamin * combinations against human prostatic



















carcinoma cells by Camison C", 1illoteau% C, Jenugopal ", och CA,Sowick &, Shah 0, Summers C;#-ub"ed$#9$ ietary vitamin intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortalityLresults from the 3eidelberg cohort of the European -rospective (nvestigationinto &ancer and 4utrition #E-(&)3eidelberg$ by 4imptsch , 0ohrmann S,aaks 0, ;inseisen C.#-ub"ed$#:$ ietary intake of vitamin and risk of prostate cancer in the 3eidelbergcohort of the European -rospective (nvestigation into &ancer and 4utrition#E-(&)3eidelberg$ by 4imptsch , 0ohrmann S, ;inseisen C.#-ub"ed$&hinese Secrets To atty ;iver And /besity 0eversal>se The 0evolutionary indings To Achieve/ptimal 3ealth And ;oose eight

/varian &ysts And -&/S Elimination

3olistic System (n E%istence That ill Show ou 3ow To-ermanently Eliminate All Types of /varian &ysts ithin 2 "onths



3ealth 0esearcher and Article riter. "aster in "athematics and 'A inorld ;iterature and ;iterary criticism. All articles written by yle C.

4orton are for information education only, please consult your octor 0elated field specialist before applying.





















prostate cancer in points of view of foods, herbs and vitamins

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