ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR

Class 9 English Worksheet-6

ENGLISH LITERATURE

OLD MAN AT THE BRIDGE (Prose)

Story line https://youtu.be/mOnoappazvc 1 The story is set in the backdrop of the Spanish Civil War.

2. It was a war like situation as the Fascist forces (the enemies) were advancing towards the

Ebro River.

3. The narrator‟s business was to cross the bridge to check the advancement of the enemies.

4. Carts, trucks and people were crossing the bridge to safe distances.

5. The narrator sees an old man with steel rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sitting by

the side of the road near the Pontoon bridge.

6. The old man(who was seventy six years old) ,was too tired to move.

7. The narrator asked him where he had come from.

8. The old man answered that he had come from San Carlos, his native town which was twelve

kilometers from there. He had walked all that distance at this age.

9. He had to leave his hometown and his animals because of the artillery.

10. He had no family except for his pets- two goats, a cat and eight pigeons.

11. The narrator advises the old man not to sit there but to catch a ride on a truck to Barcelona as

it was not safe for him.

12.The old man was not bothered about his safety, he was only worried about his animals.

13.The old man was not worried about his cat as it could take care of itself, but he was anxious

about the goats and pigeons.

14. The narrator consoled him by telling him that since he had left the dove cage open,the birds

would fly away. He tells the old man not to worry about the others.

15.The narrator again urges the old man to leave the place.

16.The old man tried to get up but was too tired and sat back on the ground.

17.The old man kept repeating the lines," I was taking care of animals."

18.The narrator realizes that there was nothing to do about him.

19. He leaves him to his fate hoping that the enemy would not advance as the weather was not

favourable for the planes to fly.

20. The old man becomes a symbol of the countless civilian victims of war, those without

politics. He is displaced, disoriented and alone, faced with the inevitability of death.

Answer the following questions:

Q1 Where was the old man sitting? Describe him.

Q2 Which bridge is mentioned in the story?Who all were crossing the bridge?

Q3 What was the narrator's business?

Q4 Why does the old man sit there without moving?

Q5 Why is the speaker worried about the old man sitting there?

Q6 Where had the old man come from? Why?

Q7.Which animals did he own?What had he done with them?

Q8 What advice does the narrator give to the old man?

Q9 Why is the old man worried?

Q10 Why doesn't the old man cross the bridge and escape to a safer place?

Q11 Mention any two incidents in the story that show the consequences of a war.

Q 12 How does the narrator try to relieve the old man of his worries?

Q13 What happened to the old man at the end of the story?

Q14 What is " all the good luck that old man could ever have" ?

Q15 Which war has been mentioned in the story?

Answer key of English Worksheet-5

ASSIGNMENT 1.

1. B He said that he had passed the examination.

2.B She said that she was sick then.

3. B She said to me,"I can easily beat you in dancing."

4.B The farmer said that it might rain that evening.

5.B I said to her, " What do you want?"

6.B Peter said that the rain had prevented him from coming to that place.

7.B He asked me where I lived.

8.B Susan said," There was a storm last night."

9.B He said that his master was typing letters.

10.B He said to Mark," Come with me."

ASSIGNMENT 2.

1.Father told Ronnie that he could help him with his home work.

2.Leela wished to have some coffee.

3.She said,"I have been very foolish."

4.He prayed that God might bless me.

5.Kim asked me if I was still angry with her.

6.The boy asked why he was lying on the road in that manner.

7.The policeman told the young boy not to use the mobile phone while driving.

8.Samantha said that she had read an interesting novel the previous week.

9.The porter told me that he would take my luggage to the retiring room, provided I gave him a

good tip.

10.The teacher asked how many of them thought that the answer was correct.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Class 9 Hindi Worksheet-6

Class 9 Punjabi Worksheet-6

ਮੁਹਾਵਰ ੇ

ਦਦਿੱਤ ਗ ਮੁਹਾਵਦਰਆ ਂਦਾ ਦਖਤ ਅਦਿਆਸ ਕਰ।

ਮੁਹਾਵਰ ਹਰ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਾ ਂਸਮਝਣ ਈ ਯੂਦਿਊਬ ਦਾ ਦੰਕ ਕਦਿੱਕ ਕਰ।

https://youtu.be/g9-ObLZBUvw

ਵੀਡੀਓ ਦਵਿੱਚ ਦਦਿੱਤ ਗ ਮੁਹਾਵਦਰਆ ਂਦ ਵਾਕ ਬਣਾਓ।

Answer key of Punjabi Worksheet-5

੧-ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਵਰਤਮਾਨ ਕਾਿ ਦਵਿੱਚ ਬਦ ਕ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਦਖ।

੧-ਮੈਂ ਜਿੂੰ ਧਰ ਜਾ ਲਰਹਾ ਹਾਂ,

ਉੱਥ ਰਾਮ ਨੰੂ ਦਮ ਦਰਹਾ ਹਾ।ਂ

੨-ਮਾੀ ਬੂਦਿਆ ਂਨੰੂ ਾਣੀ ਦ ਦਰਹਾ ਹ।

੩- ਮਹਨ ਦੀ ਘਰਵਾੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਹ।

੪-ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਅਸਰਦਾਇਕ ਿਾਸ਼ਣ ਦ ਰਹ ਹਨ।

੫-ਮੈਂ ਦਕਤਾਬ ੜ੍੍ ਦਰਹਾ ਹਾ।ਂ

-----------------------------------------------

੨-ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਭਲਵਿੱ ਖਤ ਕਾਿ ਦਵਿੱਚ ਬਦ ਕ ਦਖ।

੧- ਮਹਨ ਦੁਕਾਨ ਤ ਬਠਗਾ।

੨-ਮੰਦਰ ਤ ਸਨ ਦ ਕਸ਼ ਿੱਗਣਗ।

੩-ਿਾਰਤ ਸਨ ਦੀ ਦਚੜ੍ੀ ਹਵਗਾ।

੪- ਮਹਨ ਮਚ ਵਖਗਾ।

੫- ਸੜ੍ਕ ਤ ਬਿੱਸਾ,ਂ ਕਾਰਾ,ਂ ਗਿੱਡੀਆ ਂਤ ਸਕੂਿਰ ਜਾਣਗ।

-----------------------------------------------੩-ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਭ ਤਕਾਿ ਦਵਿੱਚ ਬਦ ਕ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਦਖ।

੧-ਇਹ ਰਾਮ ਦ ਾਾ ਦੀ ਦੁਕਾਨ ਸੀ।

੨-ਕੁੜ੍ੀਆ ਂਹਾਕੀ ਖਡ ਰਹੀਆ ਂਸੀ।

੩-ਮੈਂ ਿਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਨਾ ਂਰਸ਼ਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ।

੪-ਸੁਰਜੀਤ ਚੰਗ ਨੰਬਰਾ ਂਨਾ ਾਸ ਹਇਆ ਸੀ।

੫- ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਨ ਬਹੁਤ ਮਿੱਾ ਂਮਾਰੀਆ ਂਸੀ।

Class 9 History Civics Worksheet-5

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES (PART-I)

MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual, moral and

spiritual development of individuals. These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of

the Constitution of India.

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Articles 12 to 35 of the Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights . These rights are

grouped under following 6 categories :-

1. Right to Equality

2. Right to Freedom

3. Right against Exploitation

4. Right to Freedom of Religion

5. Cultural & Educational Rights

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

RIGHT TO EQUALITY (Article 14 to 18 )

Right to equality is one of the six fundamental rights in the Indian constitution. It

includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race, religion,

gender, and caste or birth place. It also includes equality of opportunity in matters of

employment, abolition of untouchability and titles.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM (Article 19,20 and 21 )

The Right to Freedom under Article 19 gives citizens basic freedom with respect to

speech and expression, form associations, freedom of personal liberty, freedom to live a

life of dignity, etc.

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (Article 23 & 24 )

The Constitution makes 2 main declarations under Right against Exploitation, which are

as under :

a. Prohibition of traffic in human beings & forced labour (article 23)

b. Prohibition of employment of children in factories (article 24 )

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (Article 25,26,27 & 28)

According to this Right , every person has a right to profess , practice and

propagate the religion he or she believes in .

Answer the following questions :

Q.1 What is meant by the term „ fundamental rights ‟ ?

Q.2 State the various fundamental rights .

Q.3 Mention any 2 freedoms under Right to freedom .

Q.4 What is meant by Right to equality ?

Q.5 Give the 2 declarations under Right against exploitation .

Class 9 Geography Worksheet-5

MOTIONS OF THE EARTH – ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

Continued Students may visit https://youtu.be/taHTA7S_JGk

APPARENT MIGRATION OF THE SUN

We know that the sun does not move but the Earth revolve round the Sun. On the earth it

appears as if the Sun is changing its position day by day. This apparent migration or

movement of the Sun takes place between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The

places located between the Tropics have the Sun overhead (making 90° angle) twice a year,

once between June and December and again between December and June. The places

located beyond the two Tropics never experience the overhead sun.

1. Northward apparent migration- the sun appears to be moving North word after

December 22nd till 21st of June. This northward movement for six months is also

known as uttarayan. The sun shines vertically on the Tropic of Cancer on 21st of

June.

2. Southward apparent migration- for the next six months the sun appears to be moving

southward after 21st June till 22Nd December. This Southward movement of the sun is

known as dakshinayan. The sun shines vertically on the Tropic of Capricorn on 22nd

of December.

The Changing Seasons

the apparent movement of the sun results in changes in the altitude of the midday Sun

at different times of the year so the seasonal changes are caused.latest study the cycle

of seasons according to the earth‟s position in its elliptical orbit.

I Summer Solstice 21st June

The word solstice means the sun standing still or reaching the highest point.

1.the north pole is tilted towards the sun so the rays of the sun fall vertically or

directly on the Tropic of Cancer 23 and half degree north

2. The altitude of the sun is 90 degree at 23 and half degree north.

3. it is summer season in the Northern hemisphere and it has the longest day and shortest

night on June 21st

4. the duration of day and night goes on increasing from 12 hours at the equator to 24

hours at the north pole.

5. Beyond after circle 66 and half degree north duration of day is 24 hours.

6. The northern hemispherefaces higher altitude of the midday Sun so it is summer in

the Northern hemisphere where days are longer and nights are shorter.

7. at the same time the South pole is inclined away from the sun to the sun rays do not

reach the South polar region beyond the Antarctic circle.

8. it is winter in the southern hemisphere and it has the shortest day and the longest night

on 21st of June.

9. The duration of daylight goes on decreasing from 12 hours at the equator to zero hour

( complete darkness) at the South pole.

10. Southern hemisphere faces lower altitude of the midday Sun so there is winter the

days are shorter and nights are longer.

On 21st of June sun is overhead on 23 and half degree north in the Northern sky. Show the

angle of inclination of the sun is higher in the Northern hemisphere than in the southern

hemisphere. To understand this fact that is find the angle of inclination of the sun at various

attitudes in both the hemispheres.

Angle of inclination= NH- latitude

=SH-latitude

On 21st of June NH= 90° + 23 ½°

= 90° - 23 ½°

the altitude of the sun is highest at the Tropic of Cancer on 21st of June. The sun appears to

be standing still at this position and then the southward movement of the sun towards the

equator starts after 21st of June

the word tropic means turning point the solstices are the turning points in the apparent

movement of the Sun.

II. Autumnal Equinox (23rd of September)

The word Equinox means “equal nights”, two equal days are also experienced.

1. on 23rd of September, the circle of illumination passes through both the poles making

12 hours day and 12 hours night at all places on the Earth.

2. The circle of illumination touches both the poles because at this position, the

inclination of the Earth's Axis does not have any effect on the duration of a day.

3. The sun's rays are overhead at the equator making 90° angle.

The altitude of the Sun's rays decrease as one goes away from the equator to the poles, e.g.,

the altitude of the Sun's rays at 60°N latitude would be 90° - 60°=30°. At the two poles, the

Sun appears at the horizon where the altitude of the Sun‟s rays=90°-90°=0°.

III. Winter Solstice (22nd of December)

1. The South pole is tilted towards the Sun, so the rays of the Sun fall vertically or

directly on the Tropic of Capricorn (23 ½ °S).

2. The altitude of the sun is 90° at 23 ½ °S.

3. It is summer season in the southern hemisphere and it has the longest day and the

shortest night on December 22nd.

4. The duration of day light goes on increasing from 12 hours at the equator to 24 hours

at the South Pole.

5. Beyond Antarctic circle (66 ½ °S) the duration of day is 24 hours.

6. The Southern Hemisphere faces higher altitude of the mid-day Sun so it is summer in

the Southern Hemisphere where days are longer and nights are shorter.

7. At the same time, the North Pole is inclined away from the Sun, so the Sun‟s rays do not reach the North Polar region beyond The Arctic circle.

8. It is winter in the Northern Hemisphere and it has the shortest day and the longest

night on 22nd of December.

9. The duration of daylight goes on decreasing from 12 hours at the equator to zero hour

(complete darkness) at the North Pole.

10. The Northern Hemisphere faces lower altitude of the mid-day Sun, so there is winter

where days are shorter and nights are longer.

On 22nd of December, Sun is overhead on 23 ½ °S in the Southern sky. So, the angle of

inclination of the Sun is higher in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern

Hemisphere. To understand this fact let us find the angle of inclination of the Sun at

various latitudes in both the Hemispheres.

Angle of Inclination = NH – latitude

= SH – latitude

On 22nd of December, SH = 90°+23 ½ °

NH = 90°-23 ½

The altitude of the Sun is highest at the Tropic of Capricorn on 22nd of December. The

Sun appears to be standing still at this position and then the northward movement of the

Sun towards the equator starts after 22nd of December.

IV. Spring or Vernal Equinox (21st of March)

1. On 21st of March the circle of illumination again passes through both the poles

making 12 hours day and 12 hours night at all places of the Earth.

2. The circle of illumination touches both the poles because at this position, the

inclination of the Earth's axis does not have any effect on the duration of the day.

3. The Sun‟s rays are overhead at the equator making 90° angle. 4. The altitude of the Sun‟s rays decrease as one goes away from the equator to the

poles. For example, the altitude of Sun's rays at 60° S latitude would be. 90° -60°

= 30°. At the two poles, the Sun appears at the horizon where the altitude of the

Sun's rays = 90° - 90° = 0°.

THE MIDNIGHT SUN

It is observed that the seasonal variation in the duration of the day and night is

minimum at the equator. As one moves away from the equator, the seasonal variation

in the duration of daylight increases and it is maximum at the polar region.

Duration of day and night varies according to the season experience in a particular

hemisphere. During summer solstice (21st of June), the North Pole is inclined

towards the Sun so the region beyond the Arctic Circle experiences 24 hours

continuous daylight. The areas located in the frigid zone of the Northern Hemisphere,

especially Norway, is known as the land of “Midnight Sun” because there the Sun does not set or rise on the 21st of June.

This place has continuous daylight from mid of May to mid of July. The Sun does not

sink below the horizon and this causes the phenomenon of “Midnight Sun” which can be observed at any point between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole. The North

Cape near Hammerfest in Norway is a place of tourist attraction. Many tourist go to

observe the phenomenon of the “Midnight Sun”. The North Pole experiences six months daylight where the Sun is above the horizon at the low angle.

Either of two hemispheres which is inclined towards the Sun will have summer season and

the frigid zone of that particular hemisphere will have six months continuous day light. On

the other hand, the hemisphere that is tilted away from the Sun will have winter season and

the frigid zone of that particular hemisphere will have continuous nights for six months.

TWILIGHT-DAWN AND DUSK

We do not see the abrupt change from day to night or from night to day. There is

always a transition period between day and night as well as night and day. This

transition period of faint light starts when the Sun is up to 18° below the horizon

before the Sunrise or after Sunset. There is a period of diffused light known as

twilight that is produced by scattering of air molecules, minute particles of dust

and water vapour which reflect the Sun‟s rays back to the Earth‟s surface. DAWN starts from the time the Sun is 18° below the horizon and last till the Sun

rises above the horizon, while DUSK is the period of diffused light after Sunset

and it continues as long as the Sun is up to 18° below the horizon.

The duration of twilight or dawn and dusk varies with latitudes and seasons. It

increases from the equator towards the poles. It depends on the path of the Sun in

the sky. The Sun‟s path is always vertical at low latitudes (near the equator) so the period of dawn and dusk is short because the Sun rises or sinks below the horizon

rapidly. On the other hand at middle or high latitude, due to the inclined axis and

curvature of the Earth‟s surface, the Sun has an inclined path at the low angle so the duration of twilight or dawn and dusk is long which lasts for many days.

Seasons have great impact on our life. Variation in seasons is necessary for the

growing and repairing of crops. Different crops have different growing seasons.

Seasonal changes affect the behaviour of all living things. Plants have their season

for shedding their leaves or bearing fruits and flowers. Animals, birds and fish also

have their particular season for breeding or migrating.

Now answer the following questions based upon your reading

Explain summer solstice in brief

Explain winter solstice in brief

What do Twilight or dawn and dusk mean. How do they occur?

Write short notes on

Solstice

Equinox

Give reason why days in summer are longer than the days in winter.

Give important dates for the following

The longest day in the Northern hemisphere

The shortest day in the Northern hemisphere

The longest day in the southern hemisphere

The longest night in the southern hemisphere

Equal days and nights all over the world.

Answers of Geography Worksheet - 4

1. Rotation is the spinning of the earth around its own axis from west to east.

2. A)When the north pole is tilted towards the sun it is summer in the Northern

hemisphere why southern hemisphere experience winter at the same time.

B) Due to the inclination of the earth‟s Axis the length of day and night different from place to place.

3. (I) The apparent movement of the Sun, The moon, the stars and other planets from

east to west across the sky is due to the rotation of the earth from west to east.

That is why the sun appears to rise in the east and set in the West everyday.

(II )The coriolis force is caused by the rotation of the Earth which is responsible for the

deflects the winds and ocean currents.

(III) The tides occur twice a day and their westward progress is due to the rotation

of the earth from west to east.

(IV) Occurrence of day and night-eastern parts experience the new day earlier

than the Western parts.

4. (A)Circle of illumination is defined as an imaginary line demarcating day and

night.as the Earth rotates from west to east every part on its faces the sun at least

once a day the eastern parts experience a new day earlier than the Western parts.

(B)Leap year-the earth completes its one Revolution around the sun

approximately 365 days and 6 hours. To accommodate the additional 6 hours or

one fourth of a day each year every fourth year (divisible by number 4) is taken as

a leap year. In a leap year there are 366 days instead of 365 days an extra day is

added to the month of February having 29 days.

(C)Parallelism- the earth's axis is inclined by 23 ½° from the vertical plane or it

makes an angle of 66 ½° with the plane of its orbit.it never changes its direction

as it always points the Polaris or the pole star throughout the earth's Revolution

around the sun. This is known as parallelism of the earth's axis.

(D)Orbit is the path along which the Earth revolves around the sun in an

anticlockwise direction.

(E)Axis

The axis of the Earth is an imaginary line passing through the centre of the

Earth on which it rotates

The Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation on its own axis

The to poles namely the north pole and the South Pole make two ends or

limits of the Axis.

The axis is not vertical but it makes an angle of 23 ½° with the vertical or

66 ½° with the plane of the earth‟s orbit that is known as tilt of the earth‟s axis.

Class 9 Physics Worksheet-6

*Understand,learn and solve.

1.Let us understand uniform acceleration,non-uniform acceleration and retardation.

2. Graphical representation:

#case 1

#case 2

3.Acceleration due to gravity :

a.What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity ?

When an object falls freely towards the surface of earth from a certain height, then its

velocity changes and this change in velocity produces acceleration in the object which is

known as acceleration due to gravity denoted by g.

#The average value of g =9.8ms −2

b. Variation of acceleration due to gravity :

Note: g value doesnot depend on the mass of the body .

acceleration due to gravity is

i)maximum at the poles and minimum

at the equator.

ii)The value of g decreases with altitude

and also with depth from the earth's

surface.

4.Now try to solve problems :

1. Draw a velocity time graph for a body moving with an initial velocity u and uniform acceleration a.

2. What does the slope of a velocity- time graph represent ?

3. The velocity time graph of a body inmotion is a a straight line inclines to the the time axis. The correct

statement is:

a.Velocity is uniform

b. Acceleration is uniform

c. Both velocity and acceleration are uniform

d. Neither velocity or acceleration is uniform

4. Following table give the the displacement of a car at different instants of time:

Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4

Displacement

(m)

0 5 10 15 20

a) draw the displacement time sketch and find the average velocity of car.

b) what will be the the displacement of car at i) 2.5 s ii) 4.5 s ?

5. State the difference between uniform acceleration and non uniform acceleration.

6. What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity ? State the average value of g.

7. If two bodies of different masses are simultaneously dropped from a height both will reach the

ground simultaneously in vacuum . Do you agree with the statement . State the reason.

Answer key of Physics Worksheet-5

1.i) distance travelled= velocity × time

Totat distance travelled= S1+ S2

= 15+ 80/3 =125/3= 41.67 km

ii) the average velocity of the train = Total distance travelled/total time of journey s

= 41.67/(7/6)= 35.71 km/h

2. i) total distance travelled =S+S = 2S =2×125=250 m

ii) displacement = zero Since final and initial position is same.

iii) average speed = Total distance travelled/total time of journey =2S/2T

iv) average velocity of the body =zero

(Since displacement is zero)

6.velocity

7. distance is directly proportional to time

Class 9 Chemistry Worksheet-6

BALANCING EQUATIONS CONTINUED….

Consider:

This example illustrates the fundamental aspects of any chemical equation:

1. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are

placed on the left side of the equation.

2. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas

are placed on the right sight of the equation.

3. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→)

separates the reactant and product (left and right) sides of the equation.

4. The relative numbers of reactant and product species are represented

by coefficients (numbers placed immediately to the left of each formula). A

coefficient of 1 is typically omitted.

5. It is common practice to use the smallest possible whole-number coefficients in a

chemical equation.

EXAMPLE 1:

(UNBALANCED)

Comparing the number of H and O atoms on either side of this equation confirms

its imbalance:

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

H 1 × 2 = 2 1 × 2 = 2 2 = 2, yes

O 1 × 1 = 1 1 × 2 = 2 1 ≠ 2, no

The numbers of H atoms on the reactant and product sides of the equation are

equal, but the numbers of O atoms are not.

To achieve balance, the coefficients of the equation may be changed as needed.

Keep in mind, of course, that the formula subscripts cannot be changed because

that will change the identity of the substance.

(BALANCED)

EXAMPLE 2:

First, write the unbalanced equation:

N2+O2→N2O5(unbalanced)

Next, count the number of each type of atom present in the unbalanced equation.

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

N 1 × 2 = 2 1 × 2 = 2 2 = 2, yes

O 1 × 2 = 2 1 × 5 = 5 2 ≠ 5, no

Though nitrogen is balanced, changes in coefficients are needed to balance the

number of oxygen atoms.

To balance the number of oxygen atoms, a reasonable first attempt would be to

change the coefficients for the O2 and N2O5 to integers that will yield 10 O atoms

(the least common multiple for the O atom subscripts in these two formulas

(UNBALANCED)

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

N 1 × 2 = 2 2 × 2 = 4 2 ≠ 4, no

O 5 × 2 = 10 2 × 5 = 10 10 = 10, yes

The N atom balance has been upset by this change; it is restored by changing the

coefficient for the reactant N2 to 2.

(BALANCED)

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

N 2 × 2 = 4 2 × 2 = 4 4 = 4, yes

O 5 × 2 = 10 2 × 5 = 10 10 = 10, yes

The numbers of N and O atoms on either side of the equation are now equal, and

so the equation is balanced.

Balance the following equations:

1. PCl5(s)+H2O(l)→POCl3(l)+HCl(aq)

2. Cu(s)+HNO3(aq)→Cu(NO3)2(aq)+H2O(l)+NO

3. H2(g)+I2(s)→HI(s)

4. Fe(s)+O2(g)→Fe2O3(s)Fe(s)+O2(g)→Fe2O3(s)

5. Na(s)+H2O(l)→NaOH(aq)+H2(g)

6. (NH4)2Cr2O7(s)→Cr2O3(s)+N2(g)+H2O(g)

7. P4(s)+Cl2(g)→PCl3(l)

8. PtCl4(s)→Pt(s)+Cl2(g)

Answer key of Chemistry Worksheet-5

1. N2 + 3 H2 2NH3

2. 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

3. 2NaCl + F2 2NaF + Cl2

4. 2H2 + O2 2H2O

5. Pb(OH)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2H2O

Class 9 Biology Worksheet-6

CHAPTER-SEEDS-STRUCTURE and GERMINATION (PART-2)

GERMINATION-It is the process of formation of a seedling developed from the

embryo of the seed.

CONDITIONS NECESARRY FOR GERMINATION ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. WATER-The seed obtains water from the soil and the water is mainly absorbed

through the micropyle.

2. Suitable Temperature- A moderately warm temperature (25deg C. to 35deg C.) is

usually favorable for germination called optimum temperature. A very low

temperature inhibits the growth of the embryo and a very high temperature

destroys its delicate tissues.

3. Oxygen-Seeds only do respiration for which they need supply of oxygen.

SOME EXPERIMENTS ON GERMINATION

1. Experiment to prove that water is necessary for germination

Take two beakers and mark them A and B. In beaker a place some pea seeds on

wet cotton wool and place some seeds on dry cotton wool. Keep both beakers in

an ordinary room. In a day or two, the seeds in beaker A will germinate but seeds

in beaker B will not germinate.

2. Experiment to prove suitable temperature is necessary for germination.

Keep beaker A containing pea seeds on wet cotton wool in an ordinary room and

beaker B containing pea seeds on wet cotton wool in a refrigerator.

The seeds in beaker B may not show signs of germination but seed in beaker A

will germinate.

3. Experiment to prove that oxygen is necessary for germination.

4. Three bean seed experiment

The experimental setup is place in a warm place for few days and the result

is as follows:

The top seed does germinate at all as it

gets only oxygen but no water.

The bottom seed does not germinate or

stops germinating after emergence of

radicle. It gets water but very little oxygen.

The middle seed germinates as it gets

both oxygen and water.

TYPES OF GERMINATION The region of axis between the point of attachment of cotyledons and the plumule is

called epicotyl.

The region of the axis below the cotelydons is called Hypocotyl.

There are two types of germination

Hypogeal germination(Pea,Gram,Maize)

Epigeal Germination(Bean,Castor)

VIVIPAROUS GERMINATION-

The mangrove plants like Rhizophora and Sonneratia show a special mode of seed

germination called Vivipary in which seed germinates inside the fruit while it is still

attached to the parent plant.

ASSIGNMENT

1) Define

a) Germination

b) Viviparous germination

2) Name the conditions necessary for germination.

3) Why seeds sown very deep in soil fail to germinate?

4) Name the chemical used in experiments which absorbs oxygen.

5) Give differences between hypogeal germination and epigeal germination.

Answer key of Biology Worksheet-5 1)

a) It is the enlarged ripened ovary, the ovarian wall forming the fruit wall

enclosing the seed. The fruit protects the seed and helps in seed dispersal e.g.

Mango

b) It is the ripened ovule formed after fertilization. It contains a tiny living plant

called embryo and also contains food material for the nourishment of embryo

during germination.e.g Bean seed

c) It is actually the fruit in which the fruit wall and the seed coat are fused

together to form a protective layer.e.g Maize

d) It is a distinct whitish scar on the concave side of the seed

e) The embryo consist of two parts-the radicle which forms the future root and

the plumule which forms the future shoot.

2)

a) The seeds are of two kinds

Monocotyledonous seeds-These contain only one cotyledon e.g Maize, Grasses

Dicotyledonous seeds-These contain Two cotyledons e.g. Bean, Gram

b) On the basis of endosperm, seeds are classified as following.

Albuminous (Endospermic)-In these cotyledons are thin and endosperm

persists.e.g Cereals,Millets

Exalbuminous (Non Endospermic)-In these, the cotyledons stores food and

becomes thick and fleshy.e.g Gram, Pea

3)

a) Its function is to protect the delicate inner parts of seed from injury and germs.

The Inner Layer

b) Micropyle has following two functions.

1. The seeds absorb water mainly through this micropyle.

2. It provides diffusion of respiratory gases for the growing embryo.

4)

5) Diagram

Class 9 Commercial Studies Workeheet-4

PROFIT AND NON PROFIT ORGANISATIONS

MEANING OF PROFIT SEEKING ORGANISATIONS

Organisations which are established and operated primarily with the motive of earning

profits may be described as profit seeking organisations. Profit seeking organisations are

basically business organisations. No business organisation can survive for long without

earning some profit.

A profit seeking organisation is engaged in the production/purchase and sale of goods

and services on regular basis with the object of earning profit by satisfying human wants.

It undertakes economic activities. A grocery shop, a sugar mill, an automobile repair

workshop, a truck company are examples of profit seeking organisations.

MEANING AND TYPES OF NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS

Non-profit organisations are those organisations which are set up and run not to earn profits

but to serve the society. Some examples of non-profit organisations are given below:

1. Charitable organisations: These organisations exist to provide financial assistance

(donations, etc.) for various social causes. For example, Tatas and many other industrial

houses have established charitable trusts which provide scholarships for higher education to

young persons, mainly from poor families, e.g. Ratan Tata Trust.

2. Educational organisations: Business houses have also set up schools and colleges which

offer educational facilities to public at nominal cost. Central and State Governments have set

up schools, colleges, universities, IITs, IIMs, libraries and other educational institutions for

the development of human resources in the country. These are different from private

educational institutions which have been set up to earn money, e.g. Council for Indian

School Certificate Examination.

3. Religious organisations: Temples, Churches, Gurudwaras, Masjids, etc. exist to provide

facilities to people for their religious activities, e.g. Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee.

4. Public health organisations: Public hospitals and dispensaries are set up to provide free

medical facilities to public in general. In a poor country like India, these organisations play a

vital role in the promotion of public health, e.g. Sulabh International.

5. Municipal organisations: Municipal authorities in every state and union territory provide

sewage disposal, water, electricity, sanitation and other essential services to people, e.g. New

Delhi Municipal Corporation..

6.Political organisations: Political parties exist to protect and promote the political interests

of their members. They sponsor and support candidates during elections and carry out

various political functions, e.g. Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP).

7. Mutual benefit organisations: These are voluntary associations set up for the benefit of

their members and the public. Clubs and trade unions are examples of such organisations,

e.g. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS).

8. Common Weal Organisation : These organisations are established for the benefit of the

public at large or the whole society. Army, police, fire-service, etc. are examples of common

weal organisations. For instance, an army defends the whole country and not part of it from

foreign aggression.

COMPARISON BETWEEN PROFIT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS

CHARITABLE ORGANISATIONS

Our society is divided into rich and poor people. Rich people have the means to meet all their

requirements. They lead a luxurious life. But poor people find it difficult to meet their

essential needs of food, clothing and shelter. In India, most of the people are poor. A part of

the population lives even below the poverty line. In such a situation, Government, rich

people and voluntary agencies can help the poor in various ways. They can set up trusts and

other organisations to offer financial assistance in cash and kind for the welfare of poor and

downtrodden. These organisations are called charitable organisations. Some examples of

these organisations are as follows:

1. Educational Trusts: These trusts run schools and colleges to provide free education to

poor people. They also offer scholarships and loans to bright children from poor families.

Some of them run free libraries.

2.Clubs: Clubs such as Lions and Rotary, organise blood donation camps. These

organisations also provide help to the victims of natural calamities such as flood, fire,

earthquake, etc.

3.Voluntary associations: Many organisations have set up Dharmshalas, night-shelters, etc.

to provide accommodation to the people who have no place to stay. Many charitable bodies

donate money to the National Defence Fund, Prime Minister‟s Relief Fund, etc.

ORGANISATION OF NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS

There exist a wide variety of non-profit organisations. Some of them are member-serving

while others are community serving. Mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit

unions, industry, associations, sports clubs and senior citizens‟ clubs serve their members. Red cross, Child Relief and You (CRY), Help Age, are examples of community serving

organisations. Although, non-profit organisations generate surplus revenues but the surplus is

not distributed. Non-profit organisations are usually organised as societies, trusts and non-

profit companies.

1. Societies: A society is a group of ten or more persons who associate voluntarily and

register it under the Cooperative Societies Act 1912 to protect and promote their common

interests. Every member has one vote and the society is managed by an executive committee

elected by the members. The executive committee elects President, Vice President, Secretary

and Joint Secretary. Kaira District Cooperative Society (producer of AMUL brand, milk

products) is an example.

2. Trusts: Trusts are set up to further social causes such as public health and education.

Trusts are exempted from income-tax. A trust is formed when a rich person or entity

transfers property in cash or kind and a trust agreement is executed. The trust is registered

under the Indian Trusts Act. The trust is managed by a group of trustees for the beneficiaries.

In India, trusts run temples, educational institutions, medical institutes, etc. Sir Dorabji Tata

Trust offers scholarships to students belonging to weaker sections of the society for pursuing

higher education.

3. Non-Profit Companies: A non-profit company is a company that is registered under the

Companies Act, 2013 for purposes other than earning profits and distributing them to its

members. It is managed by a Board of Directors. The directors are elected by the members of

the company. Sulabh International is a non-profit company.

Q1. Define non-profit organisations.

Q2. Discuss any three types of non-profit organisations.

Q3. Define Trusts.

Q4. Differentiate between profit and non-profit organisations.

Q5. What is common weal organisation?

Answer key of Commercial Studies Worksheet-3

Ans:1 Commerce is concerned with the buying, selling and distribution of commodities.

Commerce consists of all those activities which are essential for maintaining a free flow of

goods and services from producers to consumers. In other words, commerce comprises trade

and various auxiliaries to trade.

Ans:2 Trade means buying and selling of goods. It involves the exchange of commodities for

money or money‟s worth.Traders serve as the link between producers and consumers. Trade

is the nucleus of commerce. Other parts of commerce such as transport, insurance,

warehousing, banking and advertising revolve around trade.

Ans:3 Wholesale trade: Wholesale trade is concerned with buying goods from

manufacturers or dealers or producers in large quantities and selling them in smaller

quantities to others who may be retailers or even consumers. The persons engaged in

wholesale trade are called „wholesalers‟. They serve as a link between producers and

retailers.

Retail trade: Retail trade refers to buying of goods from wholesalers and manufacturers and

selling them in small quantity directly to the ultimate consumers. Persons engaged in retail

trade are called „retailers‟. They serve as a link between wholesaler and final consumer.

Ans:4 Foreign Trade refers to buying and selling of goods and services between different

countries. In this trade, the seller and buyer belongs to different countries. It is also known as

International Trade or External Trade. It may further be divided as follows:

(a) Import Trade: It means purchasing goods and services from other countries. For

example, India imports petroleum products from Iran and Iraq.

(b) Export Trade: It involves selling goods and services to other countries. For example,

India exports tea to USA and UK.

(c ) Entrepot Trade: It means importing goods from one or more countries with the purpose

of exporting them to some other country or countries. For example, India may export some

oil imported from Iraq to Bangladesh.

Ans:5 Aids to trade refer to those activities which facilitate buying and selling of goods and

services. The main aids to trade are as follows:

1. Transportation: Transportation refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers

from one place to another. It helps trade by assembling and distributing goods. It

overcomes the barrier of distance and creates place utility. For example, tea is grown

in Assam and Darjeeling and is used throughout the country.

2. Warehousing: Nowadays goods are produced in the anticipation of demand. It is,

therefore, necessary to store goods until they are sold. Many products such as wheat,

sugar, rice, etc, are produced in a particular season but they are needed throughout the

year. Warehousing removes the hindrance of time and thereby creates time utility.

3. Banking: There is usually a time gap between production, purchase and sale of

goods. During this period businessmen need funds to carry on their business. Banks

provide credit to businessmen in various forms. They help business activity by

providing safe and quick means for the transfer of money. Banking removes the

hindrance of raising finance and credit on one‟s own. 4. Insurance: Business involves several types of risk. Insurance removes the hindrance

of risk. With the help of insurance, a businessman can protect himself from several

types of risks. There are various types of insurance, fire insurance, marine insurance,

workmen‟s compensation insurance, life insurance, etc.

Class 9 Maths Worksheet-6

Pythagoras Theorem:

“In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of

squares of the other two sides“.

The sides of right angled triangle have been named as Perpendicular, Base and

Hypotenuse. Here, the hypotenuse is the longest side, as it is opposite to angle 90°.

PERPENDICULAR HYPOTENUSE

BASE

Pythagoras Theorem Formula Consider the triangle given above:

Where “a” is the perpendicular side,

“b” is the base,

“c” is the hypotenuse side. { hypontenuse is always the side opposite to angle 90⁰ }

According to the Pythagoras Theorem:

Hypotenuse2 = Perpendicular

2 + Base

2

c2 = a

2 + b

2

EXAMPLE 1: The two sides of a right-angled are as shown in the figure. Find the third side.

Solution: Given;

Perpendicular = 15cm

Base = b cm 15 15 17

Hypotenuse = 17 cm

By Pythagorean Theorem, we have;

Perpendicular2 + Base

2 = Hypotenuse

2 ⇒15

2 + b

2 = 17

2

b ⇒225 + b

2 = 289 ⇒b

2 = 289 – 225 = 64 ⇒b = √64 Therefore, b = 8

EXAMPLE 2: Given that the side of a square is 4 cm. Find the length of the diagonal.

Solution- Given;

Sides of a square = 4 cm 4 cm

A B

To Find- The length of diagonal AD

Consider triangle ∆ACD 4 cm 4 cm

C D

(AC)2 +(CD)

2 = (AD)

2 4 cm

(4)

2 +(4)

2= (AD)

2

16 + 16 = (AD)2

32 = (AD)2

(AD)2 = 32

or AD = 4√2.

Thus, the length of the diagonal is 4√2.

EXAMPLE 3: A man goes 15 m due west and then 8 m due north. How far is he from

the starting point? north

C

8 m west east

B A

15 m south

Solution: A is the starting point and C is the end. So, AC is the required distance

In ∆ABC, by Pythagoras Theorem

(AB)2 +(BC)

2 = (AC)

2

(8)

2 +(15)

2= (AC)

2

64 + 225 = (AC)2

289 = (AC)2

(AC)2 = 289

or AC = √289=17 m

EXAMPLE 4: A ladder 15m long reaches a window which is 9m above the ground on

one side of a street. Keeping its foot on the same point, the ladder turns to other side of

the street to reach a window 12m high. Find the width of the street.

Solution: In ∆CAD, by Pythagoras Theorem

(AD)2 +(AC)

2 = (DC)

2

(9)

2 +(AC)

2= (15)

2

81 + (AC)2= 225

225-81 = (AC)2

(AC)2 = 144 or AC = √144 = 12

Similarly, In ∆CBE, by Pythagoras Theorem

(EB)2 +(BC)

2 = (EC)

2

(12)

2 +(BC)

2= (15)

2

144 + (BC)2= 225

225-144 = (BC)2

(BC)2 = 81 or BC = √81 = 9

Therefore, Width of the street= AB= AC+CB= 12+9= 21 m

Example 5: The given figure shows a quadrilateral ABCD in which AD=13cm,

DC=12cm, BC=3cm and ∟ABD =∟BCD= 90. Calculate the length of AB.

A

D B B

C

Solution: From ΔDBC, using the pythagoras theorem,

Now, from ΔABD, using the Pythagoras theorem, we get

Putting the value of ,

AB = 4 cm

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE:

1. A rectangular field is 40 m long and 30 m broad. Find the length of its diagonal.

2. A ladder 17 m long reaches a window of a building 15 m above the ground. Find the

distance of the foot of the ladder from the building.

3. A ladder 13 m long rests against a vertical wall. If the foot of the ladder is 5 m from the

foot of the wall, find the distance of the other end of the ladder from the ground.

4. In the given figure, ∟PSR= 90⁰ , PQ= 10 cm, QS= 6 cm and RQ= 9 cm, calculate the

length of AB.

Answer key of Maths Worksheet-5

1. (i) 8p3-27p

3-36p

2q+54pq

2

(ii) 8x3+ 1

27𝑥3+4x+2

3𝑥

(iii) 1

8x

3-8

27y

3-1

2x

2y+

2

3xy

2

2. 280

4. 18

5. 140

6. (i) 14 (ii) ±2 3 (iii) ±30 3

7. (i) ± 5 (ii) ± 140

8. (i) ± 5 (ii) ±110

9. (i) y2-3y-28 (ii) 8-6x+x

2 (iii) 6y

2-19y+15 (iv) x-x

2+30 (v) 6a

4+13a

2b

2-5b

4

Class 9 Economics Worksheet-4

CHAPTER-2 (BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECONOMICS)

NOTE: In Economics, we make use of certain concepts and terms. This knowledge

becomes essential in study of economics. There is a lot of difference in the meaning of

these terms as used in ordinary life and in economics. So some basic concepts used

frequently in economics will be explained to you now.

1. (HUMAN WANTS)

Want: “means desire for a thing which is supported by an effort to acquire the same”

By wants we mean the desires of human beings for goods and services. Goods

possessing utility can satisfy human wants. Thus a want is a desire to acquire

something and the willingness to put in an effort to acquire it. To a layman the words

'want' and 'desire' have the same meaning. but in economics these two are different.

'Desire' is the wish to have something. But 'want' is an effective desire for a particular

thing, which can be satisfied by making an effort to acquire it. Example you may

desire to have a bike, but it would become your want only if you are ready to make an

effort , like earning an income, to acquire it.

What are human wants in economics?

All the desires and aspirations and motives of humans are known as human wants in

economics. And the wants that can be satisfied with goods and services of any kind

are economic wants for example food, shelter, clothing, etc are economic human wants.

What are needs and wants in economics?

Needs are something that you must have, in order to live. On the contrary, wants are

something that you wish to have, so as to add comforts in your life. Needs represents

the necessities while wants indicate desires. Needs are important for the human being to

survive.

What are the types of wants?

Human wants can be classified into three categories necessaries, comforts and luxuries.

Check this link: https://youtu.be/JF7M-WYiCxc

Necessaries: refer to the basic or primary wants for food, clothing, shelter, medical

care, education etc.

Necessaries are those goods and services the consumption of which is considered

indispensable. They are of three types:

(a) Necessaries of life or existence - which are necessary for survival or existence. The

wants for food, cloth, shelter fall under this category

(b) Necessaries of efficiency - which increase our efficiency, energy and ability to

work. Goods like milk, fruits, vegetables etc. are included in this category.

(c) Conventional necessaries - which have to be satisfied to maintain the conventions

prevailing in a society. Many wants are satisfied due to the force of social customs and

conventions. They cannot be avoided. For example, expenditure on marriage

ceremonies, religious functions, funeral ceremonies etc.

Comforts: Comforts refer to the goods and services which make life easier and

comfortable. Example: Furniture, electric fan, washing machine.

Luxuries: Wants for luxuries refer to those goods, which are used for leading a

luxurious life. These include costly cars, expensive clothes, gold ornaments etc. Some

luxuries are harmless like air conditions, costly cars, expensive clothes etc, but some

luxuries are harmful like wine, gambling etc.

What are examples of economic wants? The wants that can be satisfied with goods and

services of any kind are economic wants for example food, shelter, clothing, etc

are economic human wants. And those which cannot be bought are non-economic

wants like peace, love, affection, etc. All human wants to have some basic common

characteristics.

Characteristics of Human Wants: Human wants have certain characteristics or

features, which can be explained as below.

1. Wants are Unlimited: Man is a bundle of wants and his wants are numerous. Man

remains busy throughout his life in order to satisfy these wants. When one want is

satisfied, another want crops up. In this way, wants arise one after another. Thus wants

are unlimited.

2. Each Particular Want can be satisfied: We cannot satisfy all our wants because

the means to satisfy them are limited. But a person can satisfy a particular want.

For example, hunger can be satisfied by taking food. He may take one, two, three or

more pieces of bread. Ultimately, he will say that he does not want more bread.

3. Wants are Competitive: We can satisfy only a few wants and not all wants

because our means are limited. Therefore, we always have to make a relative

comparison of the intensity of our different wants. Only that want is satisfied first

which is the most urgent.

Example: A student has Rs. 20 with him. With this amount he can purchase either a

copy or see a picture. Now there will arise a competition between his want for a

copy and for a picture. If his intensity for the copy is more intense, he will purchase

the copy, instead of seeing the picture. In this way, there is always a competition

among our various wants

4. Wants are Complementary: Wants are competitive but a few wants are

complementary to each other. To satisfy one want for a good, we have to arrange

for another good also. For example, the want for a car can be satisfied only when

we fulfill the want for petrol also. Such wants are called complementary.

5. Wants are Alternative: Some wants are alternative. We can satisfy our hunger

either with rice, bread, vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, milk, etc.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

Q1. Define the term Want?

Q2. Mention two characteristics of wants?

Q3. Show classification of wants through a diagram?

Answer key of Economics Worksheet-3

1. Name the main sectors of Indian economy.

ANS: There are three sectors in the Indian economy, they are Primary economy,

Secondary economy, and Tertiary economy.

2. What is a Primary sector? Give examples of primary sector.

ANS: The primary sector consists of agriculture, animal husbandry, dairying, poultry,

forestry and fisheries. In this sector of the economy, goods are produced by exploiting

economy's natural resources. For example, nature has a great hand in the production of

agricultural commodities.

Likewise, nature cooperates with man in producing wood or timber, in raising cattle or in

catching fish. Goods produced by this sector are known as primary goods. Primary sector

largely consists of the agricultural sector.

3 . What is a Secondary sector? Give examples of secondary sector.

ANS: The secondary sector of the Indian economy includes activities relating to

manufacturing and construction. Under manufacturing all types of industries - small-scale

and large-scale industries are included. At present, handloom cloth, matches, toys, pottery,

etc., are produced by our small-scale industries. Large- scale industries, on the other hand,

produce goods in large quantities which are sold all over the country and also exported to

other countries. Secondary sector also includes all kinds of construction activities.

4. What is a Tertiary sector? Give Examples of a tertiary sector.

ANS: Tertiary means third in order. It does not produce goods but produces services.

That is why it is known as the service sector. Services like transport, banking, insurance,

communication, etc. are produced by this sector. Service sector also includes trade

(domestic or international trade commonly called exports and imports). There are some

people who provide professional services such as teachers, doctors, engineers, chartered

accountants, barbers etc. They also form part of this sector, services provided by the

government constitutes an important component of the service sector.

5. Distinguish between the three sectors of Indian Economy.

ANS: Distinction shown in the table below:

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Class IX Physical Education Worksheet 4

FOOTBALL

Football Field

FIFA

Federation of International Football Association was constituted to organize the

International level football matches in Paris on 21 May 1904. The organization called

„UEFA‟ was constituted in Europe. Other federations like African, American and Asian were constituted in 1956, 1961 and 1964 respectively. Football was included in Olympic

Games in 1908. The first World Cup Football (women) was held in 1991 in which

America was declared the winner.

In India, football is controlled by Indian Football Association.

Measurements of Football Field and Specifications of Sports Equipment

S.No. Football

1 Shape of the playfield Rectangular

2 The length of the playfield 100 to 130 yards

3 The breadth of the playfield 50 to 100 yards

4 Circumference of football 27‟‟ to 28‟‟ (inches) or 68 to 70 cm

5 Weight of football 14 to 16 ounces or 410 to 450 gm

6 Number of players in a football team 11 + 7 (extras) = 18

7 How many players may be substituted in one

match

3

8 Duration of match Two halves of 45 minutes each

9 Number of Officials 4 (1 Referee, 2 Linesmen, 1 table

official)

10 Height of goalpost 2.44 m

11 Height of corner flag 5 feet

Rules of Football

Playing Field: The playing field must be in rectangular shape. The length of the touch

line must be greater than the length of the goal line. Generally the minimum length

should be 100 yards and the maximum length should be 130 yards. The minimum width

may vary between 50 yards to 100 yards.

The Penalty Area: A penalty area is defined at each end of the field as follows:

Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 18 yards from the side of each

goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of 18 yards and are

joined by a line parallel with the goal line. The area bounded by these lines and the goal

line is the penalty area.

The Flag Posts: A flag post, not less than 5 feet high, with mom-pointed top and a flag is

placed at each corner.

Goals: Goals must be placed on the centre of each goal line. They consist of two upright

post equidistant from the corner flag posts and joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar.

The Ball: The ball is spherical. It should be made of leather

or other suitable material. The circumference of the ball should

not be more than 70 cms (28 inches) and not less than 68 cms

( 27 inches). The weight of the ball should not be less than

410 gms and not more than 450 gms, at the start of the match.

The ball is of pressure equal to 0.6-1.1 atmosphere

(600-1100 g/cm2) at sea level.

Class 9 Computer Application Worksheet-4

Computing and Ethics

12.6.1 Cyber Law

Cyber law is the area of law that deals with legal issues related to the use of the Internet.

With the increase in the number of crimes related to the Internet, there was an urgent

need to introduce an act of law against such crimes. With this view in mind, the Indian

Government introduced the Information Technology Act 2000 also known as ITA-2000

or IT Act on October 17, 2000. Further amendments were made to this act under ITAA-

2008 to include additional cybercrimes like:

Sending offensive messages through electronic communication and causing

annoyance.

Misleading or deceiving the recipient about the origin of messages.

Dishonestly receiving stolen computer resources or communication devices.

Electronic signature or other identity theft like using others password or electronic

signature.

Cheating by personation using a computer or a communication device.

publishing or transmitting private information about any person without his or her

consent.

Cyber terrorism - intent to threaten the unity, integrity, security or sovereignty of

the nation.

Child pornography - depicting children engaged in a sexual activity, creating text

or digital images or advertising or promoting such material.

12.2.1 Reporting a cybercrime

In case you face any cybercrime, follow these guidelines:

You should immediately report the matter to parents or school authorities.

Parents can visit a nearby police station and can lodge a complaint.

The Information Technology Act has a global jurisdiction. It means that you can lodge a

complaint against the crime from any state or city.

To register a complaint or know more about the cyber law, you can visit the website:

http://www.cybercrimehelp/ine. com/.

12.7 Hacking

Hacking refers to an illegal intrusion into a computer system or network. This leads to

breaking passwords, stealing valuable data, installing viruses, encrypting computer hard

disks and demanding ransom money. The people involved in these activities are called

Hackers. Hackers are highly technical people who write or use ready-made computer

programs to attack the target computer. They not only steal important data but also hack

applications and websites to change program's logic.

Some of the motives behind hacking include:

Greed

Power

Publicity

Revenge

Adventure and thrill

Destructive mindset

A desire to access forbidden information

Although hacking is done without any consent from the user, yet it is not always

destructive. Hacking that is done for a good cause, such as national security or to stop

crimes and fraud, is known as Ethical hacking.

12.8 Malicious Intent and Malicious Code

Malicious code is harmful computer code or web script designed to exploit system

vulnerabilities. The malicious code on activating itself creates backdoor entries. This

leads to security breaches, information and data theft and other potential damages to

computer systems. Malicious code is propagated with a malicious intent. Malicious intent

refers to the intent Computing and Ethics to commit a wrongful act without any reason

that will harm other person's computer or an organization.

Various ways that can lead to malicious code to get into your system are:

Visiting infected websites.

Clicking dubious email links or attachments.

Downloading pirated files/software.

Not all kind of antivirus software protect from the infections caused by the malicious

code. Usually, the victims of the malicious code attack remain ignorant until it is too late

to do anything. Once inside the system, malicious code can enter network drives and

propagate. It can steal passwords, data, delete emails or documents and even format hard

drives.

Let's Know More

Hacking a web server or taking control of another person's website is called Web Hijacking.

Know the Fact

Ankit Fadia is a well-known ethical hacker in India.

Let’s Know More A backdoor entry is a secret method of bypassing normal authentication or encryption in a computer system.

12.2.2 Protection against Malicious Intent and Malicious Code

The following precautions are your best defense against the malicious code:

Use robust antivirus software with features like automatic updates, malware

removal capabilities, and web browsing security.

Regularly scan your hard disk for any viruses, spyware, and malware.

Avoid using the pen/USB drives from other persons on your computer as they may

be infected.

If you sense an email from a dubious source, delete it and inform the school

authorities.

Don't download pirated/counterfeit software including music and videos on your

computer.

Don't install unnecessary or unsolicited web browser plug-ins.

ASSIGNMENT

Q1. What is cyber law ?

Q2. What is Hacking ? Also define Hacker.

Q3. What is Malicious code and Intent ?

Q4. What is web Hijacking and Backdoor Entry ?

Q5. Give two ways to protect against malicious intent and malicious code.

Answer key of Computer Application Worksheet-3

Q1. Name any two ways of avoiding Software Piracy.

ANS. 1. Register your software and do not let others install your software on

their computer as copying is the major source of piracy.

2. Buy software directly from the manufacturer's website.

Q2. What is Cybercrime ? ANS. Any criminal activity carried out by the use of computer and the Internet is

called cybercrime.

Q3. Describe any three Cybercrimes.

ANS. 1. Cyberstalking 2. Cyberbullying 3. Cyber Extortion