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……“`ˆSA
NT G
AD
GE BA
BAA
MR
AVATI UN
IVER
SITY
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(FAC
ULTY
OF SC
IENC
E)
PRO
SPEC
TU
SOF
MASTER O
F SCIENCE (BIOTECH
NOLO
GY)
(SEMESTER PATTERN TW
O YEAR DEG
REE COURSE
SEMESTER
-I EXA
M. W
/2010
SEMESTER
-II EXA
M. S/2011
SEMESTER
-III EXA
M. W
/2011
SEMESTER
-IV EX
AM
. S/2012
2010
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ED BY
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ar JoshiR
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adge Baba
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ravati University
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ravati-444602
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©"N
o part of this prospectus can be reprinted or published without
specific permission of Sant G
adge BabaA
mravati U
niversity"
M.Sc.
Prospectus No. 20111214
Biotechnology
12
SAN
T GA
DG
E BA
BA
AM
RAVATI U
NIVER
SITYSPEC
IAL N
OTE FO
R IN
FOR
MATIO
N O
F THE STU
DEN
TS
(1)N
otwithstanding anything to the contrary, it is notified for general
information and guidance of all concerned that a person, w
ho haspassed the qualifying exam
ination and is eligible for admission only
to the corresponding next higher examination as an ex-student or an
external candidate, shall be examined in accordance w
ith the syllabusof such next higher exam
ination in force at the time of such
examination in such subjects papers or com
bination of papers inw
hich students from U
niversity Departm
ents or Colleges are to be
examined by the U
niversity.
(2)B
e it known to all the students desirous to take exam
ination/s forw
hich this prospectus has been prescribed should, if foundnecessary for any other inform
ation regarding examinations etc.,
refer the University O
rdinance Booklet the various conditions/
provisions pertaining to examination as prescribed in the follow
ingO
rdinances.
Ordinance N
o. 1:
Enrolment of Students.
Ordinance N
o. 2:
Adm
ission of Students
Ordinance N
o. 4:
National cadet corps
Ordinance N
o. 6:
Examinations in G
eneral (relevent extracts)
Ordinance N
o. 18/2001:
An O
rdinance to provide grace marks for
passing in a Head of passing and
Inprovement of D
ivision (Higher C
lass) andgetting D
istinction in the subject andcondonation of defficiency of m
arks in asubject in all the faculties prescribed by theStatute N
O.18, O
rdinance 2001.
Ordinance N
o. 9:
Conduct of Exam
inations (relevent extracts)
Ordinance N
o. 10:
Providing for Exemptions and Com
partments
Ordinance N
o. 19:
Adm
ission of Candidates to D
egrees.
Ordinance N
o. 109:
Recording of a change of nam
e of aU
niversity student in the records of theU
niversity.
Ordinance N
o. 6/2008:
For improvem
ent of Division/G
rade.
Ordinance N
o.19/2001:
An O
rdinance for Central A
ssessment
Programm
e, Scheme of Evaluation and
Moderation
of answ
erbooks and
preparation of results of the examinations,
conducted by the University, O
rdinance2001.
Dineshkum
ar JoshiR
egistrarSant G
adge Baba
Am
ravati University.
PATTERN
OF Q
UESTIO
N PA
PER O
N TH
E UN
IT SYSTEM
.
The pattern of question paper as per unit system w
ill be broadlybased on the follow
ing pattern
(1)Syllabus has been divided into units equal to the num
ber ofquestion to be answ
ered in the paper. On each unit there w
illbe a question either a long answ
er type or a short answer
type.
(2)N
umber of question w
ill be in accordance with the unit
prescribed in the syllabi for each paper i.e. there will be one
question on each unit.
(3)For every question long answ
er type or short answer type
there will be an alternative choice from
the same unit. H
owever,
there will be no internal choice in a question.
(4)D
ivision of marks betw
een long answer and short answ
er typequestion w
ill be in the ratio of 40 and 60
(5)Each short answ
er type question shall contain 4 to 8 short subquestion w
ith no internal choice.
6Syllabus Prescribed for M
.Sc. BiotechnologySEM
ESTER ITheory Paper BT- 101 : C
ELL BIOLO
GY
UNIT-I:
Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: O
rigin of basicbiological m
olecules; abiotic synthesis of organicm
onomers and polym
ers; concept of Oparin and H
aldane;experim
ent of Miller (1953); the first cell; evolution of
prokaryotes; origin of eukaryotic cells; evolution ofunicellular
eukaryotes; anaerobic
metabolism
,photosynthesis and aerobic m
etabolism. D
iversity of cellsize and shape.C
ell theory. Structure of Prokaryotic andEukaryotic cells - Isolation and grow
th of cells.M
icroscopic techniques: Visualization of cells and
subcellular components by light m
icroscopy, resolvingpow
ers of different microscopes, m
icroscopy of living cells,scanning and transm
ission microscopes, different fixation
and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze-
fracture methods for EM
, image processing m
ethods inm
icroscopy..
Sub-cellular fractionation and criteria of functional integrity.UNIT-II
:Structural organization and function of intracellularorganelles: C
ell wall, nucleus, m
itochondria, Golgi bodies,
lysosomes, endoplasm
ic reticulum, peroxisom
es, plastids,vacuoles, chloroplast, structure &
function of cytoskeletonand its role in m
otility, Cell m
otility- cilia, flagella ofeukaryotes and prokaryotes.C
ell signaling: Horm
ones and their receptors, cell surfacereceptor, signaling through G
-protein coupled receptors,signal transduction pathw
ays, second messengers,
regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant tw
o-com
ponent signaling systems, bacterial chem
otaxis andquorum
sensing.UNIT-III
:M
embrane structure and function: Structure of m
odelm
embrane, lipid bilayer and m
embrane protein diffusion,
osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pum
ps,m
echanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular
transport, electrical properties of mem
branes.C
ell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and m
eiosis, theirregulation, steps in cell cycle, and control of cell cycle.C
ellular comm
unication: Regulation of hem
atopoiesis,general principles of cell com
munication, cell adhesion and
roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions,
extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransm
ission and itsregulation.
UNIT-IV:
Cancer: G
enetic rearrangements in progenitor cells,
oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell
cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of
cancer cells with norm
al cells, apoptosis, therapeuticinterventions of uncontrolled cell grow
th.B
ioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation,coupled reaction, group transfer, biological energytransducers.C
ellular energy transactions - role of mitochondria and
chloroplast.UNIT-V
:B
asic concepts of development: Potency, com
mitm
ent,specification, induction, com
petence, determination and
differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell
lineages; stem cells; genom
ic equivalence and thecytoplasm
ic determinants; im
printing; mutants and
transgenics in analysis of development.
Gam
etogenesis, fertilization and early development:
Production of gametes, cell surface m
olecules in sperm-
egg recognition in animals; em
bryo sac development and
double fertilization in plants; zygote formation, cleavage,
blastula formation, em
bryonic fields, gastrulation andform
ation of germ layers in anim
als; embryogenesis,
establishment of sym
metry in plants; seed form
ation andgerm
ination.B
rief introduction to the Life Cycle and M
olecular Biology
of some im
portant pathogens of AID
S, Malaria, H
epatitis,Tuberculosis, Filaria, K
alazar.
Practicals (BT
– 105A)
1M
icroscopy: Bright field (Flagella staining), D
ark Field (Bacterial
Motility)
2Cell D
iversity (Shape, Size)3
Microtom
y techniques (Anim
al Tissue)4
Instrumental m
ethods for Cell B
iology.5
Sub-cellular fractionation by differential centrifugation/Density
Gradient C
entrifugation .6
Isolation and identification of subcellular organelles(M
itochondria, Chloroplast, N
ucleus and Lysosomes)
7H
istochemical techniques: (D
ifferential Staining, Barr B
odyD
emonstration, B
lood cell counting and AB
O blood grouping)
5
78
8M
itosis and Meiosis.
Recom
mended readings
1.M
olecular Biology of C
ell, By B
ruce Alberts 4
th Edition2.
Molecular C
ell Biology, Lodish (5
th Edition)3.
Reproduction in Eukaryotic cells, D
M Prescott, A
cademic press.
4.D
evelopmental B
iology, SF Gilbert, Sinauer A
ssociates Inc.5.
Cell in Developm
ent and Inheritance, EB Wilson, M
ac-Milan, N
ewYork.
6.The C
oiled Spring, Ethan Bier, C
old Spring Harbor Press.
7.Fertilization, FT Longo, C
hapman and H
all8.
Molecular B
iology of Steroid and Nuclear H
ormone R
eceptors, LPFreedm
an, Birkhuser.9.
Molecular B
iology of the Cell B
y Gerrald K
arp 3rd Edition.
10.The C
ell By C
ooper11.
The cell cycle: Principele of controls By M
organ12.
Biochem
istry of Cell signaling B
y Helm
reich
Theory Paper BT- 102 : Macrom
olecules and Enzymology
Unit-I:
Acids, B
ases, pH, pK
, buffers, weak bonds, covalent bonds
Laws of therm
odynamics, entropy, G
ibbs energy, free energychanges and redox potentials, phosphate potentialM
itochondrial respiratory chain: Organization of carrier,
proton gradient, iron sulphur proteins and cytochromes.
Reversed electron transfer, respiratory controls and
oxidative phosphorylation, uncouplers and inhibitors ofenergy transferATP: Synthetase com
plex, microsom
al electron transport,partial reduction of oxygen, superoxides
Unit-II:
Proteins and Am
ino Acids
Am
ino acids: Classification, properties, peptide bond
Anabolism
and catabolism of A
mino A
cidsProteins: C
lassification and functionStructure (prim
ary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary),stabilizing bonds, R
amchandran Plot, principle of am
inoacid sequencing.
Unit-III:
Enzymes as Biocatalysts
International classification of enzymes
Enzyme K
inetics (negative and positive co-operativity);
Methods for m
easuring kinetic and rate constants of enzyme
reactions and their magnitudes, Inhibitors.Isozym
esEnzym
e turnover: methods of its m
easurements and
significanceA
llosteric enzymes, sigm
oidal kinetics and theirphysiological significance. Sym
metric and sequential m
odesfor action of allosteric enzym
esCo-enzym
es and cofactors: Water soluble vitam
ins and theirco-enzym
es, metalloenzym
esG
eneral mechanism
s of enzyme regulation: Feed back
inhibition and feed forward stim
ulation, enzyme repression,
induction and degradation, control of enzyme activity by
products and substrates; Ribozym
es and abzymes
Unit-IV:
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates: C
lassification, mono-, oligo-, and poly-
saccharides, physical and chemical properties, sugar acids
and amino sugars ;G
lycolysis and TCA
cycle;G
lycogen breakdown and synthesis; G
luconeogenesis;Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses;ATP cycle andcell bioenergeticsLipids: Classification (sim
ple, compound and derived lipids),
Structure, function and industrial significance, Oxidation
of lipids; Biosynthesis of fatty acids; Triglycerides;
Phospholipids; Glyco and Lipoproteins, Sterols, Circulating
lipids with relevance to pathological changes
Unit- V
:Sequencing of proteins and nucleic acidsProtein-protein and protein-ligand interactions, physical andchem
ical methods for study, C
onformational properties of
polynucleotide and polysaccharides – secondary andtertiary, structural features and their analysis – Theoreticaland experim
ental; protein folding – biophysical and cellularaspects.
Practicals (BT- 105B
)1.
Titration of amino acids.
2.Colorim
etric determination of pK
.3.
Reactions of am
ino acids, sugars and lipids.4.
Isolation, purity determination and quantiation of cholesterol, D
NA
and RN
A.
5.Q
uantitation of Proteins and Sugars.6.
Analysis of oils-iodine num
ber, saponification value, acid number.
910
7.U
V, Visible, Fluorescence and IR spectroscopy, Absorption spectra.
8.Separation techniques- C
entrifugation, Chrom
atography (Gel
permeation, Ion exchange, TLC
etc.) and electrophoresis.9.
Electrophoresis of Proteins - native and under denaturingconditions
10.Electrophoresis of D
NA
- linear, circular and super coiled.11.
Determ
ination of Tm of nucleic acid
12Enzym
e: purification and kinetic analysis.13
Imm
obilization of Enzymes
14H
ydrodynamic properties - m
easurement and applications.
15D
etermination of Tm
of nucleic acid.
Recom
mended readings
1.Lehninger’s Principles of B
iochemistry (5
th edition) by Nelson D
Land Cox M
M, CBS Publications, 2008.
2.B
iochemistry by Stryer L. (5
th edition) W.H
. Freeman &
Co., N
ewYork, U
SA, 1
3.Fundam
entals of Enzymology (3
rd edition) by Price NC and Stevens
L. Oxford U
niversity Press, NY, U
SA, 2000.
4.Principles of protein structure by Shulz and Schirm
er, SpringerVerlag, 1979 .
5.Fundam
entals of Enzymology by R
oyer. 19896.
Harper’s Biochem
istry. (27th Edition) Ed. M
urray RK, G
ranner DK
,M
ayes PA and R
odwell V
W. A
ppleton and Lange, Stamford,
Connecticut. McG
raw H
ill Companies, 2006
7.Textbook of B
iochemstry w
ith Clinical C
orrelations. (6th Edition)
Ed. Thomas M
. Devlin.W
iley-Liss Publishers. 20058.
Genes IX
. by Lewin B
. Pearson Education International, NJ, U
SA,
2008.9.
Fundamentals of Biochem
istry. (2nd Edition) Ed Voet D
and Voet JG.A
nd Pratt CW
. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 2006
Theory Paper BT- 103: Microbes: Physiology and G
eneticsUNIT I
:Prokaryotic D
iversityBacteria: Purple and green bacteria; Cyanobacteria; A
ceticacid bacteria; Spirilla; Spirochaetes; Pseudom
onads; Lacticand propionic acid bacteria; M
ycobacteria; Rickettsias,
Chlam
ydias and Mycoplasm
s.A
rchaea: Archaea as earliest Life form
s; Halophiles;
Methanogens; H
yperthermophilic archaea; Therm
oplasma.
Eukarya: Algae, Fungi, Slim
e molds and Protozoa.
Viruses: B
acterial, Plant, Anim
al and Tumor viruses;
Discovery, classification and structure of viruses and
importance
UNIT II:
Methods in M
icrobiologyIsolation of Pure culture techniques; Theory and practiceof sterilization; Principles of m
icrobial nutrition;C
onstruction of culture media; Enrichm
ent culturetechniques
for isolation
of chem
oautotrophs,chem
oheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganism
s,C
ulture collection and maintenance of cultures.
Microbial Evolution, System
atics and Taxonomy
Evolution of earth and earliest life forms; Prim
itiveorganism
s and their metabolic strategies and m
olecularcoding; N
ew approaches to bacterial taxonom
yclassification including ribotypeing; R
ibosomal R
NA
sequencing; Characteristics of primary dom
ains; Taxonomy,
Nom
enclature and Bergey’s M
anual.UNIT III
:O
verview of Basic M
etabolism &
Microbial N
utritionM
etabolic Diversity am
ong Microorganism
sPhotosynthesis in m
icroorganisms; R
ole of Chlorophylls,
carotenoids and
phycobilins; C
alvin cycle;
Chem
olithotrophy; Hydrogen - iron - nitrite - oxidizing
bacteria; Nitrate and sulfate reduction; M
ethanogenesisand acetogenesis: Ferm
entations - diversity, syntrophy,UNIT IV
:D
earmatophytosis, A
spergillosis, Blastom
ycosis,C
ryptococcosis, burden of opportunistic fungal infectionsin im
munocom
promised hosts w
ith special reference tosecondary infections in A
IDS and C
ancer patients,know
ledge about MD
RC
hemotherapy/A
ntibioticsA
ntimicrobial agents; Sulfa drugs; A
ntibiotics: Pencillinsand C
ephalosporins; Broad- spectrum
antibiotics;A
ntibiotics from prokaryotes; A
ntifungal antibiotics; Mode
of action; Resistance to antibiotics.
UNIT V:
Bacterial Genetic System
Transform
ation, C
onjugation, T
ransduction,R
ecombination, Plasm
ids and Transposons. Bacterial
genetics map w
ith reference to E coli.V
iruses and Their Genetic System
Phage I and its life cycle; RN
A phages; R
NA
viruses;
1112
Retroviruses.
Genetic System
s of Yeast and Neurospora
Extra-Chromosom
al Inheritance
Practical (BT- 106A)
1)Preparation of liquid and solid m
edia for growth of m
icroorganisms.
2)Isolation and m
aintenance of organisms by plating, streaking and
serial dilution methods. Slants and stab cultures. Storage of
microorganism
s.3)
.Isolation of pure cultures from soil, w
ater, air and human beings.
4)G
rowth; G
rowth curve; M
easurement of bacterial population by
turbidometry and serial dilution m
ethods. Effect of temperature,
pH and carbon and nitrogen sources on grow
th.5)
Microscopic exam
ination of bacteria, yeast and molds and study
of organisms by G
ram stain, A
cid fast stain and staining for spores.6)
Study of mutations by A
mes test.
7)A
ssay of antibiotics and demonstration of antibiotic resistance.
8)A
nalysis of water for potability and determ
ination of MPN
.9)
Bacterial transform
ation.10)
Biochem
ical characterization of selected microbes.
11) Transduction
12)O
ne step growth curve of coliphage.
13) Isolation of Plasm
ids.14)
CO
2 fixation by photosynthetic microbes.
Recom
mended readings
1.G
eneral Microbiology, Stainer, R.Y., Ingraham
, J.L., Wheelis, M
.L.and Painter, P.R
. The MacM
illan Press Ltd.2.
BrOck Biology of M
icroogranisms, M
adigan, M.T., M
artinko, J.M.
and Parker, J. Prentice-Hall.
3.M
icrobiology, Peiczar, M.J. Jr., C
han, E.C.S. and K
reig, N.R
., TataM
cGraw
Hill.
4.M
icrobial Genetics, M
aloy, S.R., C
ronan, J.E. Jr. and Freitelder, D.
Jones, Bartlett Publishers.
5.M
icrobiology - a Laboratory Manual, C
appuccino, J.G. andSherm
an, N. A
ddison Wesley.
6.M
icrobiological Applications, (A
Laboratory Manual in G
eneralM
icrobiology) Benson, H
.J. WC
B: W
m C
. Brow
n Publishers.
Theory Paper BT- 104 : Biology of The Imm
une SystemU
nit I:
Basic Imm
unology :Introduction & overview
of the imm
unesystem
, Phylogeny of Imm
une System- Types of im
munity
- innate, acquired, active and passive,Clonal nature of
imm
une response.Organization and structure of lym
phoidorgans, N
ature and Biology of antigens and super antigens,
Antibody-structure and function A
ntigen - antibodyInteractions .
Unit II
:C
ells of the Imm
une system: H
ematopoiesis and
differentiation, lymphocytes trafficking, T- lym
phocytes-cells, B
- lymphocytes-cells, M
acrophages [Dendritic cells,
Natural killer cell and lym
phokine activated killer cells,Eosinophiles, N
eutrophiles and Mast C
ells.( antigenpresenting cells, cell m
ediated subset of T-cells, helper andsuppressor cells, cell m
ediated and humoral im
munity,
antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, N
Kcells)R
egulation of imm
une response: Antigen processing
and presentation, generation of humoral and C
ell mediated
imm
une response( Cell m
ediated cytotoxicity, lysis andm
acrophage mediated cytotoxicity),B
CR
and TC
R,A
ctivation of B and T lym
phocytes, Cytokines and their
role in imm
une response-T-cell regulationUnit III
:A
dvanced imm
unology: Major histo-com
patibility complex
(MH
C): C
ellular and molecular aspects: - types, structure
and function, MH
C restriction, C
omplem
ent System,
Generation of diversity and Im
munological tolerance.
Unit IV
:H
yper-sensitivity : Nature and types of H
ypersensitivereactions Types, autoim
munity, Transplantation: tissue and
organ grafting and rejection mechanism
, Imm
unity toinfectious agents (Intracellular parasites, helm
inthes andviruses
Unit V
:Tum
or Imm
unology : Cancer and the imm
une system, A
IDS
and others imm
unodeficiencies. Hybridom
a Technology andm
onoclonal antibodies. Concept of ideotypes and anti-
ideotypes, Synthetic vaccines, Role of im
munodiagnostic
in Biotechnology.
Practical (BT- 106B)1.
Blood film
preparation and identification of cells2.
Lymphoid organs and their m
icroscopic organization.3.
Imm
unization and collection of serum.
4.D
ouble diffusion: To perform precipitation reactions in gel by
Ouchterlony Technique given an antigen and antibody (double
1314
Imm
unodiffusion)5.
To perform precipitation tests (a) ring test (b) slide test in solution
given an antigen and antibody6.
Radial Imm
unodiffusion.: To perform single radial Im
munodiffusion
(Mancini’s Technique) using an antigen and antibody.
7.To perform
imm
unoelectrophoresis given an antigen and antibody.8.
To perform counter electrophoresis given an antigen and antibody
9.To perform
rapid Agglutination Test for detection of R
A factor in
serum.
10.Purification of IgG
from serum
.11.
Separation of mononuclear cells by Ficoll-H
ypque.12.
Western B
lotting13.
To perform ELISA
.(Using Teaching K
it)14.
Imm
unodiagnostic (Dem
onstration using comm
ercial kits.)
Recom
mended readings
1.K
uby- Imm
unology -,4th edition,R
A G
oldsby,Thom
as J,K
indt,Barbara,A.O
sbarne.(Freeman).
2.Im
munology-A
short course,4th edition,-Eli B
eniamini,R
ichardsCoico,G
eoffry Sushine,(Wiley-Liss)
3.Fundam
entals of Imm
unology,William
Paul4.
Essentials of Imm
unology (6th Edition)- Ivan Roitt
5.C
ellular aaand Molecular Im
munology - A
bul K. A
bbas , Andrew
H. Lichtm
an and Jordan S6.
Imm
unology: An Introduction - Ian R
. Tizard7.
A H
andbook of Practical Imm
unology - G.P. Talwar.
Syllabus for SEMESTER
IITheory Paper BT - 201: M
olecular BiologyU
nit I:
Introduction to molecular biology, basic concept of
molecular biology and genetics. D
NA
Replication :
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication. Models of
replication, theta mode of replication, rolling circle m
odel ofreplication, B
i directional replication, replication of linearD
NA
, unidirectional replication. Functions of variousproteins involved in prokaryotic replication of D
NA
andeukaryotic replication. Properties of various replicationenzym
es. Replication of telom
eres and enzymes involved
in telomere replication. Repair of D
NA and Various enzym
esinvolved in repair of D
NA
.R
ecombination of D
NA
: Recom
bination of viral DN
A in
genome, various m
odels of recombination.
Unit II
:Transcription:Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.Various R
NA
polymerases and their properties. R
ole ofsigm
a sub factor in initiation of transcription. Variousdom
ains of sub units of RN
A polym
erase. Structure andregulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes. Initiationand elongation transcription factors. Various m
echanismof term
ination of transcriptions. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene silencing.M
odification of RN
A : 5‘ cap form
ation, 3‘ end processing,addition of polyA
tail, enzyme involved in polyadenylation
and function of poly A tail. Splicing of R
NA
, classes ofintrons, exon ligation, editing, N
uclear transport of RN
A,
and stability of RN
A.
Unit III:
Translation: Organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
translation machinery. Structure of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic ribosomoes and their com
ponents. ShineD
algarno sequence, Ribosom
al protein synthesis.R
egulation of protein synthesis, co and post translationalprotein m
odification. Non ribosom
al protein synthesis.Protein localization:Synthesis of secretary and m
embrane protein. M
echanismof secretion of extracellular enzym
es, Mechanism
oflocalization of proteins in nucleus, chloroplast,m
itochondria, peroxisomes and receptor m
ediatedendocytosis.
Unit IV
:O
ncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Viral and cellular oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes from
1516
humans, structure, function, and m
echanism of action of
RB
and p53 tumor suppressor proteins.
Antisense and ribozym
e technology: Molecular m
echanismof
antisense m
olecules, inhibition
of splicing,
polyadenylation and translation, disruption of RN
Astructure and capping, Biochem
istry of robozyme, stratigies
for designing ribozyme, A
pplicaton of antisense andribozym
e technologies. Short Nuclear R
NA
and theirapplication.
Unit V
:M
olecular mapping of genom
e:G
enetic and physical maps, physical m
apping and map
based cloning, choice of mapping population, sim
plesequence repeat loci, Southern and fluorescence in situhybridization for genom
e analysis, Chrom
osome
microdissection and m
icro cloning.M
olecular markers in genom
e analysis.Prelim
inary concept of RFLP, R
APD
, AFLP. M
olecularm
arkers linked to disease resistant genes, application ofR
FLP in forensic, disease progonosis, genetic counseling,pedigree, varietals etc., A
nimal trafficking and poaching,
Germ
plasm m
aintenance, taxonomy and B
io diversity.G
enome size, G
enome m
apping by conjugation, organellegenom
e with concept of D
NA
barcoding, and cloning inorganelle genom
e. Genetic defects due to m
utations inorganelle genom
e.
Practical (BT- 205A)
1.Isolation of genom
ic DN
A2.
Southern blotting3.
RFLP analysis
4.Isolation of R
NA
5.Isolation of polyA
+ RN
A6.
Northern blotting
7.Preparation of probes
8.In vitro transcription
9.In vitro translation
10.M
etabolic labeling of proteins and imm
unoprecipitation.R
ecomm
ended readings1.
Molecular Cloning.- a Laboratory M
anual, J. Sambrook, E.F Fritsch
and T. Maniatis, C
old Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, N
ew York,
2000
2.Introduction to Practical M
olecular Biology, P.D. D
abre, John Wiley
& Sons Ltd., N
ew York, 1988
3.M
olecular Biology LabFax, TA
. Brow
n (Ed.), Bios Scientific
Publishers Ltd., Oxford, 1991
4.M
olecular Biology of the G
ene (4th Edition), J.D. W
atson, N.H
.H
opkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A
. Steitz and A.M
. Weiner, The Benjam
in/Cum
mings Publ. Co., Inc., California, 1987.
5.M
olecular Ceii B
iology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H
. Lodish and D.
Baltimore, Scientific A
merican Books, Inc., U
SA, 1994
6.M
olecular Biology of the C
ell (2nd Edition) B. A
lberts, D. B
ray, J.Lew
is,M. R
aff, K. R
oberts, and J. D. W
atson. Garland publishing,
Inc., New
York, 19947.
Gene V
I (6th Edition) Benjam
in Lewin, O
xford University Press,
U.K
., 19988.
Molecular B
iology and Biotechnology. A
comprehensive desk
reference, R.A. M
eyers (Ed.) VCH
Publishers, Inc., New
York, 19959.
Genom
es, TS. Brown
Theory Paper BT - 202 : Bioprocess Engineering and TechnologyUnit-I
:M
icrobial Strain: Screening and Improvem
entIndustrial m
icrobial strain: Isolation by enrichment culture;
Preservation of industrial strains: Methods, Q
uality controlof preserved stock cultures; Strain im
provement: Prim
aryand secondary screening; M
utagenesis: Selection ofm
utants synthesizing improved levels of prim
ary andsecondary m
etabolites; Genetic engineering for strain
improvem
ent: General schem
e, methods, hom
ologous andheterologous gene expressions (suitable exam
ples).Unit-II
:M
icrobial Grow
th and Grow
th Media
Grow
th kinetics: Batch and continuous culture (m
ultistageand feed back system
s), Fed batch culture; Industrialferm
entation media: Ingredients, sources and role of carbon,
nitrogen, minerals, grow
th factors, buffers, precursors,antifoam
agents; Medium
optimization: N
eed andsignificance, Plackett-B
urman design; M
edia Sterilizationand Inoculation; C
omparative account of batch and
continuous sterilization, Factors affecting sterilization;B
atch sterilization: Del factor, D
and Z value, Methods,
Scale-up of batch sterilization; Continuous sterilization:
Design and M
ethods; Filter sterilization of air, media,
exhaust air; Developm
ent of inocula: Criteria for transfer,
Cascade system
, Inocula for yeast, bacterial, mycelial
processes
1718
Unit-III:
Bioreactor StudiesD
esign of fermenter, Types of bioreactors (stirred tank,
packed bed, bubble column, air-lift, M
TB, plug flow reactor,
rotating biological contactors (RB
C), photobioreactors;
Mass transfer in bioreactor (oxygen and heat transfer)
Measurem
ent and control of bioprocess parameters: pH
,tem
perature, aeration, agitation and foam; A
utomation for
monitoring and control: O
nline-Offline sensors, C
ontrolsystem
s (Two position, proportional, integral and
derivative); Use of com
puters: data logging, data analysisand process control (tw
o layer neural network); Process
scale-up: Factors involved, Scale-up window
for aerationand agitation, steps involved.
Unit-IV:
Dow
nstream Processing
Strategy for recovery; Harvesting of B
iomass and Product:
Precipitation, Cell aggregation and flocculation, Filtration,
Centrifugation; C
ell Disintegration: Physical-m
echanicaland chem
ical methods; Liquid-liquid extraction: Solvents
used, two-phase aqueous extraction, supercritical fluid
extraction; Chrom
atography and mem
brane processes,pervaporation
Unit-V
:Solid State Ferm
entationsIntroduction, G
eneral characteristics; Com
parison between
solid state cultivation (SSC) and subm
erged liquid culture(SLC); Factors affecting solid state ferm
entations: Moisture
and water activity, tem
perature and heat exchange, pH, m
asstransfer, substrate concentration and availability;Econom
ical applications of solid state fermentations
Practical (BT
– 205B)
1.Isolation of industrially im
portant microorganism
s for microbial
processes.2.
Determ
ination of thermal death point (TD
P) and thermal death
time (TD
T) of microorganism
for design of a sterilizer.3.
(a)D
etermination of grow
th curve of a supplied microorganism
and also determine substrate degradative profile.
(b)Com
pute specific growth rate (m
), growth yield (Y
x/s) fromexperim
ent.4.
Simulate the m
icrobial growth in batch, fed batch and continuous
culture using fermisym
.5.
Determ
ine the mixing tim
e for CSTR.6.
Com
parative studies of ethanol production using different
substrates.7.
Microbial production of citric acid using Aspergillus niger.
8.M
icrobial production of antibiotics.9.
Production and estimation of A
lkaline protease / amylase.
10.Im
mobilization of enzym
es – Inveratase/ Protease/ Am
ylase.11.
Whole cell im
mobilization (Yeast) for production of G
lucose syprup.
Recom
mended readings:
1.Principles of Ferm
entation Technology by Stanbury PF, Whitaker
A and H
all SJ. Aditya B
ooks (P) Ltd., New
Delhi, 1998.
2.Process B
iotechnology: Fundamentals (2
nd Edition) by
Mukhopadhyay SN
, Viva B
ooks Pvt Ltd., New
Delhi, 2004.
3.B
iotechnology: Hand B
ook by Board N
. Asia Pacific B
usinessPress Inc., N
ew D
elhi, 2005.4.
Solid Substrate Cultivation edited by D
oelle HW
, Mitchell D
A andRolz CE. Elsevier A
pplied Science, London, 1992.5.
Introduction to Biochemical Engineering by Rao D
G. Tata McG
raw-
Hill Pub Co Ltd., N
ew D
elhi, 2005.6.
Microbial Technology: Ferm
entation Technology (2nd Edition) Vol.
I & II, by Peppler H
J and Perlman D
. Academ
ic Press, NY, U
SA,
2004.7.
Biochem
ical Reactors by A
tkinson B. Pion Ltd, London. 1974
8.B
ioprocess Technology: Fundamentals and A
pplications, KTH
,Stockholm
. 2000.9.
Bioprocess Engineering-K
inetics, Mass Transport, R
eactors andG
ene Expression by Vieth W
F. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.1994.
Theory Paper BT - 203 : Plant BiotechnologyU
nit I:
Conventional plant breeding –Introduction to plant
breeding, objectives of plant breeding;G
enetic variabilityand its role in plant breeding, C
enters of Origin of crop
plants, Methods of reproduction and breeding, B
reedingm
ethods in self pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetativelypropagated plants; H
eterosis and inbreeding depression,genetic basis of inbreeding depression, G
enetic,physiological and biochem
ical basis of heterosis;Exploitation of hybrid vigour, production of hybrids,com
posite and synthetics; Population improvem
entUnit-II
:Introduction to cell and tissue culture as a technique toproduce novel plants and hybrids; Tissue culture m
edia (com
position and preparation )
1920
Initiation and maintanace of callus and suspention culture,
single cell clones.O
rganogenesis, somatic em
bryo genesis, transfer andestablishm
ent of cut whole plant in soil
Shoot tip culture ; rapid clonal propagation and productionof virus free plants; Em
bryo culture and embryo rescue;
Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion selection of hybridcells and regeneration of hybrid plants, sym
etric andasym
etric hybrids, cybrids; Anther, pollen and ovary culture
for production of haploids plants and homozygous line;
Cryopreservation , slow grow
th and DN
A banking for germ
plasm conservation; G
reen house and green home
technologyU
nit- III:
Plant transformation technology
Basis of tum
our formation , hairy root, features of Ti and R
iplasm
id,M
echanisms of D
NA
transfer , role of virulence genes,use of Ti and R
i plasmid as vector, binary vector; U
se of35S and other prom
otors, genetic markers, use of reporter
genes, reporter genes with introns, use of scaffold
attachment regions; M
ethods of nuclear transformation,
viral vectors and their application , multiple gene transfer;
Vectors-less or direct D
NA
transfer and particlebom
bardment, eletroporation, m
icroinjection.Unit-IV
:A
pplication of plant Transformation for productivity and
performance:
Herbicides resistance, phosphoinothricin, glyphosate,
sufonyl urea, atrazine;Insect resistance , B
t genes, Non-B
t like protease inhibitors,alpha am
ylase inhibitors; Virus resistance, coat protein
mediated , nucleocapsid genes, diseases resistance ;
Nem
atode resistance, abiotic stress, post harvest losses,long shelf life of fruits and flow
ers; Male sterile lines, bar
and barness systems, C
hloroplast transformation,
Unit-V
:M
etabolic engineering and industrial products:Plant secondary m
etabolites, control mechanism
s andm
anipulation of phenylpropanoid pathway, shikim
atepathw
ay, Alkaloid industrial enzym
es, purification strategies,B
iodegradable plastics.
Practicals (BT
– 206A)
1)Preparation of m
edia
2)Surface sterilization
3)Isolation of explant, induction of callus, establishm
ent andm
aintenance of callus4)
Organogenesis and plant regeneration through clonal propagation.
5)Em
bryogenesis in cultured cell from different explants.
6)M
icropropagation of banana, citrus Papaya, Sugarcane etc.7)
Cell suspension culture from
different tissues.8)
Embryo culture and em
bryo rescue of different plant species9)
Effect of various growth harm
ones on cell divisions and cellproliferation
10)Isolation, purification and culture of protoplast
11)A
nther culture pollen culture and production of haploids12)
Artificial seed preparation
13)C
ytological examination of regenerated plants
14)Agrobacterium
culture and selection of transformants.
15)Selection of salt tolerance, am
ino acids analogous resistancethrough cell cultures.
16)H
ardening of tissue culture raised plants.
Recom
mended readings
1)A
mritrao, P.V.D
.A. Evans, W
.P.Sharp and Bajaj Y.P.S. (1990)
Handbook of Plant Cell Culture volum
es I-V, McG
raw H
ill PublishingCo.,N
ew York.
2)B
hojwani S.S. A
nd Rajdan M
.K. (1983). Plant Tissue C
ulture :Theory and practice.
3)Reinert J.and Bajaj Y.P.S. (1977). A
pplied and Fundamental A
spectsof Plant Cell, Tissue and O
rgan Culture, By Springer - Verlag, Berlin.4)
Grierson, D
. and Coyey S.N
. (1984) Molecular B
iology Bllakie
Publishers, New
York.5)
Allard R
.W.Principle of Plant B
reeding.6)
Gupta P.K
. (1995) Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogi and Com
pany7)
Choudhary, Elem
entary Principle of Plant Breeding.
8)B
hojwani S.S. (1991). Plant tissue culture : A
pplication andlim
itations, Elsevier, Am
sterdam.
9)C
hopra, Plant Biotechnology.
10)D
ixon R.A. and G
onzales, IRL Press, Plant Cell culture : A PracticalA
pproach.11)
Debergth P.C. and Zim
merm
an (1990) : Micro propogaton : K
luwer,
Academ
ic Publication, Dordrecht.
2122
12)C
.J.Lever : Genom
e organization and Expression in plants, Plenumpress.
13)S.D
.Kung and R
.Wu (1993) Transgenic Plant Vol.1 &
2, Academ
icpress, San D
iego.14)
Robert B.Goldbergh (1983) : Plant M
olecular Biology, Allan R.Liss,
Inc.New
York.15)
K.Lindsey and M
.G.K.Jones (1990) : Plant B
iotechnology inA
gricultural, Prentice Hall, N
ew Jersey.
BT
– 204Elective Paper
As given in Schem
e of examination (in A
ppendix-B)
BT – 206BPractical based on Elective Paper
SYLLA
BUS FO
RSEM
ESTER IIITheory Paper BT – 301 : A
nimal C
ell Science and TechnologyUnit-I
:A
nimal Cell
Structure and organization of animal cell; Term
inologies incell culture: O
rgan, cell, histotypic, organotypic, primary
culture and cell line; Primary and established cell line
cultures; Biology and characterization of the cultured cells;
Principle, Merits and D
emerits of A
nimal cell/tissue culture
Unit-II:
Equipments and M
edia for Cell C
ulture; Infrastructure forcell culture:Equipm
ents, culture vessel and materials; M
edia forculturing cells and tissues; natural and defined m
edia;Preparation of various tissue culture m
edia ; Chem
ical,physical and m
etabolic functions of media constituents;
Sterilization of culture media, equipm
ents and apparatusUnit-III
:Techniques of C
ell Culture; M
easurement of viability and
cytotoxicityM
easurement of grow
th parameters; B
asic techniques ofm
amm
alian cell culture in vitro; disaggregation of tissueand prim
ary culture, maintenance of cell culture, cell
separation; Cell synchronization; Scaling-up of anim
al cellculture;C
ell transformation; Invitro culture of oocytes/
embryos; C
ell/embryo cryopreservation
Measurem
ent of cell death, apoptosis; Cell cloning and
microm
anipulation; Risks and safety in the anim
al cellculture
Unit-IV:
Applications of Cell Culture; Cell hybridization: hybridom
aand m
onoclonal antibody production; Stem cell cultures,
embryonic stem
cells and their applicationsSom
atic cell genetics; Organ and histotypic cultures; Three
dimensional culture and tissue engineering
Unit-V
:Em
bryo Technology:C
onventional methods of anim
al improvem
ent : selectivebreeding and cross-breeding; Em
bryo biotechniques foraugum
entation of reproductive efficiency and fasterm
ultiplication of superior germplasm
; Super ovulation andO
estrus synchronization; Embryo collection, evaluation and
transfer; Invitro maturation of oocytes; Invitro fertilisation
and embryo culture; E
mbryo preservation, m
icrom
anipulation and cloning; Somatic cell cloning and em
bryosexing
Practical (BT
– 304)1.
Preparation of tissue culture medium
and mem
brane filtration.2.
Preparation of single cell suspension from spleen and thym
us.3.
Cell counting and cell viability.
4.M
acrophage monolayer from
PEC and m
easurement of phagocytic
activity.5.
Trypsinization of monolayer and subculturing.
6.C
ryopreservation and thawing.
7.M
easurement of doubling tim
e.8.
Role of serum
in cell culture.9.
Preparation of metaphage chrom
osomes from
cultured cells.10.
Isolation of DN
A and dem
onstration of apoptosis of DN
Aladdering,
11.M
TT assay for cell viability and growth.
12.Cell fusion w
ith PEG.
Recom
mended readings
1.C
ulture of animal cells (3
rd Edition) by Freshney R.I. W
iley-Liss.2.
Genes IX
by Lewin. Pearson Education International, N
J, USA
,2008.
3.A
nimal C
ell Culture – Practical A
pproach Edited by John RW.
Masters, O
xford.4.
Cell G
rowth and D
ivision: A Practical A
pproach edited by Basega
R, IRL Press.5.
Anim
al Cell Culture Techniques edited by Martin Clynes, Springer.
6.M
ethods in Cell Biology Vol.57, Anim
al Cell Culture Methods edited
by Mather JP and B
arnes D, A
cademic Press.
2324
7.B
iotechnology by Satyanarayana U. B
ooks and Allied (P) Ltd.,
Kolkata, India, 2005.
8.Cell and M
olecular Biology (8th edition) by de Robertis ED
P and deR
obertis EMF (Jr). Lippincott W
illiams &
Wilkins, Philadelphia,
2001.Theory Paper BT - 302 : Genetic Engineering
UNIT I:
Scope of genetic engineering.M
ilestones of inventions in Genetic Engineering; D
NA
chemical synthesis, separation by eletropherosis, various
types of agarose used in electropherisis and PAG
E,D
enaturating agents used in gel electropherosis, cloning,control of expression of cloned genes, cloning and patentingof life form
s. Guidelines on experim
entation in geneticengineering. G
uidelines of bio- safety according to WH
O(G
eneva Convention) and D
BT India.
Molecular tools: Polym
erase enzymes, N
ucleic acidm
odifying enzymes, nucleic acid ligases, proteases, types
of restriction enzymes and their sub types and application,
various types of DN
A and R
NA
markers and m
ethods ofcalculation of m
olecular weight of nucleic acids.
UNIT II:
Gene cloning vectors: Plasm
ids: general cloning vector,fusion plasm
ids, plasmids w
ith bacteriophage promoters,
shuttle vectors, phagmids, phages: ? as cloning vector, ?
insertion vectors,?? replacement vectors, Vectors derived
from A
grobacterium T1 plasm
id, Ca MV, A
nimal viral vectors
- SV-40, Vaccinia/Bacculo and retro viral cosmids, A
rtificialchrom
osomes: yA
Cs, m
ega yAC
s. BA
C vector; M
ethodsof detection of recom
binant; Nucleic acid purification:
Different chem
icals used in isolation and purification ofnucleic acids, Y
ield analysis: A260/280 .
Nucleic acid am
plification and its application: History and
Method of nucleic acid am
plification, Nucleic acid
amplification: D
NA am
plification, RAPD
, AFLP, asym
metric
PCR, RT PCR, 5‘RACE, 3‘ RA
CE, invert PCR, Syber green,hybridization probe am
plification, hydrolysis probeam
plification (Taq man), Scorpion prim
ers; Basic biochemical
requirement of therm
al cycler: Solutions, enzymes, buffer,
primers, designing of prim
ers, necessary conditions requiredfor designing prim
ers, use of fluorescent dyes andquenchers in prim
ers used for real time PC
R, annealing
temperature, calculation of Tm
of primers and optim
izationof PC
R conditions; Instrum
entation of thermal cycler:
Instrumentation of general therm
al cycler, gradient cyclerand R
eal time cycler; A
pplications of nucleic acidam
plifications in different fields.UNIT III
:N
ucleic acid sequencing; Sequencing of nucleic acids byM
axum &
Gillbert m
ethod and Sangers method.
Requirem
ent of manual sequencing m
ethod and automated
sequencing methods. D
ye primer chem
istry and dyeterm
inator chemistry. Various types of gels used for
sequencing methods. Pyrohosphatase, analysis of gels.
Radio active and non radioactive m
ethod of sequencing.Instrum
entation of sequencings, Applied biosystem
, Licor,and B
eckmann sequencing system
. Bi directional
sequencing method.
Restriction m
apping: construction of restriction map,
analysis of restriction fragments and its application; cD
NA
synthesis: mR
NA
enrichment, digestion using restriction
enzymes or m
echanical shearing, size fractionation,selection of appropriate vector, preparation of genom
iclibrary, use of linkers and adapters, m
ethod of screening oflibrary and chrom
osome w
alking and chromosom
e jumping
strategies. STS tagging.A
lternative strategies of gene cloning: Two and three
hybrid system, cloning differentially expressed genes;
Nucleic acid m
icro array: Construction of D
NA
chip, use offluorescent dyes, detection of m
icroarray and application;D
NA
Profiling: History, D
NA
profiling based on RFLP
method and N
A am
plification method.
UNIT IV:
Gene regulation:D
NA
transfection: Northern blot, Southern
Blotting, D
ot blots, colony hybridization different types oflabels used in N
orthern and Southern blotting methods.
Various methods of detection in analysis of blots;S1
mapping,
RN
ase protection
assay, R
eporterassay;Expression strategy for heterogeneous genes: Vectorengineering, and codon optim
ization, host engineering, invitro transcription and translation, expression in bacteria,Yeast, insects, m
amm
alian cells, plants and phage display.UNIT V
:Site directed m
utagenesis: Oligonucleotide directed
mutagenesis,
Mutagenesis
with
degenerateoligonucleotides, region specific m
utagenesis, linkerscanning
mutagenesis,
linker scanning
usingoligonucleotide directed m
utagenesis;Processing ofrecom
binant proteins, purification of recombinant proteins,
purification of fusion proteins, In vitro refolding and
2526
chaterization of rProteins and methods adopted for
stabilizations of rProteins;T D
NA
- T –D
NA
andTransposon tagging, identification and isolation of genesthrough transpososn tagging; Transgeneic and geneknockout technologies; Targeted gene replacem
ent andchrom
osome engineering; G
ene therapy; Vector engineering,Strategies for gene delivery, gene replacem
ent/augum
entation, gene correction, gene editing, generegulation and siliencing; Ethical values associated w
ithgene therapy , G
MO
, diagnosis; Molecular m
arkers in cropim
provement and inherited hum
an disorders.R
ecombinant D
NA
products/applications: Insulin, hepatitisB
antigen vaccine, growth horm
ones. Molecular farm
ingPracticals (B
T – 304)
1.B
acterial culture and antibiotic selection media. Preparation of
competent cells.
2.Isolation of plasm
id DN
A.
3.Isolation of Lam
bda phage DN
A.
4.Q
uantitation of nucleic acids.5.
Agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction m
apping of DN
A.
6.C
onstruction of restriction map of plasm
id DN
A7.
Cloning in plasm
id/phagemid vectors.
8.Preparation of helper phage and its titration
9.Preparation of single stranded D
NA
template.
10.D
NA
sequencing.11.
Gene expression in E coli and analysis of gene product
12.PCR
Recom
mended readings
1.M
olecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, J. Sam
brook, E.F. Fritschand T. M
aniatis, Cold Sprin H
arbor Laboratory Press, New
York,2000
2.D
NA
Cloning: a Practical Approach, D
.M. G
lover and B.D. H
ames,
IRL Press, Oxford, 1995
3.M
olecular and Cellular M
ethods in Biology and M
edicine, P.B.
Kaufm
an, W. W
u, D. K
im and L.J: Cseke, CRC Press, Florida, 1995
4.M
ethods in Enzymology Vol. 152, G
uide to Molecular C
loningTechniques, S.L. B
erger and A.R
. Kim
mel, A
cademic Press, Inc.
San Diego, 1998
5.M
ethods in Enzymology Vol 185, G
ene Expression Technology,
D.V. G
oeddel, Academ
ic Press, Inc., San Diego, 1990
6.D
NA
Science. A First C
ourse in Recom
binant Technology, D.A
.M
ickloss and G.A. Freyer, C
old Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,
New
YorK, 1990
7M
olecular Biotechnology (2"d Edn.), S.S. Prim
rose, Blackw
ellScientific Publishers, O
xford, 19948.
Milestones in B
iotechnology. Classic papers on G
eneticEngineering, J.A
. Davies and W
.S. Reznikoff, B
utterworth-
Heinem
ann, Boston, 1992
9.R
oute Maps in G
ene Technology, M.R
. Walker and R
. Rapley,
Blackwell Science Ltd., O
xford, 199710.
Genetic Engineering. A
n Introduction to gene analysis andexploitation in eukaryotes, S.M
. Kingsm
an and A.J. K
ingsman,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, O
xford, 199811.
Molecular B
iotechnology - Glick.
12R
ecombinanat D
NA
and Biotechnology: G
uide to teachers byH
elen Kreuzer
13.A
cademia to biotechnology B
y Jeffery M G
imble
14.B
iotechnology and safety assessment by Jhon A
Thomas
15.M
ethods in biotechnology by Michel Schw
eizer16.
Bioethics an introduction for the B
ioscience By M
epham.
Theory Paper BT- 303 : Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
UNIT-I:
Introduction to BiostatisticsSam
pling techniques.;Data collection, tabular and graphical
representation of Data; M
ean, mode, m
edian, range,variance, standard deviation and standard Error; Test ofsignificance: Z-test, T-test and C
hi square test; ProbabilityD
istribution: Binom
ial Pioson and Norm
al distribution;C
orrelation and linear regression, Analysis of variance,
AN
OVA
; One-w
ay and two-w
ay classificationUnit-II
:M
ajor Bioinformatics R
esourcesN
CB
I, EBI, ExPA
Sy The knowledge of various databases
Open access bibliographic resources and literature
Sequence and Structure; Databases: K
nowledge of the
following databases w
ith respect to: organization of data,contents and form
ats of database entries, retrieval of datausing text- based search tools; sources of data (e.g.sequencing projects, individual scientists, patent officesetc.), m
ethod for deposition of data to databases.N
ucleic acid sequence databases: GenBank, EM
BL, DD
BJ;
2728
Protein sequence databases: SWISS-PR
OT, TrEM
BL,
PIR_PSD
; Genom
e Databases at N
CB
I, EBI, TIG
R,
SAN
GER; Viral G
enomes; A
rcheal and Bacterial Genom
es;Eukaryotic genom
es with special reference to m
odelorganism
s (Yeast, Drosophila, C
. elegans, Rat, M
ouse)H
uman, plants such as A
rabidopsis thaliana, Rice, etc.
Repositories for high throughput genom
ic sequences: EST,STS G
SS, etc.PDB, N
DB, CCSD
;Derived D
atabases for bio-m
olecular sequencesUnit-III
:Sequence A
nalysisVarious file form
ats for bio-molecular sequences: genbank,
fasta, gcg, msf, nbrfpir etc. B
asic concepts of sequencesim
ilarity, identity and homology, definitions of
homologues,orthologues, paralogues.
Scoring matrices: basic concept of a scoring m
atrix,M
atrices for nucleic acid and proteins sequences, PAM
and BLO
SUM
series, principles based on which these
matrices are derived. D
ifferences between distance &
similarity m
atrix,Sequence-based D
atabase Searches: what are sequence-
based database searches, BLA
ST and FASTA
algorithms,
Various versions of basic BLA
ST and FASTA
, Use of these
methods for sequence analysis including the on-line use of
the tools and interpretation of results.Pairw
ise sequence alignments: basic concepts of sequence
alignment, N
eedleman &
Wuncsh, Sm
ith & W
aterman
algorithms for pairw
ise alignments, use of pairw
isealignm
ents for analysis of Nucleic acid and protein
sequences and interpretation of resultsM
ultiple sequence alignments (M
SA): the need for M
SA,
basic concepts of various approaches for MSA
(e,g.progressive, hierarchical etc.). A
lgorithm of C
LUSTA
LWand Pileup and their application for sequence analysis(including interpretation of results), concept of dendogram
sand its interpretation.
Unit-IV:
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Basic concepts in system
atics, taxonomy and phylogeny;
molecular evolution; nature of data used in Taxonom
y andPhylogeny, D
efinition and description of phylogenetic treesand various types of trees,Sequence patterns and profiles: B
asic concept anddefinition of sequence patterns, m
otifs and profiles, various
types of pattern representations viz. consensus, regularexpression (prosite-type) and profiles; profile-baseddatabase searches using PSI-B
LA
ST, analysis andinterpretation of profile-based searches.Protein and nucleic acid sequences properties: e.g.Proteom
ics tools at the ExPASy server and G
CG
utilitiesand EM
BOSS
Com
parative genomics: B
asic concepts and applications:Full G
enome alignm
ents: basic concepts, the need forgenom
e alignments
Unit- V
:Prediction of protein structureSecondary structure: B
asic principles on which the
prediction methods of first, second and third generation
are based; algorithms of C
hou Fasman, G
OR
methods;
Predicting the secondary structures using these methods
and analysis; concepts in measuring the accuracy of
predictions (Q3, Segm
ent overlap, Mathew
’s correlationcoefficient etc.)Tertiary Structure: Theoretical basis of the m
ethods forstructure prediction (sequence sim
ilarity / identity of targetprotein w
ith proteins of known structure, fundam
entalprinciples of protein folding etc.) and choice of appropriateprediction approach; basic principles and protocol ofH
omology M
odeling; Databases of m
odels; Basic principlesfor fold recognition, 1D
profiles and threading approaches,basic principles of abinitio structure prediction and thebroad approaches (w
hat are the hierarchical andenum
erative approaches,their general outline),Protein structure com
parison and classification: classes,folds; the concepts in 3D
structure comparison, purpose
of structure comparison, algorithm
s such as FSSP, VAST
and DA
LI
Practical (BT
– 304)1.
Com
puter oriented statistical techniques.2.
Preparations of charts / graphs using computers.
3.D
ata Retrieval System
: Entrez and SRS.
4.Paiw
ise sequence Alignm
ent methods: D
ynamic Program
ming and
Dot PlotA
nalysis5.
Multiple sequence alignm
ent using ClustalW
/ ClustalX
6.Phylogenetic analysis of protein and D
NA
sequences by Phylipand M
EGA
2930
7.A
nalysis of multiple aligned sequences for their physico – chem
icalproperties using G
eneDoc.
8.Search for active site / probase/ blocks in given sequence usingon line / off line softw
ares.9.
Determ
ination of secondary structure of amino acid sequence using
SOPM
/ GO
R/ C
hou Fasman other softw
ares.10.
Visualization of m
olecular structure of protein / Nucleic acid
molecule using R
asmol / C
n311.
Tertiary Structure prediction methods.
12.Full G
enome A
lignment.
Recom
mended readings
1.Baxevanis A
., Ouellette F.B.F. (Eds.) Bioinform
atics: a practical guideto the analysis of genes and proteins John W
iley and Sons, New
York2.
Bishop M
.J., Raw
lings C.J. (Eds.) D
NA
and protein sequenceanalysis. A
Practical approach IRL Press, O
xford Lesk A.M
. (Ed.)C
omputational m
olecular biology. Sources and methods for
sequence analysis. Oxford U
niversity Press, Oxford
3.Structural Bioinform
atics, Philip E. Bourne, Helge W
eissig (Editors),John W
iley & Sons
4.Protein Structure Prediction: B
ioinfomatic A
pproach, I.F. Tsigelny,International U
niversity Line5.
Introduction to Protein Architecture: The Structural B
iology ofProteins, A
rthur M. Lesk, 2001, O
xford University Press
6.Protein Structure Prediction: M
ethods and Protocols, David M
.W
ebster (Editor), 2000, Hum
ana Press7.
Introduction to Protein Structure, Carl-Ivar B
randen, John Tooze,G
arland Publishing8.
Handbook of Com
parative Genom
ics: Principles and Methodology,
Cecilia Saccone, Graziano Pesole, 2003, W
iley-Liss9.
Sequence - Evolution - Function: Com
putational Approaches in
Com
parative Genom
ics, Eugene V. Koonin, M
ichael Y. Galperin,
2002, Kluw
er Academ
ic Publishers10.
Genom
e Analysis: A
Laboratory Manual, 4 volum
es, Bruce B
irren,et al. (Editors), C
old Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
11.Bioinform
atics: Sequence and Genom
e Analysis by D
avid W. M
ount12.
Bioinform
atics : Sequence, Structure, and Databanks : A
PracticalA
pproach (Practical Approach Series by D
es Higgins (Editor), W
illieTaylor (Editor)
13.Introduction to B
ioinformatics by Teresa K
. Attw
ood, David J.
Parry-Smith
14.B
ioinformatics : A
Practical Guide to the A
nalysis of Genes and
Proteins, 2nd edition by Andreas B
axevanis (Editor), B.F.Francis
Ouellette (Editor)
SYLLA
BUS FO
RSEM
ESTER IVTheory Paper BT- 401 : Environm
ental BiotechnologyUNIT I
:Environm
ent: Basic Concept
Environment pollution: Types of pollution, M
easurement
of pollution, Microbial quality of A
ir, Aerosol, H
ospital site,Sew
age treatment site, Industrial process and solid w
astedum
ping site, Carcinogenic chem
icals and odour in air,M
ethods of control through Biotechnology, G
reen beltdevelopm
ent; Water: D
ifferent sources of water and their
quality, Nitrate Fluorides, H
eavy metal in w
ater, Methods
of its removal M
icrobial corrosion and its control methods
UNIT II:
Waste and its generation: C
ollection methods of sew
ageand industrial w
aste and its characterization; Waste w
atertreatm
ent: Physical, chemical and biological, Principles of
biological waste treatm
ent process; Aerobic process:
Activated sludge, O
xidation ditch, Trickling filter, Biotowers,
Rotating disc, O
xidation pond, Extended aeration methods
Anaerobic Process: A
naerobic digestion, Anaerobic filters,
Up-flow
anaerobic sludge blanket (UA
SB), Biomethanation
process; Treatment schem
e of Dairy, D
istillery, Tannery,Sugar, Fertilizers, R
efinery, Chem
ical and Antibiotic w
aste.M
easurement of w
ater pollution. Waste m
icrobiology ofaerobic and anaerobic treatm
ent processes. Recycle and
Reuse of w
aste water.
UNIT III:
Xenobitics in environm
ental. Oil pollution and its m
ethodsof control, B
iodegradation of Hydrocarbons, Substituted
hydrocarbons, Surfactant, Pesticides, Lignin, Tannin,Synthetic dyes, B
ioremediation of contam
inated soil andw
aste land, Mine spoil dum
ps, Biopesticides and integrated
paste managem
ent, Bioaccum
ulation and their types.U
nit IV:
Solid waste: Industrial and dom
estic, characterization ofsolid w
aste and managem
ent (composting, Verm
iculture andA
naerobic processes)H
azardous Waste: D
efinition, collection, characterizationand treatm
ent process (Hospital w
aste, Sludges fromchem
ical industries containing toxic waste); O
zone
3132
depletion, UV-6 green house effect, A
cid rain, Global
warm
ing their impacts and B
iotechnological approachesfor m
anagement
UNIT V:
Bioleaching, B
iofertilizer, Eutrophication, Sustainableagriculture and environm
ent (AM
F, ECM
, PGPR
s, PSB),
with special reference to agriculture; B
iosafety, Biological
warfare, C
arcinogenicity, Health risk and Environm
entaltoxicity, B
iodiversity and its methods of conservation,
Bioluminescence.
Practicals (BT- 404)1.
Detection of coliform
s for determination of the purity of potable
water.
2.D
etermination of total dissolved solids of w
ater3.
Determ
ination of dissolved oxygen concentration of water sam
ple4.
Determ
ination of biological oxygen demand (500) of n sew
agesam
ple5.
Determ
ination of chemical oxygen dem
and (CO
D) of sew
agesam
ple.6.
Determ
ine the efficiency of removal of air pollutant using fibrous
air filter.7.
Isolation of xenobiont degrading bacteria by selective enrichment
technique8.
Test for the degradation of a aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria
9.Survey of degradative plasrnids in m
icrobes growing in polluted
environment
10.Effect of Sulphur dioxide on crop plants
11.Estim
ation of heavy metals in w
ater/soil by Atom
ic absorptionspectrophotom
etry,12.
Estimation of nitrate in drinking w
ater.13.
Role of m
icroorganisms in elevation of heavy m
etal induced stressI plants.
Recom
mended readings
1.C
hatterji, 2004 Introduction to Environmental B
iotechnology,Prentice-H
all of India.2.
Sincero and Sincero, 2004 Environmental Engineering : A
Design
Approach, Prentice-H
all of India.3.
Abbasi and A
bbasi, 2004 Renew
able Energy sources and theirEnvironm
ental Impacts. Prentice-H
all of India.
4.G
ilbert Masters. 2004. Introduction to Environm
ental Engineeringand Science, Second addition, Prentice-H
all of India.5.
Marshall Laird, 1990. Safety of M
icrobial Insecticides, InternationalB
ooks.6.
Kum
ar and Arw
ind 2004, Environmental B
iotechnology, Daya
Publishing.Theory Paper BT- 402 : Industrial Biotechnology
Unit I
:Ferm
entation products:D
airy products: Milk processing - C
heese - principles ofcheese m
aking. Cheddar C
heese, Swiss C
heese, Surfaceripened C
heeses; Mold ripened C
heeses. Cottage and
Indian Channa cheese. G
eneral principles of manufacture
of Yogurt, acidophilus milk, K
efir, Koum
iss Fermented foods:
Soy sauce, Miso, ,Sufu, N
atto, Idli, fermented fish products,
Sauer Krant, pickles, ferm
entation of Olives, ferm
entedsausages; Production of distilled beverage alcohol, w
ine,brandy and beer.
Unit II
:Biopesticide and biofertilizersB
iopesticides: Biological control, plant biopesticides or
botanical pest control (BPC
), Recent interest in Bt-
biopesticides, Nuclear polyhydrosis virus (N
PV),
Baculoviruses, T
richoderma and T
richogramm
a asbiopesticides, G
enetically engineered bacteria asbiopesticide, Im
pact of biopesticides in sustainableagriculture.B
iofertilizers: Principles and objectives of Biofertilizers
and Integrated Nutrient M
anagement (IN
M), N
eed forintegrated nutrient m
anagement, C
omponents of integrated
nutrient managem
ent: Chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers,
legumes as a green m
anures, vermicom
post for sugarcane,organic Farm
ing and organic Food.Unit III
:Bioprospecting:Introduction: B
iodiversity prospecting; Biochem
icalresources from
plants and fungi, natural products: the roleof natural products in drug discovery, natural products asm
odern drugs; Prospecting for New
Com
pounds fromPlants particularly from
Melghat forest: D
iscovery of novelcom
pounds, Screening of traditional knowledge-based
herbal drugs, Preparation of crude compounds, Isolation
of pure compounds, bio-assay guided isolation, high
throughput screening of extracts.Bioprospecting from
microbes (A
ctinomycetes, Bacteria,
fungi) with special reference to m
arine actinomycetes,
endophytes and metagenom
ics by products.A
nticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabeticsfrom
microbial origin.
Unit IV
:Industrially im
portant productsIndustrial production of alcohol, A
cetone, Citric acid,
Gluconic acid, A
cetic acid, lactic acid; Production ofpolysaccharides, Penicillin, X
anthan; Industrial enzymes
(proteases, pectinases, cellulases and lipases)U
nit V:
Bionanotechnology and industrial applicationsIntroduction to bionanotechnology and overview
ofnanoscale m
aterials; effect of length scale on properties;challenges and opportunities associated w
ith biology onthe N
anoscale; top-down and bottom
-up approach,m
ethods of nanoparticle synthesis, its characterization andanalysis of nanoparticles by different techniques such asU
V-Visible spectroscopy, NM
R, SEM, TEM
, X-RD
, FTIR.Synthesis of N
anoparticles by Biological system
,Extracellular biosynthesis w
ith a case study of silver andgold nanoparticles, Intracellular biosynthesis case bybacteria.A
pplications of bionanotechnology in various fields.
Practicals (BT- 404)1.
Lab scale production of alcohol and acetic acid.2.
Production of amylase/ pectinase and cellulase.
3.Preparation and form
ulation of microbial biopesticide (bacteria,
fungi and viruses)4.
Screening of microbes for enzym
e/metabolites production.
5.Production of m
etal nanoparticles using microbes.
6.Estim
ation of lignocellulose degradation.7.
In vitro evaluation of medicinal plants against pathogenic m
icrobes.8.
Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on grow
th promotion of plants.
9.Production of m
icrobial fertilizers (Rhizobium
, Azotobacter and
AM
F).
Recom
mended readings
1.M
odern Food Micro-B
iology by J.M.Jay, (1986), Van N
ostrandR
einhold company, N
ew York.
2.C
omprehensive B
iotechnology Vol. 1- 4 : M.Y. Young (Eds.),
Pergamon Press.
3.B
iotechnology : A Text B
ook of Industrial Microbiology : T.D
.B
rock, Smaeur A
ssociates, 1990.4.
Industrial Microbiology : L.E. C
asida, Willey Eastern Ltd., 1989.
5.Industrial M
icrobiology : Prescott & D
unn, CB
S Publishers,1987.
6.B
ioprocess Technology- fundamentals and applications, S O
Enfors & L H
agstrom (1992), R
IT, Stockholm.
7.B
iotechnology, Economic &
Social Aspects : E.J. D
asilva, CR
atledge & A
Sasson, Cam
bridge Univ. Press, C
ambridge.
8.B
iotechnology - a hand book of industrial microbiology : W
.C
rueger and A. C
rueger.9.
Microbial B
iotechnology : A. N
. Glazer and H
. Nikaids.
BT – 403 Elective papersA
s given in Scheme of exam
inaton as per Appendix-D
BT- 404 Practical based on Elective Paper
BT- 405 Project
*****
3334
IND
EXM
.Sc.Part-I & Part-II Exam
ination in Biotechnology(Prospectus N
o.20111214)
Sr.No.
PaperTitle of the Paper
Page Nos.
Code/Practical
1.-
Special Note
12.
-O
rdinance No. 4 of 2008
33.
-D
irection No. 26 of 2010 &
27 of 20106
SEMESTER I - TH
EORY
4.B
T- 101C
ell Biology
55.
BT- 102
Macrom
olecules and Enzymology
76.
BT- 103
Microbes: Physiology and G
enetics9
7.B
T- 104B
iology of the Imm
une system12
SEMESTER II - TH
EORY
8.B
T - 201M
olecular Biology
149.
BT - 202
Bioprocess Engineering &
Technology16
10.B
T - 203Plant B
iotechnology18
11.B
T - 204Elective Paper (C
hoice based)-
SEMESTER III - TH
EORY
12.B
T – 301A
nimal C
ell Science & Technology
2113.
BT – 302
Genetic Engineering
23
14.B
T – 303B
iostatistics and Bioinform
atics26
SEMESTER IV - TH
EORY
15B
T – 401E
nvironmental B
iotechnology30
16.B
T – 402Industrial B
iotechnology (Special)32
17.B
T – 403Elective Paper (C
hoice based)-