prostate cancer: early detection, monitoring and prognosis:
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Essex Biomedical Sciences Institute (EBSI) . Prostate cancer: early detection, monitoring and prognosis:. the search for a magic molecule. Elena Klenova, University of Essex. Most Common Types of Cancers in Men. info.cancerresearchuk.org/.../males/index.htm. What is Prostate Cancer?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Prostate cancer: early detection, monitoring and prognosis:
Essex Biomedical Sciences Institute (EBSI)
Elena Klenova, University of Essexthe search for a magic molecule
Most Common Types of Cancers in Men
info.cancerresearchuk.org/.../males/index.htm
What is Prostate Cancer?• Prostate Gland is a part of male reproductive system
• Risk Factors: Age, Family History, Diet
• Major Symptoms: Lower back pain, slow/painful urination, blood in urine or semen
• Diagnosis: PSA blood test (Prostate Specific Antigen)- prostate cancer biomarkerDRE (Digital Rectal Examination)
• Treatment: Active Surveillance, Surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy
Prostate cancer - Facts
– Most cases of prostate cancer develop in older men (over the age of 65)
– 35 000 cases diagnosed / year (UK)– 10 000 deaths / year (UK) – Second most common cause of cancer death– More than 200 men are diagnosed with
Prostate Cancer at the Urology Department (CHUFT) each year; 281 new cases in 2011
MAJOR ISSUES – match Prostate Cancer UK there are three priority areas
1. Identifying men at highest risk of developing clinically significant prostate cancer.
2. Distinguishing aggressive prostate cancer from indolent disease. Understanding how aggressive prostate cancers develop.
3. Finding new, targeted treatments for advanced prostate cancer.
1-2 Prostate cancer development and detection
• Slow growing and takes years before it is detected. • Does not always need to be treated.• Only few patients have an aggressive form of prostate cancer that grows much more quickly.• Currently it is hard to detect which form of cancer a patient has, which can make prostate cancer treatment decisions more difficult.
3. Treatment and its monitoring
Androgen-dependent Androgen-Independent
Why Advanced Prostate Cancer Becomes Resistant to Androgen-Deprivation Therapy?
New therapies?
The search for “MAGIC” molecules specific for prostate cancer disease
• Useful as BIOMARKERS ( disease –specific markers) for diagnosis and prognosis of a condition.
• Help to understand how aggressive cancer develop and distinguish.
• Useful as targets for specific anti-prostate cancer therapies.
BORIS: Brother Of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites • Member of CTA (Cancer Testis Antigen) family - only expressed in the testis, but not in other normal tissues.
• Aberrantly expressed in different malignancies, including prostate cancer.
Zinc Fingers
N C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Structure ofBORIS protein
DNA-binding region
BORIS- the solution to all three issues?
In press
• Investigate BORIS expression in prostate tissues obtained from patients with prostate cancer
• Correlate the BORIS results with clinical information (Gleason Score, Tumour stage, Androgen Receptor status)
• Can BORIS be the magic molecule ?
AIM OF THE STUDY: investigate the association of BORIS with prostate cancer
• Patients with histological diagnosis of Prostate Cancer (Sister Lucy Powell)
• Patient Discussion and Consent pre op• Surgery at C.G.H. (Mr. Corr and Mr. Casey)• Tissue Transfer to Pathology• Tissue Assessment (Dr. Ian Seddon)• Tissue frozen at stored at UoE
Recruitment Process ( coordinated by Zubair Cheema)
Immuno Histochemistry
IRS= 9 IRS= 8 IRS= 3
Secondary onlyIRS=0 IRS=0
BORIS staining on Prostate Tumor Tissue Sections
Non Tumor BPH Prostate Tumor
No BORIS staining was observed in non-tumor and BPH tissue sections
BORIS in prostate tumour tissues: positive correlations with poor prognosis
Androgen Receptor (AR)• Activated by binding of androgens (e.g. Testosterone).• Essential for normal and abnormal growth of prostate.• Higher levels of AR are often detected in more aggressive prostate
cancers
Production of proteins to support growth of prostate cells
mRNA
Happy cell
Clinical Correlation: BORIS and AR in prostate tumors
Are the AR mRNA and protein levels affected by BORIS
over-expression(+) or BORIS knock down(-)?
Plate cells
Mix BORIS DNA/BORIS siRNA withtransfection reagent
Add mix to the cells
Incubate for 48 hrs and assay To measure AR and BORIS levels
qPCR for mRNA analysis
Western blot assay for protein analysis
BORIS positively regulated the AR geneAR mRNA
BORIS mRNA
AR and BORIS protein analysis
BORIS positively regulated the AR gene in prostate cancer cells
ARGene
ARGene
ARGene
Role of BORIS in the development of more aggressive prostate cancer?
Androgen-dependent
Androgen-Independent
Androgen Receptor (AR) is key for prostate cancer progression and then development of the independence from androgens.
Advanced Prostate Cancer
Difficult to cure!
Conclusions• BORIS is present in prostate tumor tissues but absent in
normal and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (non-tumour) tissues: BORIS is a marker for prostate cancers.
• A positive correlation exists between BORIS IRS and Gleason Scoring /Tumor Stage: BORIS is a marker for poor prognosis of prostate cancer.
• BORIS is an activator or the Androgen Receptor gene: BORIS is associated with the development of more aggressive prostate cancers.
• BORIS is present only in cancer cells and therefore is a very attractive target for anti-tumour therapy.
BORIS - the “MAGIC” molecules specific for prostate cancer
disease?
• Useful as BIOMARKERS ( disease –specific markers) for diagnosis and prognosis of a condition.
• Help to understand how aggressive cancer develop and distinguish.
• Useful as targets for specific anti-prostate cancer therapies.
Thank you! Elena Fabiola Georgia Dawn Jay Ola Zubair Anu Adele
Funded byColchester Hospital University NHSColchester Catalyst CharityUniversity of Essex
Clinical collaboratorsMr. J. Corr, Mr. R. Casey
AcknowledgementsDr. I. Seddon, Sister Lucy PowelHistopathology staff at C.G.H.
Svetlana Hulkar Krista Yukti
Western Blotting-BORIS protein levels in prostate cancer cell lines and tumours
BORIS expression in prostate cell lines
BORIS in prostate tumours: immunofluorescence staining