John Robert Martindale (ed.), Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. I: 641-867, London: Ashgate Publishing, 2001 (CD-ROM)

Heraklios 1Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit M/L VII

Dates 662 (taq) / 681 (tpq)

PmbZ No. 2556

Variant Names Heraclius

Locations Constantinople;Constantinople (residence)

Titles Emperor (office)

Textual Sources Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle);Michael the Syrian, Chronicle, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, La chronique de Michel le Syrien (Paris, 1899-1904) (chronicle);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Heraklios 1 was son of the emperor Constans II (Konstans 1) and brother of Konstantinos 2 (Constantine IV) and Tiberios 1: Theoph. AM 6153 (kai\ tou\j trei=j ui9ou\j au0tou=, Kwnstanti=non, 79Hra/kleion kai\ Tibe/rion), Theoph. AM 6160 (a0kou/saj de\ Kwnstanti=noj th_n tou= patro_j a0pobi/wsin ... basileu/ei tw~n 79Rwmai/wn meta\ Tiberi/ou kai\ 79Hraklei/ou, tw~n i0di/wn a0delfw~n), Theoph. AM 6173 (a0pw&sato Kwnstanti=noj tou\j a0delfou\j au0tou= th~j basilei/aj, 79Hra/kleion kai\ Tibe/rion), Zon. XIV 19. 31 (kai\ tou\j ui9ou\j au0tou= - trei=j d'h}san, Kwnstanti=noj, 79Hra/kleioj kai\ Tibe/rioj), Lib. Pont. 81. 3. Cf. also Phausta 1. Heraklios 1 and his brothers were prevented by the inhabitants from leaving Constantinople in 661/662 in order to join their father when Constans II (Konstans 1), already in the West, planned to transfer the seat of government back to Rome: Theoph. AM 6153, cf. Theoph. AM 6160, Zon. XIV 19. 31-33. The three brothers are said to have ruled together after their father's death: Theoph. AM 6160

(basileu/ei tw~n 79Rwmai/wn meta\ Tiberi/ou kai\ 79Hraklei/ou, tw~n i0di/wn a0delfw~n), Theoph. AM 6161 (e0basi/leuse Kwnstanti=noj su\n toi=j a0delfoi=j au0tou=). At the start of their brother Konstantinos 2's reign Heraklios 1 and Tiberios 1 were not crowned and had no title (oi9 de\ a0delfoi\ au0tou= ou0demi/an a0ci/an ei]xon); after troops from the East asked that all three should be crowned, Konstantinos 2 mutilated his brothers and had their noses cut off: Theoph. AM 6161 (o( de\ basileu\j tou\j a0delfou\j au0tou= e0rrinoko&phsen), Zon. XIV 20. 5-8, and cf. Mango and Scott, Theophanes, p. 500, n. 1. Heraklios 1 and Tiberios 1 were driven from the throne by Konstantinos 2 in 681/682: Theoph. AM 6173. According to the Liber Pontificalis he was an Augustus in 678: Lib. Pont. 81. 3 ("divalem iussionem piissimorum principum Constantini, Heraclii et Tiberii Augustorum"). Son of the emperor Constans (Konstans 1) and brother of Konstantios (sic, = Konstantinos 2) and Tiberios 1; he and his brothers were made autokrators at Constantinople by their father after Konstans 1 had gone to Sicily: Bar Hebr., p. 99, Mich. Syr. II 451. In the year 981 Sel. (669/670) he and Tiberios 1 were appointed co-emperors by Konstantinos 2 and their images were put on the coinage: Bar Hebr., p. 101, Mich. Syr. II 454. After the birth of Ioustinianos 1, the son of Konstantinos 2, they were dismissed; they were brought before the senate and when they refused to abandon their imperial position were exiled: Bar Hebr., pp. 101-102, Mich. Syr. II 455-456. He and Tiberios 1 refused to accept the heresy of Maximos 10 which had been rejected by their father, Konstans 1: Mich. Syr. 452.

Heraklios 2Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit L VII/E VIII

Dates 698 (taq) / 705 (ob.)

Locations Thrace;Sision (Cilicia);Cilicia;Cappadocia;Anatolikoi;Anatolikoi (officeplace)

Titles Patrikios (dignity);Strategos, Anatolikoi [monostrategos] (office)

Textual Sources Nicephorus, Breviarium Historiae, ed. C. Mango, Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History; prev. ed. C. de Boor Nicephori ArchiepiscopiConstantinopolitani Opuscula Historica Leipzig 1880 (history);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85,

repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Seal Sources Mordtmann, A, Sur les sceaux et les plombs byzantins, Conférence tenue dans la Société Littéraire Grecque (Hellenikos Philologikos Syllogos) (Constantinople, 1873);Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de l'empire byzantin (Paris, 1884)

Heraklios 2 was brother of Apsimar (the emperor Tiberios III, Tiberios 2): Nic. Brev. de Boor 42, Mango 42, Theoph. AM 6190 (au0tou= a0delfo&n), Theoph. AM 6195 (79Hra/kleioj, o( a0delfo_j tou= basile/wj), Theoph. AM 6196 (o( tou= basile/wj a0delfo_j 79Hra/kleioj), Zon. XIV 24. 1 (o( me\n 70Ayi/maroj h@ Tibe/rioj ou3tw th~j basilei/aj e0kra/thsen, au0ti/ka de\ to_n i1dion a0delfo_n 79Hra/kleion), 24. 6 (o( tou= basile/wj o(mai/mwn 79Hra/kleioj), 25. 2 (tou= de\ 70Ayima/rou kai\ 79Hraklei/ou tou= a0delfou= au0tou=). A very capable man, he was appointed by his brother Tiberios 2 in 698 as sole strategos of the so-called cavalry themes in Asia Minor (79Hra/kleio&n te, to_n gnh&sion au0tou= a0delfo&n, w(j li/an i9kanw&taton, monostra/thgon pa/ntwn tw~n e1cw kaballarikw~n qema/twn probalo&menoj) and was sent to the region of Cappadocia and the kleisourai (e0pi\ ta\ me/rh Kappadoki/aj kai\ tw~n kleisourw~n) to organise resistance to the Arabs: Theoph. AM 6190; cf. Nic. Brev. de Boor 42, Mango 42 (under his brother he became strategos of the Anatolikoi - strathgo_n tou= a0natolikou= stratou= geno&menon), Zon. XIV 24. 1-2 (au0ti/ka de\ to_n i1dion a0delfo_n 79Hra/kleion pa/ntwn tw~n i9ppikw~n kai\ pezw~n strateuma/twn strathgo_n monw&taton probalo&menoj; he advanced as far as Samosata). In 703 he defeated the Arab general Azar 1 in Cilicia, killing most of his troops and taking the remainder captive: Theoph. AM 6195, Zon. XIV 24. 6. In 704 he defeated the Arab general Azidos 1 at Sision in Cilicia: Theoph. AM 6196. In 705 he was captured in Thrace and brought back in fetters after the overthrow of his brother by Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1): Theoph. AM 6198. He was crucified together with other officers and bodyguards of Tiberios 2 by Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1): Nic. Brev. de Boor 42, Mango 42:51 (kai\ tou\j a1llouj a1rxontaj kai\ u9paspista\j au0tou=), Theoph. AM 6198 (su\n pa=si toi=j sunaspizome/noij au0toi=j a1rxousin), Zon. XIV 25. 2. He is probably identical with Heraklios patrikios and monostrategos, the owner of a seal dateable to the seventh or eighth century: Schlumberger, Sig., p. 333, no. 1 (= Mordtmann, Conférence, p. 36). The text given by Schlumberger reads: Ku/rie boh&qei tw|~ sw|~ dou/lw| 79Hrakli/w| patriki/w| kai\ monostrath&gw|. This seal is perhaps identical with Zacos and Veglery 1982 (the name and titles read: 79Hraklei/w| patriki/w| kai\ monostrath&gw|), dateable to the first half of the eighth century

Heraklios 5Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit L VII

Dates 684 (taq) / 685 (tpq)

PmbZ No. 2557

Variant Names Heraclius

Locations Constantinople;Constantinople (residence)

Textual Sources Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle)

Heraklios 5 was son of the emperor Constantine IV (Konstantinos 2) and brother of the emperor Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1); locks of hair from him and his brother were sent to pope Benedict II (Benediktos 3) (in 684 or 685), a fact mentioned at the time in an imperial order issued to the clergy, people and army of Rome ("iussionem per quam significat eosdem capillos direxisse"): Lib. Pont. 83. 3 ("mallones capillorum domni Iustiniani et Heraclii filiorum clementissimi principis"). On the despatch of locks of hair as a form of adoption, see Duchesne, Lib. Pont. I, p. 364, n. 5. This is the only reference to a brother of the emperor Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1).

Konstans 1Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit M VII

Dates 641 (taq) / 668 (ob.)

PmbZ No. 3691

Variant Names Constantinus;Constans II

Locations St Gregory (Monastery of, Syracuse) (burialplace);Holy Apostles (Church of the, Constantinople) (burialplace);Syracuse (Sicily) (deathplace);Syracuse (Sicily) (residence);Rome;Constantinople (officeplace);Constantinople (residence);Constantinople;

Syracuse (Sicily)

Titles Augustus (office);Emperor (office)

Textual Sources Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Chronicon Maroniticum, ed. E. W. Brooks, CSCO 4, Scriptores Syri 4 (Louvain, 1904), tr. J.-B. Chabot (Louvain, 1955), pp. 36-55; also tr. A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (chronicle);Chronique de Denys de Tell-Mahré, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot (Paris, 1895); tr. A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool, 1993), pp. 54-65 (chronicle);Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. G. Moravcsik, trans. R. J. H. Jenkins (Washington, D.C., 1967) (history);Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae Libri II, ed. J. J. Reiske, CSHB (Bonn, 1829); also ed. (in part) A. Vogt (Paris, 1935, repr. 1967) (history);Elias Barshinaya, Chronicle (Eliae metropolitae Nisibeni, Opus chronologicum, pars prior, ed. and tr. E. W. Brooks, CSCO 62 and CSCO 63 (1910) (chronicle);Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle);Michael the Syrian, Chronicle, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, La chronique de Michel le Syrien (Paris, 1899-1904) (chronicle);Nicephorus, Breviarium Historiae, ed. C. Mango, Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History; prev. ed. C. de Boor Nicephori ArchiepiscopiConstantinopolitani Opuscula Historica Leipzig 1880 (history);Paulus Diaconus, Historia Gentis Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, Scr. Rer. Lang., pp. 12-187; also in MGH, Scr. Rer. Ger. 48, pp. 49-242 (history);Theodoros Spoudaios, Hypomnesticum (Gk), ed. R. Devreesse, "Le texte grec de l'Hypomnesticum de Théodore Spoudée", Anal. Boll. 53 (1935), pp. 66-80; (Lat.) version of Anastasius Bibliothecarius, (history);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Konstans 1 is the emperor Constans II. He is called Constantinus in the Liber Pontificalis and in Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Ceremoniis. He was nicknamed Pogonatus in Const. Porph., Cer. II 42, and see Theod. Spoud., Hypomnesticum (below) (but see also his son Konstantinos 2). Called Pogonatos, he was the father of Constantine IV (Konstantinos 2): Const. Porph., DAI 21, 11; 21, 46.

Son of Konstantinos (the emperor Constantine III, Herakleios Constantine, PLRE III, pp. 349-351) (tou= e0me\ gegennhko&toj patro_j Kwnstanti/nou), grandson of the emperor Heraklios I (e0mou= de\ pa/ppou, 79Hraklei/ou), he was emperor in 642: Theoph. AM 6134 (79Rwmai/wn basileu\j Kw&nstaj e1th kz'. a'), Zon. XIV 19. 1. Brother of Theodosios 1 (to_n i1dion a0delfo&n: Theoph. AM 6151), whom he assassinated in 659/660 (meta\ th_n a0nai/resin Qeodosi/ou, tou= a0delfou= au0tou=: Theoph. AM 6160): Theoph. AM 6151, AM 6160. His wife was Phausta 1: Const. Porph., Cer. II 42 (Reiske, 644) (see below). Father of Konstantinos 2, Heraklios 1 and Tiberios 1: Theoph. AM 6153 (tou\j trei=j ui9ou\j au0tou=), Theoph. AM 6159 (Kwnstanti=noj, o( ui9o_j tou= basile/wj), Theoph. AM 6160 (tou\j trei=j ui9ou\j au0tou=), Zon. XIV 19. 31.

He held the same monothelete views as his grandfather: Zon. XIV 19. 3-4. 7 (he persecuted those who opposed him).

He travelled to Italy in 663 where he visited Rome and then settled in Syracuse; he remained there for several years until he was assassinated in his bath allegedly as a consequence of the discontent which his fiscal policies aroused; the date was 15 July 668 (indiction 11) (not 669, indiction 12; see Grierson, "Tombs and Obits", p. 49): Lib. Pont. 78. 4 (murdered on "XV die mensis Iulii per XII indictionem"), cf. Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. V 6-12 (his stay in Italy and Sicily). Assassinated at Syracuse in Sicily in 668 (Theophanes has it under 668/669) (see Andreas 2); he was succeeded in Sicily by the usurper Mizizios 1 and at Constantinople by his three sons, of whom Konstantinos 2 was the chief one: Theoph. AM 6160, Nic. Brev. de Boor 31-2, Mango 31, Zon. XIV 19. 34, Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. V 12, 30. According to the Necrologium he was assassinated at Syracuse in Sicily on 5 November after a reign of twenty years and was buried in the monastery of St Gregory in Syracuse; the date and length of reign are both wrong; he reigned for twenty-seven years and the date of his death was 15 July; cf. Grierson, "Tombs and Obits", pp. 49-50 with nn. 100-107. According to the De Ceremoniis, Constantine Pogonatus was buried, like his wife Phausta 1 and his son Konstantinos 2 in the Mausoleum of Justinian at the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople: Const. Porph., Cer. II 42 (Reiske, 644).

Grandson of the emperor Herakleios (Heraklios I, PLRE III, pp. 586-587); his name was Konstantinos, but he was also known as Konstans; he also had the nickname of Pogonatus, because of his long beard (p. 66, lines 14-16: o)no&mati Kwnstanti=noj, oi9 de\ Kw~nstan fasi\n lege/sqai, o$n kai\ Pwgwna=to&n tinej proshgo&reusan w(j baqei=an e1xonta u9ph&nhn); he issued the Typos and was later murdered in the bath in Sicily: Theod. Spoud., Hypomnesticum, praef., p. 66.

In the year 970 Sel. (658/659) Konstans 1 ordered the execution of his brother Theodosios 1; following angry protests at Constantinople he is said to have left his son Constantine (Konstantinos 2) on the throne there and to have taken the queen and the army and left for the North to make war on foreign peoples: Chron. Maron., pp. 70, 24-71, 3 = p. 55. In AH 39 (May 659/May 660) Konstans 1 invaded the lands of the Slavs, defeated their king and returned victorious; in the same year he killed his brother Theodoros (sic; Theodosius 1), after hearing that he was plotting to seize the throne: Elias, Chron., pp. 140, 20-141, 1 = p. 68. Konstantinos (Konstans 1) became emperor on the death of Konstantinos (the Younger; Constantine III; PLRE III, pp. 349-351) and reigned for twenty-seven years; the event is placed under the year 966 Sel. (654/655): Pseudo-Dion., Chron., p. 152, 16-18 = p. 114. On his death in the year 992 (680/681) he was succeeded by Konstantinos 2: Pseudo-

Dion., Chron., p. 153, 25-27 = p. 115. Brother of Theodosios 1: Bar Hebr., p. 98, Mich. Syr. II 445-446. He had his brother Theodosios 1 murdered: Bar Hebr., p. 99, Mich. Syr. II 446. Father of Konstantinos 2, Tiberios 1 and Heraklios 1, whom he appointed autokratores when he was in Sicily: Bar Hebr., p. 99. Successor of Konstantinos, he murdered his two uncles and their mother: Mich. Syr. II 430. After the murder of Theodosios 1, Konstans 1 left for the West, visiting Rome and settling at Syracuse in Sicily for the rest of his life; his sons Constantinus, Tiberius and Heraclius (Konstantinos 2, Tiberios 1 and Heraklios 1) were proclaimed autokratores at Constantinople: Mich. Syr. II 446. He was murdered at Syracuse in 980 Sel. by Andreas 2: Mich. Syr. II 450-451.

Konstantinos 2Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit M/L VII

Dates 662 (taq) / 685 (ob.)

PmbZ No. 3702

Variant Names Constantinus;Constantine IV

Religion Christian;Anti-monothelete

Locations Italy;Gallia (Narbonensis);Holy Apostles (Church of the, Constantinople) (burialplace);Constantinople (officeplace);Sicily;Constantinople (residence);Constantinople

Titles Augustus (office);Emperor (office)

Textual Sources Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Chronicon Anonymi ad annum 1234 pertinens, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, I = CSCO 81-82 (Paris, 1916-20), II = CSCO 109 (Louvain, 1937) (chronicle);Chronicon Maroniticum, ed. E. W. Brooks, CSCO 4, Scriptores Syri 4 (Louvain, 1904), tr. J.-B. Chabot (Louvain, 1955), pp. 36-55; also tr. A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (chronicle);Chronique de Denys de Tell-Mahré, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot (Paris, 1895); tr. A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool, 1993), pp.

54-65 (chronicle);Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. G. Moravcsik, trans. R. J. H. Jenkins (Washington, D.C., 1967) (history);Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae Libri II, ed. J. J. Reiske, CSHB (Bonn, 1829); also ed. (in part) A. Vogt (Paris, 1935, repr. 1967) (history);Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle);Michael the Syrian, Chronicle, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, La chronique de Michel le Syrien (Paris, 1899-1904) (chronicle);Necrologium Imperatorum, ed. R. Cessi, Origo Civitatum Italiae seu Venetiarum , Fonti per la storia d' Italia 73 (Rome, 1933), pp. 102-119 (list);Nicephorus, Breviarium Historiae, ed. C. Mango, Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History; prev. ed. C. de Boor Nicephori ArchiepiscopiConstantinopolitani Opuscula Historica Leipzig 1880 (history);Paulus Diaconus, Historia Gentis Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, Scr. Rer. Lang., pp. 12-187; also in MGH, Scr. Rer. Ger. 48, pp. 49-242 (history);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Konstantinos 2 was nicknamed Pogonatos (Pwgwna=toj), supposedly after his return from Sicily (see below); he was clean shaven when he went but sported a beard when he returned: Zon. XIV 20. 1. 4.

Konstantinos 2 was a descendant of the emperor Heraklios I: Const. Porph., Cer. II 42 (Reiske, 644), Photius, Ep. 1, lines 358ff. (I 12 Laourdas-Westerink). Son of the emperor Constans II (Konstans 1) and brother of Heraklios 1 and Tiberios 1: Theoph. AM 6153 (kai\ tou\j trei=j ui9ou\j au0tou=, Kwnstanti=non, 79Hra/kleion kai\ Tibe/rion), Theoph. AM 6159 (Kwnstanti=noj, o( ui9o_j tou= basile/wj), Theoph. AM 6160 (tou\j trei=j ui9ou\j ... a0kou/saj de Kwnstanti=noj th_n tou= patro_j a0pobi/wsin ... kai\ basileu/ei tw~n 79Rwmai/wn meta\ Tiberi/ou kai\ 79Hraklei/ou, tw~n i0di/wn a0delfw~n), Theoph. AM 6173 (tou\j a0delfou\j au0tou= th~j basilei/aj, 79Hra/kleion kai\ Tibe/rion), Nic. Brev. de Boor 32, Mango 34, Zon. XIV 19. 31, 20. 2, Chron. 1234, §138 (p. 283), §139 (p. 287), §140 (p. 287), §142 (pp. 288-289), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. V 30. Cf. also Phausta 1. Husband of Anastasia 1 (q. v. and see below; she was the mother of Ioustinianos 1). Father of Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1): Theoph. AM 6173 (70Ioustinianw|~ tw|~ ui9w|~ au0tou=), Theoph. AM 6177 (70Ioustiniano_j o( ui9o_j au0tou=), Nic. Brev. de Boor 36, Mango 38, Zon. XIV 21. 22, Chron. 1234, §142 (p. 288), §145 (p. 292), Lib. Pont. 83. 3. Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 11. He apparently had a second son, Heraklios 5: Lib.

Pont. 83. 3 (he sent locks of his sons' hair to Rome - "mallones capillorum domni Iustiniani et Heraclii filiorum clementissmi principis").

In c. 661/662 Konstantinos 2 and his brothers were in Constantinople when their father tried to transfer the seat of empire to the West; the inhabitants of Constantinople refused to allow them to leave for the West to join him: Theoph. AM 6153, cf. AM 6160, Zon. XIV 19. 31-33, and see Andreas 1. In 667/668 (while his father was occupied in the West) he sent the koubikoularios Andreas 1 as envoy to the caliph Mu`awiya 1 to try and prevent the caliph from giving military aid to the rebel Saborios 1; he was unsuccessful and on learning that an Arab force had been sent under Fadalas 1 he sent an army under the command of Nikephoros 1 against Saborios 1; later he sent Andreas 1 to recover Amorium from the Arabs: Theoph. AM 6159, cf. Chron. 1234, §138 (pp. 283, 286).

Konstantinos 2 was crowned emperor by his father: Zon. XIV 20. 2. After his father's murder (in 668) he sailed to Sicily to overthrow Mizizios 1 and returned to Constantinople to rule with his two brothers: Theoph. AM 6160, Zon. XIV 20. 1-3, Chron. 1234, §139 (p. 287), Mich. Syr. II 451, 454. The historical reality of his voyage to Sicily has been questioned; see Ostrogorsky, History, p. 123, n. 1.

Konstantinos 2 was successor of his father as emperor: Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. V 30. According to the Liber Pontificalis, in 678 he and his two brothers Heraklios 1 and Tiberios 1 were all Augusti: Lib.Pont. 81. 3.

In c. 682 (the thirteenth year of his reign) Konstantinos 2 drove his brothers from the throne and ruled alone with his son Justinian (Ioustinianos 1): Theoph. AM 6173, Zon. XIV 20. 5-8, Chron. 1234, §142 (pp. 288-289). In 678/679 he made peace with Mu`awiya on favourable terms, after the Arab failure to capture Constantinople: Theoph. AM 6169, Zon. XIV 20. 21-22. In 684/685 he agreed to make peace with the caliph `Abd al-Malik (Abdulmalik 1): Theoph. AM 6176, Chron. 1234, §145 (p. 292). He died in 685 after a reign of seventeen years and was succeeded by his son Justinian (Ioustinianos 1): Theoph. AM 6177, Nic.Brev. de Boor 36, Mango 38, Zon. XIV 21. 22, Chron. 1234, §145 (p. 292), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. V 30, VI 11. He suffered from gout: Zon. XIV 21. 16.

According to the Liber Pontificalis Konstantinos 2 was succeeded as emperor after his death by his son, Justinianus (Ioustinianos 1), in early September 685: Lib. Pont. 84. 3. According to the Necrologium he died on 10 July and was buried with his wife Anastasia 1 in the Mausoleum of Justinian in the Church of the Holy Apostles after a reign lasting seventeen years; on the date, see Grierson, "Tombs and Obits", p.50 and Mango and Scott, Theophanes p.505, n. 1. He was buried like his father Konstantinos Pogonatos (sic; i.e. Constans II, Konstans 1) in the Mausoleum of Justinian at the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople: Const. Porph., Cer. II 42 (Reiske, 644).

In the year 970 Sel. (658/659) he was left on the throne at Constantinople when his father Constans (Konstans 1) took the queen and the army and left to make war on foreign peoples in the North after angry protests at the murder of Theodosios 1: Chron. Maron., p. 70, 24 = p. 71, 3 = p. 55. Son of Konstans 1 and brother of Tiberios 1 and Heraklios 1; he and his brothers were made autokratores at Constantinople while their father was in Sicily: Bar Hebr., p. 99, Mich. Syr. II 451. In the year 977 Sel. (665/666) he sent Andreas 1 as envoy to the caliph Mu'awiya 1, when the rebel Sapor (Saborios 1) sent his own envoy, Sergios 2: Bar Hebr., p. 100. In the year 981 Sel. (669/670) he ordered that the Romans

should be subject equally to himself and his brothers Tiberios 1 and Heraklios 1 and had the images of all three of them stamped on the coinage; he is also said to have gone to Gallia and to Italy and reduced the nations of the West to submission; later he sent brigands called Lipore, or Gargumaye in Syria, to attack the lands from Galilee to the Black Mountain, including the Lebanon: Bar Hebr., p. 101.

Konstantinos 2 was father of Ioustinianos 1; when his son was born he dismissed his brothers from their imperial role and when they refused to abandon their position he had them exiled by the senate: Bar Hebr., pp. 101-102, Mich. Syr. II 455-456. He died in the year 997 Sel. (685/686) and was succeeded by his son: Bar Hebr., p. 103, Mich. Syr. II 473.

In the year 992 Sel. (680/681) Konstantinos 2 succeeded Konstantinos (Konstans 1) as emperor of the Romans and reigned for sixteen years: Pseudo-Dion., Chron., pp. 153, 25-154, 2 = p. 115. In the year 1008 Sel. (696/697) Konstantinos died and was succeeded by Ioustinianos 1: Pseudo-Dion., Chron., p. 155, 25-27 = p. 116. Son of Pogonatos (Konstans 1); he sent Ioannes 3 Pitsikaudes as envoy to Mu`awiya 1 to negotiate a peace treaty: Const. Porph., DAI 21, 10. Son of Pogonatos (Konstans 1), he ruled the Romans for 17 years: Const. Porph., DAI 21, 46.

Theodosios 1Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit M VII

Dates 654 (taq) / 660 (ob.)

Variant Names T'wdwsy

Locations Phoenicia;Lycia

Textual Sources Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Chronicon Anonymi ad annum 1234 pertinens, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, I = CSCO 81-82 (Paris, 1916-20), II = CSCO 109 (Louvain, 1937) (chronicle);Chronicon Maroniticum, ed. E. W. Brooks, CSCO 4, Scriptores Syri 4 (Louvain, 1904), tr. J.-B. Chabot (Louvain, 1955), pp. 36-55; also tr. A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (chronicle);Elias Barshinaya, Chronicle (Eliae metropolitae Nisibeni, Opus chronologicum, pars prior, ed. and tr. E. W. Brooks, CSCO 62 and CSCO 63 (1910) (chronicle);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Theodosios 1 was the brother of the emperor Constans II (Konstans 1): Theoph. AM 6151 (Kw&nstaj Qeodo&sion, to_n i1dion a0delfo&n), Theoph. AM 6160 (Qeodosi/ou, tou= a0delfou=), Chron. 1234, ¤134 (p. 274), Zon. XIV 19. 28.

In 654 Theodosios 1 and Constans II (Konstans 1) were in command of the Roman fleet which fought a sea battle against the Arabs under Abu -'l-`Awar (Abulathar 1) off the coast of Lycia and was heavily defeated: Chron. 1234, ¤134 (pp. 274-275).

In 659/660 he was murdered by his brother: Theoph. AM 6151, AM 6160, Zon. XIV 19. 28. In AH 39 (May 659/May 660) = 970 Sel. (658/659) Theodoros (sic), the brother of the emperor Konstans 1, was killed because the emperor suspected him of aiming at the throne: Elias, Chron., pp. 140, 20-141, 1 = p. 68. In the year 970 Sel. (658/659) Theodosios 1, brother of the emperor Constans (Konstans 1), was killed by the emperor, unjustly, it was believed, and the populace demonstrated against the emperor: Chron. Maron., pp. 70, 24-71, 3 = p. 55; Bar Hebr., p. 99 (undated).

Theodosios 1 was the brother of the emperor Konstans 1; he escaped with his brother from a naval defeat suffered by the Romans in Phoenicia in AH 37 (June 657/June 658): Bar Hebr., pp. 98-99.

Ioustinianos 1Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit L VII/E VIII

Dates 682 (taq) / 711 (ob.)

PmbZ No. 3556

Variant Names Ywstynynws;Iustinianus;Justinian II

Locations Cappadocia;Cyprus;Cherson (Tauric Chersonese) (residence);Phanagouria (Zichia) (residence);Constantinople (residence);Khazaria;Cherson (Tauric Chersonese);Phanagouria (Zichia);Tomi;Constantinople

Titles Augustus (office);

Emperor (office)

Textual Sources Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Chronicon Anonymi ad annum 1234 pertinens, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, I = CSCO 81-82 (Paris, 1916-20), II = CSCO 109 (Louvain, 1937) (chronicle);Chronicon Anonymum ad annum 819 pertinens, ed. Aphram Barsaum (CSCO 81, 1920), trans. J.-B. Chabot, CSCO 109, Scriptores Syri 56 (Louvain, 1937) (chronicle);Chronicon ad annum Domini 846 pertinens, ed. E. W. Brooks, tr. J.-B. Chabot, CSCO 3-4 (Louvain, 1904); also tr. E. W. Brooks, "A Syriac Chronicle of the Year 846", Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländ (chronicle);Chronique de Denys de Tell-Mahré, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot (Paris, 1895); tr. A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool, 1993), pp. 54-65 (chronicle);Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. G. Moravcsik, trans. R. J. H. Jenkins (Washington, D.C., 1967) (history);Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle);Michael the Syrian, Chronicle, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, La chronique de Michel le Syrien (Paris, 1899-1904) (chronicle);Necrologium Imperatorum, ed. R. Cessi, Origo Civitatum Italiae seu Venetiarum , Fonti per la storia d' Italia 73 (Rome, 1933), pp. 102-119 (list);Nicephorus, Breviarium Historiae, ed. C. Mango, Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History; prev. ed. C. de Boor Nicephori ArchiepiscopiConstantinopolitani Opuscula Historica Leipzig 1880 (history);Paulus Diaconus, Historia Gentis Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, Scr. Rer. Lang., pp. 12-187; also in MGH, Scr. Rer. Ger. 48, pp. 49-242 (history);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Ioustinianos 1 was the son of the emperor Constantine IV (Konstantinos 2): Agatho Diac. (Mansi XII 192), Nic. Brev. de Boor 36, Mango 38, Theoph. AM 6173 (70Ioustinianw|~ tw|~ ui9w|~ au0tou=), Theoph. AM 6177 (70Ioustiniano_j o( ui9o_j au0tou=), Zon. XIV 21. 22 (tw|~ ui9w|~ 70Ioustinianw|~), Chron. 1234, §145 (p. 292), Lib. Pont. 83. 3, Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 11 (described as his younger son - "eius minor filius Iustinianus"). He was nephew of Heraklios 1 and Tiberios 1 (implicit because these were the brothers of his father Konstantinos 2): Theoph. AM 6173, Theoph. AM 6177. He had a brother, Heraklios 5: Lib. Pont. 83. 3 (locks of their hair ("mallones capillorum domni Iustiniani et Heraclii filiorum clementissimi principis") were sent to Rome).

He began to reign, jointly with his father, in c. 682: Theoph. AM 6173. He became sole emperor on the death of his father in 685: Agatho Diac., Nic. Brev. de Boor 36, Mango 38, Theoph. AM 6177, Zon. XIV 21. 22, Chron. 1234, §146 (p. 292), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 11. The date was early September, indiction fourteen (early September 685): Lib. Pont. 84. 3 ("in initia mensis Septembris, ind. XIIII"). He was then aged sixteen: Nic. Brev. de Boor 36, Mango 38, Zon. XIV 22. 1. He was therefore born in c. 669. His reign lasted for ten years, until he was expelled and succeeded by Leontios 2; his nose and his tongue were mutilated and he was sent into exile at Cherson: Nic. Brev. de Boor 38-39, Mango 40 (his life was supposedly spared by Leontios 2 out of respect for Ioustinianos 1's father, Konstantinos 2), Theoph. AM 6177, Theoph. AM 6187, Zon. XIV 22. 34 (supposedly after reigning for sixteen years), Chron. 1234, §151 (p. 297), Lib. Pont. 86. 9 (overthrown), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 11 (ten years), 12 (overthrown), 32 (disfigured).

In exile he planned to regain the throne; to escape a plot to murder him he fled from Cherson and appealed for support to the khagan of the Khazars, Anonymus 176; the khagan Anonymus 176 received him with honour and gave him his sister Theodora 1 in marriage and on the khagan's advice he lived with her in Phanagouria; at the instigation of the emperor Tiberios 2 the khagan Anonymus 176 plotted to kill him, but the plot was disclosed by Theodora 1 and Ioustinianos 1 himself killed both the would-be assassins (see Papatzys 1 and Balgitzis 1); he then sent Theodora 1 to live with her father (sic; see Anonymus 176) and went via Tomi to Cherson to gather followers (see Barisbakourios 1) and from there to the river Danube where he obtained the support of the ruler of the Bulgars, Terbelis (Tervel 1), sending his follower Stephanos 3 with promises of gifts and of his daughter's hand in marriage; Tervel 1 mounted an expedition against Constantinople and helped him to regain his throne: Nic. Brev. de Boor 40-41, Mango 42, Theoph. AM 6196, Zon. XIV 24. 8-18, Chron. 1234, §152 (p. 297), Lib. Pont. 88. 4 (he regained his throne, travelling "a partibus Chazariae per loca Vulgariae cum Terveli usque ad regiam urbem"), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 31 (regained the throne with Tervel 1's help).

He regained the throne, overthrowing Tiberios 2 in 705 and reigned for six more years: Nic. Brev. de Boor 41, Mango 42, Theoph. AM 6177, AM 6197, cf. Agatho Diac. (deposed, he regained the throne after the reigns of Leontios 2 and Tiberios 2). He executed both Tiberios 2 and Leontios 2 and many of their followers and honoured Tervel 1 with an imperial cloak and the title of Kaisar; he summoned his wife Theodora 1 from the land of the Khazars, together with his son by her, Tiberios 4, and crowned them: Nic. Brev. de Boor 42-43, Mango 42, Theoph. AM 6198, Zon. XIV 25. 1-7, Chron. 1234, §152 (pp. 297-298), Lib. Pont. 88. 4 (execution of Leontius and Tiberius), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 31 (executed Leontios 2 and Tiberios 2).

In 711 he was overthrown by Philippikos 1 and executed by Philippikos 1's general, Elias 1: Nic. Brev. de Boor 47, Mango 45, Theoph. AM 6203, Agatho Diac. (executed and beheaded e0n tw|~ Damati/kw| legome/nw| to&pw| th~j Biqu/nwn e0parxi/aj), Zon. XIV 25. 24-26, cf. Theoph. AM 6209 (p. 395) (overthrown), Chron. 1234, § 154 (p. 299) (his overthrow), Lib. Pont. 90. 8 (overthrown, murdered and succeeded by Philippikos), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 32 (overthrown after six years joint rule with his son, murdered and succeeded by Philippikos). He was murdered at Damatra on 24 November, his head was paraded through the provinces and his body was thrown into the sea: Necrologium Imperatorum, see Grierson, "Tombs and Obits", pp. 50-51 (correcting the date to 4 November).

His mother was Anastasia 1, his wife was Theodora 1 and he had a son, Tiberios 4; Nic. Brev. de Boor 43, 47, Mango 42, 45, Theoph. AM 6196 (ei0j gunai=ka Qeodw&ra), Theoph. AM 6198 (sou th_n gunai=ka ... i0dou\ e0te/xqh soi kai\ ui9o&j), Theoph. AM 6203 (70Anastasi/an th_n tou= patro_j au0tou= mhte/ra ... to_n au0th~j e1ggona Tibe/rion), Theoph. AM 6229 (o$j e1legen e9auto_n Tibe/rion ui9o_n ei]nai 70Ioustinianou=), Zon. XIV 24. 8, 25. 7, 25. 27, Chron. 1234, §154 (p. 299) (his son, Tiberios 4), Lib. Pont. 90. 5 (father of Tiberios 4). He also had a daughter (Anonyma 15), mentioned in 704 in the negotiations with Tervel 1: Theoph. AM 6196 (th_n e9autou= qugate/ra ei0j gunai=ka), Nic. Brev. de Boor 42, Mango 42, Zon. XIV 24. 15. The mother of this girl was doubtless Eudokia 8; Eudokia 8 was a wife of Ioustinianos 1 and was buried in the Mausoleum of Justinian at the Church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople: Const. Porph., De Cer. II 42 (Reiske, 644).

Ioustinianos 1 reigned for twenty-seven years after year 992 Sel. (AD 680/681) and he confirmed the Council which his father had called and expelled those who did not accept its dogma; he was driven from the throne, his nose was cut off, and he was sent into exile; he was replaced by Leontios 2, who reigned for three years before being replaced by Apsimaros (Tiberios 2), who also reigned for three years and then Ioustinianos 1 returned from exile with a large army and regained the throne, killing all the leading men; later he was again overthrown and killed, together with his son Tiberios 4, and was succeeded by Philippikos 1: Chron. 846, p. 230, 25-p. 231, 8 = p. 175 (Chabot) = p. 579ff. (Brooks). In 1006 Sel. (AD 694/695) Ioustinianos 1 was driven from the throne and replaced by Leontios 2; he was mutilated by the cutting off of his nose: Chron. 819, p. 13, 12-16 = p. 9. In the year 1008 Sel. (AD 696/697) Konstantinos 2 died and Ioustinianos 1 succeeded him as ruler of the Romans for ten years: Pseudo-Dion., Chron., p. 155, 13-15 = p. 116. In the year 1018 Sel. (AD 706/707) Ioustinianos 1 died and was succeeded by Leontios 2: Pseudo-Dion., Chron., p. 155, 21-23 = p. 117. Ioustinianos 1 reigned for six years after Apsimar (Tiberios 2) and was succeeded by Philippikos 1; this is placed under the year 1024 Sel. (AD 712/713): Pseudo-Dion., Chron., p. 156, 10-13 = p. 117.

Son of Konstantinos 2: Bar Hebr., p. 101. He became ruler when his father died in the year 997 Sel. (AD 685/686) and reigned for ten years; he agreed a ten-year peace with the Arabs under Abd al-Malik (Abdulmalik 1), agreeing to withdraw his pro-Roman brigands from Arab lands in return for payments of money, horses and slaves; it was also agreed that Cyprus should be held jointly but that Armenia, Gurzan, Arzan and Azerbaijan should be subject to the Romans: Bar Hebr., p. 103, Mich. Syr. II 473. He then broke the agreement and attacked Cyprus, but was defeated by the Arabs in Cappadocia and was deserted by the Slavs in his army: Bar Hebr., pp. 103-104, Mich. Syr. II 473. He began to murder members of the Roman nobility and they then turned against him and deposed him, cutting off his nose: Bar Hebr., p. 104, Mich. Syr. II 473. In the year 1015 Sel. (AD 703/704) he escaped from exile and went to the khagan of the Khazars; he married the daughter (Theodora 1) of the khagan and they had a son, Tiberios 4; then, with troops from the khagan and from the Bulgars he returned to Constantinople and overthrew Tiberios 2; he reigned for a further six years and executed Leontios 2, Tiberios 2 and many of the nobility: Bar Hebr., p. 105, Mich. Syr. II 478. In the year 1022 Sel. (AD 710/711) he was overthrown by Philippikos 1 and killed with his son Tiberios 4: Bar Hebr., p. 106, Mich. Syr. II 479.

Called Rhinotmetos: Const. Porph., DAI 21, 30ff. He succeeded his father (Konstantinos 2) as ruler of the Romans: Const. Porph., DAI 21, 48ff. Driven out by Leontios 2, he later

returned in triumph and executed both Leontios 2 and Apsimar (Tiberios 2): Const. Porph., DAI 22, 4ff., 22, 34ff. On imperial seals his son's name is joined with his; cf. Zacos and Veglery 29 ("dn Iustini[an]us et Tiberius pp") and 2760. In the Liber Pontificalis he is described in the Life of pope Constantinus (Konstantinos 136) as "Iustinianus christianissimus et orthodoxus imperator": Lib. Pont. 90. 8.

Tiberios 1Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit M/L VII

Dates 662 (taq) / 681 (tpq)

Variant Names Tiberius

Locations Constantinople (officeplace);Constantinople (residence);Constantinople

Titles Augustus (office);Basileus of the Romans (office);Emperor (office)

Textual Sources Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle);Michael the Syrian, Chronicle, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, La chronique de Michel le Syrien (Paris, 1899-1904) (chronicle);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Tiberios 1 was the son of the emperor Constans II (Konstans 1) and brother of Konstantinos 2 and Heraklios 1; Theoph. AM 6153 (kai\ tou\j trei=j ui9ou\j au0tou=, Kwnstanti=non, 79Hra/kleion kai\ Tibe/rion), Theoph. AM 6160 (tou= i0di/ou patro&j ... basileu/ei tw~n 79Rwmai/wn meta\ Tiberi/ou kai\ 79Hraklei/ou, tw~n i0di/wn a0delfw~n), Theoph. AM 6161 (Kwnstanti=noj su\n toi=j a0delfoi=j au0tou=. ... o( de\ basileu\j tou\j a0delfou\j au0tou= e0rrinoko&phsen), Theoph. AM 6173 (a0pw&sato Kwnstanti=noj tou\j a0delfou\j au0tou= th~j basilei/aj, 79Hra/kleion kai\ Tibe/rion), Zon. XIV 19.

31 (dio_ kai\ th_n basi/lissan kai\ tou\j ui9ou\j au0tou= - trei=j d' h}san, Kwnstanti=noj, 79Hra/kleioj kai\ Tibe/rioj). Cf. also Phausta 1.

In 661/662, when their father planned to transfer the seat of government back to the West, Tiberios 1 and his brothers were not allowed by the inhabitants to leave Constantinople and join him in the West: Theoph. AM 6153, cf. AM 6160, Zon. XIV 19. 31-33. The three brothers are said to have ruled together after their father's death: Theoph. AM 6160, AM 6161. At the start of their brother Constantine IV (Konstantinos 2)'s reign Heraklios 1 and Tiberios 1 were not crowned and had no title (ou0demi/an a0ci/an ei]xon - but see further on this Mango and Scott, Theophanes, p. 492, n. 1); after troops from the east had asked that all three be crowned, Constantine IV (Konstantinos 2) executed the leaders of the troops amd had the noses of his brothers cut off: Theoph. AM 6161 (see however Mango and Scott, Theophanes, p. 492, n. 2 observe that this episode is misplaced), Zon. XIV 20. 5-8. Tiberios 1 and Heraklios 1 were driven from the throne by Constantine IV (Konstantinos 2) in 681/682: Theoph. AM 6173 (in year thirteen of Constantine). According to the Liber Pontificalis, in 678 he and his two brothers were all Augusti: Lib. Pont. 81. 3 ("Constantini, Heraclii et Tiberii Augustorum").

Son of the emperor Konstans 1 and brother of Konstantios (Konstantinos 2) and Heraklios 1; he and his brothers were made autokrators at Constantinople by their father after Konstans 1 had gone to Sicily: Bar Hebr., p. 99, Mich. Syr. II 451. In the year 981 Sel. (669/670) he and Heraklios 1 were appointed co-emperors by Konstantinos 2 and their images were put on the coinage: Bar Hebr., p. 101, Mich. Syr. II 454. After the birth of Ioustinianos 1, the son of Konstantinos 2, they were dismissed; they were brought before the senate and when they refused to abandon their imperial position were exiled: Bar Hebr., pp. 101-102, Mich. Syr. II 455-456. He and Heraklios 1 refused to accept the heresy of Maximos 10 which had been rejected by their father, Konstans 1: Mich. Syr. II 452.

Tiberios 2Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit L VII/E VIII

Dates 698 (taq) / 705 (ob.)

Variant Names Tiberius II (emperor)

Locations Crete;Kibyrrhaiotai;Cilicia;Constantinople

Titles Augustus (office);Droungarios, Kourikiotai (office);Emperor (office)

Textual Sources Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Chronicon Anonymi ad annum 1234 pertinens, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, I = CSCO 81-82 (Paris, 1916-20), II = CSCO 109 (Louvain, 1937) (chronicle);Chronicon ad annum Domini 846 pertinens, ed. E. W. Brooks, tr. J.-B. Chabot, CSCO 3-4 (Louvain, 1904); also tr. E. W. Brooks, "A Syriac Chronicle of the Year 846", Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländ (chronicle);Chronique de Denys de Tell-Mahré, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot (Paris, 1895); tr. A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool, 1993), pp. 54-65 (chronicle);Elias Barshinaya, Chronicle (Eliae metropolitae Nisibeni, Opus chronologicum, pars prior, ed. and tr. E. W. Brooks, CSCO 62 and CSCO 63 (1910) (chronicle);Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle);Nicephorus, Breviarium Historiae, ed. C. Mango, Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History; prev. ed. C. de Boor Nicephori ArchiepiscopiConstantinopolitani Opuscula Historica Leipzig 1880 (history);Paulus Diaconus, Historia Gentis Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, Scr. Rer. Lang., pp. 12-187; also in MGH, Scr. Rer. Ger. 48, pp. 49-242 (history);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Seal Sources Zacos, G. and Veglery, A., Byzantine Lead Seals, vol. I (in 3 parts) (Basel, 1972).

He was known before his accession as Apsimar and only received the name Tiberios on becoming emperor: Theoph. AM 6177, AM 6190, AM 6191, AM 6194, AM 6198, Nic. Brev. de Boor 40, Mango 41, de Boor 42, Mango 42, Zon. XIV 23. 6 (to_n 70Ayi/maron tw~n Kiburraiwtw~n o!nta drougga/rion, o$n au0ti/ka kai\ Tibe/rion metwno&masan), Chron. 1234, §151 (p. 297)('psym'rws). Brother of Heraklios 2: Theoph. AM 6190 (79Hra/kleio&n te, to_n gnh&sion au0tou= a0delfo&n), Theoph. AM 6195 (79Hra/kleioj, o( a0delfo_j tou= basile/wj), Theoph. AM 6196 (o( tou= basile/wj a0delfo_j 79Hra/kleioj), Theoph. AM 6198 (both mentioned by name but no relationship described between them), Nic. Brev. de Boor 42, Mango 42. He was father of Theodosios 3: Theoph. AM 6245 (Qeodo&sioj o( 70Efe/sou, ui9o_j 70Ayima/rou). See also Theodosios 2. In 698 he was droungarios of a force known as the Kourikiotai which formed part of the thema of the Kibyrrhaiotai (stratou= a1rxonta tw~n Kourikiwtw~n tugxa/nonta th~j u9po_ Kiburaiwtw~n xw&raj, o$n drougga/rion 79Rwmai/oij kalei=n e1qoj: Nic. Brev. de Boor 40, Mango 41:20-22; 70Ayi/maron, drougga/rion tw~n Kiburaiwtw~n ei0j Kourikiw&taj u9pa/rxonta: Theoph. AM 6190; tw~n Kiburraiwtw~n o!nta drougga/rion: Zon.); he was proclaimed emperor in Crete and given the name Tiberios by

the army of Ioannes 7 on their return after their defeat in Africa; with his fleet he sailed from Crete to Constantinople which eventually fell to him by treachery; he overthrew Leontios 2, whom he mutilated but allowed to live under guard in a monastery: Nic. Brev. de Boor 40, Mango 41. Theoph. AM 6177, AM 6190, Zon. XIV 23. 6 and 9-12, cf. Chron. 1234, §151 (p. 297) (he came from Cilicia to Constantinople with a large army and overthrew Leontios 2 but did him no harm and allowed him to live in peace), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 13 (overthrew Leo (i.e. Leontios 2) and held him in safe custody throughout his reign), Cedr. I 776-777, Leo Gramm. 166, Georg. Mon. 732-733. After reigning for seven years he was overthrown in his turn by Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1, in 705); he was first humiliated and then executed: Nic. Brev. de Boor 42, Mango 42, Theoph. AM 6177, AM 6198, Zon. XIV 24. 19 (captured), XIV 25. 2-3 (humiliated and killed), Chron. 1234, §152 (pp. 297-298), Lib. Pont. 88. 4, Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 31, Cedr. I 780-781, Leo Gramm. 168-169, Georg. Mon. 733-734.

For his imperial seals, see Zacos and Veglery 28.

In AH 66 (Aug. 685/July 686) = 996 Sel. (684/685) Apsimaros became ruler of the Romans: Elias, Chron., p. 149, 6-10 = p. 72. After Leontios 2 had reigned for three years he was deposed and Apsimaros became ruler of the Romans in his place; he reigned for three years, until Justinian (Ioustinianos 1) returned from exile with an army and killed all the leading Romans: Chron. 849, p. 231, 1-7 = p. 175 (Chabot) = pp. 579ff. (Brooks). The ruler of the Romans Leontios 2 died and was succeeded by Tiberios Apsimar, who ruled for seven years: Pseudo-Dion., Chron., p. 156, 4-6 = p. 117. Apsimar was succeeded by the emperor Justinian (Ioustinianos 1): Pseudo-Dion., Chron., p. 156, 10-13 = p. 117. Tiberios 2 Apsimar was the commander of the army in Cilicia ("the captain of the host of Cilicia, whose name was Apsimaros, who is called Tiberius") in the year 1010 Sel. (698/699) when he overthrew Leontios 2 and became emperor; he subdued the Slavs who had revolted and he raided the land around Samosata, defeating Arab forces and returning with captives and booty: Bar Hebr., p. 104. He was executed with Leontios 2 by Justinian (Ioustinianos 1) after the latter regained the throne: Bar Hebr., p. 105. He was overthrown and executed together with Leontios 2 when Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) regained the throne; he had succeeded Leontios 2 as ruler of the Romans: Const. Porph., DAI 22, 7ff.; 22, 31ff.

Tiberios 4Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit E VIII

Dates 705 (tpq) / 711 (ob.)

PmbZ No. 8491

Variant Names Tybryws;Tiberius

Locations Syria;Jerusalem;

Hagia Theotokos (Church of the, Blachernai);Hebdomon;Constantinople (residence);Khazaria;Constantinople;Khazaria (birthplace)

Titles Augustus (office);Emperor (office)

Textual Sources Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Chronicon Anonymi ad annum 1234 pertinens, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, I = CSCO 81-82 (Paris, 1916-20), II = CSCO 109 (Louvain, 1937) (chronicle);Chronicon ad annum Domini 846 pertinens, ed. E. W. Brooks, tr. J.-B. Chabot, CSCO 3-4 (Louvain, 1904); also tr. E. W. Brooks, "A Syriac Chronicle of the Year 846", Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländ (chronicle);Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle);Nicephorus, Breviarium Historiae, ed. C. Mango, Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History; prev. ed. C. de Boor Nicephori ArchiepiscopiConstantinopolitani Opuscula Historica Leipzig 1880 (history);Paulus Diaconus, Historia Gentis Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, Scr. Rer. Lang., pp. 12-187; also in MGH, Scr. Rer. Ger. 48, pp. 49-242 (history);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Seal Sources Zacos, G. and Veglery, A., Byzantine Lead Seals, vol. I (in 3 parts) (Basel, 1972).

Tiberios 4 was the son of the emperor Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) and his Khazar wife Theodora 1; he was with his mother in Khazaria when Justinian (Ioustinianos 1) regained the throne in 705; the emperor sent for them and on their arrival crowned them both: Nic. Brev. de Boor 43, Mango 42, Theoph. AM 6198 (th_n Qeodw&ran kai\ Tibe/rion, to_n ui9o_n au0th~j, kai\ e1steyen au0tou/j), Zon. XIV 25. 7 (stei/laj d' ei0j Xazari/an h!gage th_n gunai=ka au0tou= Qeodw&ran, h!dh au0tw|~ tekou=san ui9o&n, o$n Tibe/rion katwno&mase). He was apparently born while his mother was in Khazaria, where Theodora 1 stayed while Justinian (Ioustinianos 1) made his attempt to recover his throne; according to Theophanes, Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) was ignorant of his existence until informed by the khagan of the Khazars. He was therefore born in 704 or 705. Son of Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1), he was fellow emperor with him for six years: Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 32. Emperor and son of Justinian II

(Ioustinianos 1), he accompanied the party which welcomed the pope Constantine (Konstantinos 136) at Hebdomon (the seventh milestone from Constantinople) in early 711: Lib. Pont. 90. 5 ("Tiberius imperator, filius Iustiniani Augusti").

When his father was overthrown in 711 he took refuge with his grandmother Anastasia 1 in the Church of the Theotokos in Blachernai; there he was found by Mauros 1 and Ioannes 9 Strouthos, the agents of the new emperor Philippikos 1, and was dragged outside from the altar and murdered; he was buried in the Church of the Anargyroi of Paulina: Nic. Brev. de Boor 47-48, Mango 45, Theoph. AM 6203(p. 380), Zon. XIV 25. 27, cf. Chron. 1234, §154 (p. 299) (murdered).

Son of the emperor Justinian (Ioustinianos 1); he was killed when his father was overthrown and replaced by Philippikos 1: Chron. 846, p. 231, 4-8 = p. 175 (Chabot) = p. 580 (Brooks). Son of the emperor Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) and the daughter of the khagan of the Khazars (Theodora 1); he was born while his father was in exile and was taken to Constantinople by his mother after Justinian (Ioustinianos 1) regained the throne (in 705): Bar Hebr., p. 105 (Tebharyos). He was killed with his father when Philippikos 1 seized the throne in the year 1022 Sel. (710/711): Bar Hebr., p. 106.

For his imperial seals, see Zacos and Veglery 29.

In 738, following a raid on Asia by Sulayman 2 in which many captives were taken, one captive, a citizen of Pergamum, claimed to be none other than the son of Justinian II, Tiberios 4; the caliph Hisham 1 took the opportunity to alarm the Romans by giving the pretender an armed escort and imperial honours, sending him to Jerusalem and parading him around Syria: Theoph. AM 6229. See Beser 2.

Phausta 1Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex F

Floruit M VII

PmbZ No. 6119

Locations Constantinople;Constantinople (residence);Justinian (Mausoleum of) (burialplace)

Textual Sources Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae Libri II, ed. J. J. Reiske, CSHB (Bonn, 1829); also ed. (in part) A. Vogt (Paris, 1935, repr. 1967) (history);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-

Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

Phausta 1 was the wife of the emperor Constans II (Konstans 1); in 661/662 she was living in Constantinople with her three sons Konstantinos 2, Heraklios 1 and Tiberios 1; the inhabitants refused to allow them to leave to join Constans II (Konstans 1) in the West: Theoph. AM 6153, Zon. XIV 19. 31 (dio_ kai\ th_n basi/lissan kai\ tou\j ui9ou\j au0tou= (trei=j d' h}san, Kwnstanti=noj, 79Hra/kleioj kai\ Tibe/rioj) metekalei=to sc. Konstans 1 pro_j e9auto&n).

Like Konstans 1, Phausta 1 was buried in the Mausoleum of Justinian at the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople: Const. Porph., Cer. II 42 (Reiske, 644). Her name is recorded only in Const. Porph., Cer. II 42.

Philippikos 1Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire

Sex M

Floruit L VII/E VIII

Dates 695 (taq) / 713 (tpq)

PmbZ No. 6150

Variant Names Philippicus;Philippicus (emperor)

Religion Christian;Monothelete

Ethnicity Armenian

Locations Constantinople (officeplace);Khazaria;Cherson (Tauric Chersonese) (exileplace);Kephallenia (exileplace);Kephallenia (residence);Kallistratos (Monastery of, Constantinople);Constantinople (residence);Cherson (Tauric Chersonese) (residence);Kephallenia;Cherson (Tauric Chersonese);Constantinople

Titles Patrikios (dignity);Augustus (office);

Emperor (office)

Textual Sources Agatho Diaconus, Epilogus, ed. Riedinger, ACO II 2. 898-901 = Mansi XII 189-196. (theology);Bar Hebraeus, Chronographia, tr. E. A. W. Budge, The Chronography of Abu 'l-Faraj (London, 1932; repr. Amsterdam, 1976) (history);Chronicon Anonymi ad annum 1234 pertinens, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, I = CSCO 81-82 (Paris, 1916-20), II = CSCO 109 (Louvain, 1937) (chronicle);Chronicon ad annum Domini 846 pertinens, ed. E. W. Brooks, tr. J.-B. Chabot, CSCO 3-4 (Louvain, 1904); also tr. E. W. Brooks, "A Syriac Chronicle of the Year 846", Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländ (chronicle);Chronique de Denys de Tell-Mahré, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot (Paris, 1895); tr. A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool, 1993), pp. 54-65 (chronicle);Leo Grammaticus, Chronographia, ed. I. Bekker (Bonn, 1842) (chronicle);Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92); re-issued with 3rd vol. by C. Vogel, (Paris, 1955-57) (chronicle);Michael the Syrian, Chronicle, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, La chronique de Michel le Syrien (Paris, 1899-1904) (chronicle);Nicephorus, Breviarium Historiae, ed. C. Mango, Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History; prev. ed. C. de Boor Nicephori ArchiepiscopiConstantinopolitani Opuscula Historica Leipzig 1880 (history);Paulus Diaconus, Historia Gentis Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, Scr. Rer. Lang., pp. 12-187; also in MGH, Scr. Rer. Ger. 48, pp. 49-242 (history);Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883-85, repr. Hildesheim/NewYork, 1980); tr. and comm. C. Mango and R. Scott, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Oxford 1997 (chronicle);Zonaras = Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, libri XIII-XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner-Wobst, (Bonn, 1897) (history)

A Persarmenian (not a Pergamenian, see below), son of Nikephoros 1, Philippikos 1 was called Bardanes: Agatho Diac. (Mansi XII 192) (Barda/nhn tou1noma, ui9o_n gegono&ta Nikhfo&rou to_ ge/noj Persa<r>mhni/ou) (not Pergamhni/ou, as in Mansi XII 192; see Riedinger, II 2. 899 line 9, and Brandes, "Armenier in Pergamon?", BZ 86/ 87, p. 73), Theoph. AM 6194 (called "Philippikos, son of Nikephoros the patrician" - Filippiko&n, to_n ui9o_n Nikhfo&rou tou= patriki/ou), Zon. XIV 24. 7 (Philippikos son of Nikephoros), Leo Gramm. 167 (son of Nikephoros), 169 (Filippiko_j o( kai\ Barda/nhj), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 34 ("Filippicus, qui et Bardanis dictus est").

Philippikos 1's name was originally Bardanes and he is said to have taken the name Philippikos when he was proclaimed emperor: Agatho Diac. (Riedinger II 2, p. 899, lines 9-10, Mansi XII 192) (e9auto_n Filippiko_n tw|~ do&kein metono&masaj). Wrongly called the son of Bardanes: Zon. XIV 25. 17. A native of Armenia: Nic. Brev. de Boor 44, Mango 45 (and see above). He was brought up as a monothelete and was once a

pupil of the famous monothelete Stephanos 17 (himself a disciple of the monothelete patriarch of Antioch, Makarios 1): Agatho Diac. (Riedinger II 2, p. 899, lines 15-16, Mansi XII 192) (maqhteuqei\j kai\ foi/thsaj paido&qen kata\ kairou\j Stepha/nw| tw|~ a0bba|= maqhth|~ Makari/ou).

According to Theophanes, the imperial throne was foretold for him by an unnamed monk of the monastery of Kallistratos (Anonymus 224), who prophesied that his reign would be long and prosperous if he overthrew the decisions of the Sixth Ecumenical Council; the prophecy, apparently delivered first during the first reign of Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1), was repeated twice, when Leontios 2 and then when Tiberios III Apsimar (Tiberios 2) seized the throne; under Tiberios 2 he revealed the prophecy to a friend, who informed the emperor, and Philippikos (so-called here) was shorn and put in irons and exiled to Kephalonia; the date was 702; after Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) became emperor again Philippikos 1 was recalled: Theoph. AM 6203, cf. Theoph. AM 6194 (exiled to Kephalonia by Tiberios 2 in 702 after a dream in which an eagle hovered over him), Zon. XIV 24. 7, 25. 17 (exiled to Kephalonia), 26. 2 (the prophecy of the monk of Kallistratos Anonymus 224), Leo Gramm. 167 (exiled to Kephalonia by Tiberios 2 after dreaming of the eagle), 170 (story of the monk of Kallistratos Anonymus 224).

In 710 however Philippikos 1 was sent into exile again, this time to Cherson, where he was sent with the expedition under Stephanos 5: Nic. Brev. de Boor 44, Mango 45, Theoph. AM 6203. While still in exile at Cherson, in 711, he was acclaimed as emperor there (and given the name Philippikos, according to Theophanes); later, when the expedition sent by Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) under Mauros 1 approached, he fled for refuge to the Khazars, but Mauros 1 changed sides and Bardanes (Philippikos 1) was acclaimed emperor again at Cherson (and renamed Philippikos now, according to Nicephorus); an embassy to the Khazars secured his return: Nic. Brev. de Boor 46, Mango 45, Theoph. AM 6203, Zon. XIV 25. 17, cf. Agatho Diac. (Mansi XII 192) (he was exiled to Cherson on suspicion of aiming at the throne (dia\ pro&fasin turanni/doj) and was there proclaimed emperor when the army and fleet sent against Cherson rebelled instead against the emperor Justinian II [Ioustinianos 1]), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 31-32 (exiled to Pontus by Justinian II [Ioustinianos 1], he was proclaimed emperor by the army sent by Justinian II [Ioustinianos 1] to arrest him), Leo Gramm. 169 (an exile in Cherson, he won over some of the troops and rebelled). He sailed to Constantinople and entered without fighting, during the absence of Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1); he overthrew Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) without having to fight, and sent his head to the West, to Rome: Nic. Brev. de Boor 47, Mango 45, Theoph. AM 6203, Zon. XIV 25. 21ff., Chron. 1234, §154 (p. 299) (called "Philippikos the patrician"), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 32, Leo Gramm. 169.

The successor of Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1), Philippikos 1 was a heretic and his statement of faith on his accession was rejected by the pope and a council in Rome: Lib. Pont. 90. 8, Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 34. One of his first acts, before he would enter the palace, was to destroy an icon of the Third Council of Constantinople (the Sixth Ecumenical Council) and to reject its condemnation of monotheletism; he also burned the copy of the Acts of the Council, written by Agatho 3, which was kept in the imperial palace: Agatho Diac. (Riedinger II 2, p. 899, lines 16-31, Mansi XII 192) He condemned the Sixth Ecumenical Council and reaffirmed monotheletism: Theoph. AM 6204, Zon. XIV 26. 1-3, Leo Gramm. 170. Said to have taken down (not to have destroyed) the icon representing the six ecumenical councils (it was replaced by the emperor Theodosios 2 in 715): Lib. Pont. 91. 5 (cited under Theodosios 2), Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 34, 36.

Philippikos 1 reigned for two years and was then overthrown by the army in Thrace; on 3 July 713 (Saturday of Pentecost, in indiction eleven)

he was deposed and blinded: Agatho Diac. (Mansi XII 193). In the second year of his reign, in 713, he was overthrown and blinded in the hippodrome by Rouphos 1, acting for Georgios 6 and Theodoros 6; he was succeeded by his own secretary, Artemios (Anastasios 6): Nic. Brev. de Boor 49, Mango 48, Theoph. AM 6205, AM 6209, Zon. XIV 26. 9-10, Leo Gramm. 170, Chron. 1234, §§154-5(p. 299). He was emperor for two years and nine months: Theoph. AM 6207 (the figures are wrong; his reign was about one year six months). Described as a heretic ("Philippicus hereticus"), he was overthrown and succeeded by Anastasios 6; the news was greeted in Rome with rapture: Lib. Pont. 90. 11. Overthrown by Anastasios 6 after a reign lasting one year and six months, he was blinded but was allowed to live: Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang. VI 34.

Philippikos 1 is described as "very quick, and capable in intelligence, and eloquent in speech, and he was well rounded in every outside discipline": Chron. 1234, §154 (p. 299), cf. Zon. XIV 26. 5 (e0n me\n ga\r tw|~ le/gein e0do&kei r(htorikw&tatoj mh_ a0moirw~n te sune/sewj, e0n de\ tw|~ pra/ttein h}n cumpa/ntwn a0sunetw&teroj kai\ pa/mpan a0de/cioj).

Philippikos 1 became emperor for one and a half years after the overthrow of the emperor Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) and his son Tiberios 4 but was then overthrown himself and replaced by Anastasios 6 after trying to call a church council to establish the heresy of the Maronites: Chron. 846, p. 231, 7-11 = p. 175 (Chabot) = p. 580 (Brooks). He reigned for three years in succession to Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) and was succeeded by Anastasios 6: Pseudo-Dion., Chron., p. 156, 10-15 = p. 117. In the year 1022 Sel. (710/711) he rebelled against the emperor Justinian II (Ioustinianos 1) and overthrew him, killing him and his son Tiberios 4 and becoming emperor himself; he drove the Armenians out of the empire and they became allies of the Arabs; after two years and six months he was overthrown and blinded after trying to reverse the decisions of the Sixth Ecumenical Council and was succeeded by Anastasios 6: Bar Hebr., p. 106 (Piliphiqos), Mich. Syr. II 479, 482.

An image of Philippikos 1 is to be found on the seal of Anonymus 432: Zacos and Veglery 210.