PROS MIDTERM STUDY QUESTIONS

Chapter 2 – Clasp-Retained Partial Denture

1. In chronological order of accomplishment, give the six sequential, correlated phases in treating a partially edentulous patient with removable prostheses.

- First phase: Patient education, patient should be educated thouroughly and understand the tx before any treatment is decided on or started.

- Second phase: diagnosis (Health hx, dental health, etc.), treatment planning (surveying) , design of the partial denture framework, treatment sequencing and execution of mouth preparations (get good support, retention)

- Third phase: Provision of adequate support for the distal extension denture base (not needed for tooth supported partials, need to make the distal base based on the functional impression / form (soft tissue shape under function) rather than the anatomic ridge form)

- Fourth phase: establishment and verification of harmonious occlusal relationships and tooth relationships with occlusal and remaining natural teeth.

- Fifth phase: initial placement procedures, adjustments to contours and bearing surfaces and to occlusal surfaces. Also, review patient instructions.

- Sixth phase: follou up services, recall appointments2. If the dentist and the patient share responsibility for the success of treatment,

what must be undertaken to prepare patients to accept their responsibility?- Inform patient of the benefits of a removable partial denture- Advise Patients on proper oral care and maintenance procedures- Educate on use of the prosthesis to avoid misuse

3. Because treatment planning is the sole responsibility of the dentist, which if any of the following may be omitted as noncontributory to total treatment: (1) a complete health history, (2) a history of past dental experiences (3) an oral examination, (4) a radiographic examination, (5) an evaluation of occlusal relations of remaining teeth (6) a survey of diagnostic casts, (7) cost or (8) patient desires?

- Neither 7 or 8 are mentioned as parts of the treatment plan. (see page 14)

4. A specific design of the removable restoration must be planned before mouth preparation procedures. The dentist (can-should not) delegate the responsibility for the design to a dental laboratory technician.

- The dentist should not delegate the responsibility for the design to a dental laboratory technician.

5. Stability in a removable restoration (is – is not) desirable to help maintain the health of oral structures. A tooth – supported restoration usually (can – cannot) be made more stable than a restoration supported by teeth and residual ridges.

- Stability in a removable restoration is desirable to help maintain the health of oral structures.

- A tooth – supported restoration usually can be made more stable than a restoration supported by teeth and residual ridges.

6. In the fifth phase of treatment (initial placement of the restorations), three things are done before the patient is given possession of the denture(s). Two of these are (1) correction of denture base contours and occlusal discrepancies that may have resulted form processing and (2) review of patient education, including adjustment expectations. What other step must be accomplished during the appointment?

- Ensure that the patient understands the uses of the RPD and how to care for the denture and soft tissues.

7. What is the purpose of periodic recall of patients treated with removable partial dentures?

- For evaluation of the response of the oral tissues, soft tissue changes

- maintain oral health- evaluation of the acceptance of the prosthesis by the patient- Evaluate patient oral hygiene

8. What is the one predominant reason why the clasp-type or partial denture is used more often in most practices than is the internal attachment type of prosthesis?

- Cost9. Deficiencies in design and fabrication and those related to patient education

are the culprits of limited success in treatment with removable prostheses. Avoiding these deficiencies will make the goal of prosthetic dentistry obtainable. This goal is to ______________, ___________, and ______________.

- promotion of oral health- restoration of partially edentulous mouths - elimination of the ultimate need for complete dentures

Chapter 31. Would you agree that the primary purpose of a classification is to enhance

communication among dentists? Support your answer?A: Yes and no. There are several classifications that have been proposed and the use of it would facilitate communication. In this book the Kennedy classification is the only one used as a way to better communication. So the use of classifications for partially edentulous areas does help communication, but one classification should be used.

2. Many classification systems have been propsed; however, the most widely accepted system in the US is the one proposed by _______________ in 1925.

A: Dr. Edward Kennedy

3. A classification of partially edentulous arches should satisfy at least three requirements. List them.

A: - It should permit immediate visualization of the type of partially

edentulous arch that is being considered- It should permit immediate differentiation between the tooth

supported and the tooth and tissue supported removable partial denture- It should be universally acceptable

4. Kennedy divided al partially edentulous arches into _______ main types.A: 4

5. What is meant by modification space?A: Edentulous areas in an arch that are variations to the basic 4 classifications. Edentulous areas other than those determining the classification.

6. Which two classes of partially edentulous arches have the greatest incidence of occurrence according to Skinner?

A: Skinner classification type III

7. Dr. O.C. Applegate contributed greatly to the application of the original Kennedy classification system. What was this contribution?

A: He contributed eight rules governing the application of the Kennedy method

8. Classify the partially edentulous arches illustrated in Figure 3-3 (p. 23)A. Kennedy Class IVB. Kennedy class IC. Kennedy class IID. Kennedy Class IIIE. Kennedy Class IIIF. Kennedy Class IIIG. Kennedy Class IVH. Kennedy Class III. Kennedy Class III

Note: Kennedy ClassificationI – Bilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the natural teethII – A unilateral edentulous area located posterior to the remaining natural teethIII – A unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth remaining both anterior and posterior to it.III – A single, but bilateral (crossing the midline), edentulous area located anterior to the remaining natural teeth

Chapter 4:

1. What elements prevent movement of the base(s) of a tooth-supported denture toward the basal seats? This movement is primarily prevented by rests on abutment teeth and to

some degree by any rigid portion of the framework located occlusal to the height of contour. (Intracoronal rest use is permissible in a tooth-supported denture to provide occlusal as well as horizontal stabilization.)

2. Movement of a distal extension base away from basal seats will occur as a rotation movement or as horizontal movement.

3. What is the difference between fulcrum line and axis of rotation?A: Fulcrum line is a specific type of axis of rotation. Rotation about an axis through the most posterior abutments. Fulcrum line is the center of rotation as the distal extension base moves toward the supporting tissue when an occlusal load is applied. This axis may be through occlusal rests or any other rigid portion of a direct retainer assembly located occlusally or incisally to the height of contour of the primary abutments.

4. Identify the fulcrum line on a Class I arch; Class II, modification 1; and a Class IV.A: Page 31, fig 4-7 shows Class II, modification 1

5. In the treatment planning and design phase of partial denture service, the functional movements of RPD's should be considered when designing the individual __________ ___________ of the prosthesis. ( 2 words)A: component parts

6. Forces are transmitted to abutment teeth and residual ridges by RPD's. One of the factors of a force is its magnitude. List the other three factors of a force that a dentist must consider in designing RPDs.A: Factors to consider with a force: direction, duration, frequency, magnitude

7. The design of a removable restoration necessitates consideration of mechanics and biological considerations. True or False?A: True

8. Of the simple machines, which two are more likely to be encountered in the design of RPD's? A: The lever and inclined plane.

9. What is a lever? A cantilever?A: A lever is a rigid bar supported somewhere along its length. The support point of a lever is the fulcrum. A cantilever is a beam supported at one end and can act as a first-class lever.

10. Name the three classes of levers and give an example of each.A: Classification of levers is based on location of the fulcrum (can be a tooth surface such as an occlusal rest), resistance (provided by a direct retainer or a guide plane surface), and direction of effort force (force of occlusion or gravity). For a visual depiction of first, second, and third class levers, see page 28, Fig.4-2. First class: Teeter-totterSecond class: Wheelbarrow

Third class: Fishing pole

11. Of the three classes of lever systems, which two are most likely to be encountered in Removable Partial Prosthodontics? Guess is first and second class since all three are found in RPDs.

12. Explain how one would figure the mechanical advantage of a lever system given dimensions of effort and resistance arms.A: (p. 30) Mechanical advantage = Effort arm ÷ Resistance arm

13. What class lever system is most likely to be encountered with a restoration on a Class II, modification 1 arch when a force is placed on the extension base?A: p. 31) First class lever system. See Figure 4-7.

14. What factor permits a distal extension denture to rotate when the denture base is forced toward the basal seat?A: (P.31) If tissue support under extension base allows excessive vertical movement toward the residual ridge. See figure 4-6.

15. Is an abutment tooth better able to resist a force directed apically or horizontally? Why?A: Apically. Because more periodontal fibers are activated to resist vertically directed force than are activated to resist horizontally (off-vertical) directed force. Horizontal axis of rotation is located somewhere in root of tooth. See figure 4-9. Page 32.

16. Where is the location of the horizontal (tipping) axis of an abutment tooth?A: Horizontal axis of rotation is located somewhere in root of tooth.See Figure 4-9, page 32.

17. Why should components of a direct retainer assembly be located as close as possible to the tipping axis of a tooth?

A: Forces placed closer to the support reduces the effort arm. Figure 4-10, page 32. Therefore, placing the components of a direct retainer assembly as close as possible to the tipping axis of the tooth reduces the effort arm causing the tipping action of the tooth.

Chapter 5

1. A Class I removable partial denture should have seven components. Name the seven components.

major connectors minor connectors rests direct retainers

stabilizing or reciprocal elements (as parts of a clasp assembly) indirect retainers (if the prosthesis has distal extension bases) one or more bases, each supporting one/several replacement teeth

2. Define the term major connector in your own words. the component of the partial denture that connects the parts of the

prosthesis located on one side of the arch with those on the opposite side the unit of the partial denture to which all other parts are directly or

indirectly attached the component provides cross-arch stability to help resist displacement by

functional stresses

3. What are the nine desirable characteristics of major connectors? made from an alloy compatible with oral tissue is rigid and provides cross-arch stability thru the principle of broad

distribution of stresses does not interfere with and is not irritating to the tongue does not substantially alter the natural contour of the lingual surface of the

mandibular alveolar ridge or of the palatal vault does not impinge on oral tissue when the restoration is placed, removed, or

rotates in function covers no more tissue than is absolutely necessary does not contribute to the retention or trapping of food particles has support from other elements of the framework to minimize rotation

tendencies in function contributes to the support of the prosthesis

4. What purposes are served by rigid major connectors as contrasted with flexible connectors?

it effectively distributes forces throughout the arch and acts to reduce the load to any one area while effectively controlling prosthesis movement

if it were flexible, the ineffectiveness of connected components jeopardizes the supporting oral structures and can be a detriment to the comfort of the patient, cause damage to abutment teeth, injury to

residual ridges, or impingement of underlying tissue

5. Major connectors should be located in a favorable relation to moving tissue, gingival tissue, and areas of bony and tissue prominences. What difficulties would the patient encounter if the preceding guidelines are not carried out?

if placed too close to movable tissue, the denture can be displaced if it impinges on gingival tissue, it can cut off the blood supply to the

tissue areas of bony and tissue prominences should be avoided during placement

and removal so as not to damage the tissue or cause pain (I couldn’t find this one in the book)

6. Name and draw the cross-sectional form of the basic mandibular major connector the basic form of a mandibular major connector is a half pear shape

located above moving tissue but as far below the gingival tissue as possible

the superior border of a lingual bar connector should be tapered toward the gingival tissue superiorly with its greatest bulk at the inferior border, resulting in a contour that is a half pear shape

7. Margins of major connectors adjacent to gingival tissue should be located far enough from the tissue to avoid possible impingement when the denture rotates from functional and parafunctional forces. The superior border of a lingual bar should be located how far away from gingival crevices?

4 mm

8. Describe two methods by which the location of the inferior border can be accurately determined.

measure the height of the floor of the mouth in relation to the lingual gingival margins of adjacent teeth with a periodontal probe. during these measurements, the tip of the patient’s tongue should be just lightly touching the vermilion border of the upper lip. these measurements can then be transferred to the casts

use an individualized impression tray having its lingual borders 3 mm short of the elevated floor of the mouth and then use an impression material that will permit the impression to be accurately molded as the patient licks the lips. the inferior border of the planned major connector can then be located at the height of the lingual sulcus of the cast of the impression

9. What is meant by the word relief? Rationalize planned relief for a lingual bar and give quantitative rules of thumb that depend on the contour of the anterior, lingual alveolar ridge.

relief is space between the lingual bar, lingual plate, or any place where the framework crosses gingival tissue; and the movable tissue so that the framework doesn’t impinge on the tissue

(I couldn’t find the second half of this question’s answer)

10. Discuss those clinical observations that indicate the choice of a lingual bar as a major connector.

if there is sufficient vertical distance between the gingival tissue of anterior teeth and the floor of the mouth to allow the superior border of the bar to be a minimum of 4 mm away from the gingiva and the inferior border to be above the height of the floor of the mouth then it is indicated

11. What is the form of a mandibular linguoplate major connector? the upper border should follow the natural curvature of the supracingular

surfaces of the teeth and should not be located above the middle third of

the lingual surface except to cover the interproximal spaces to the contact points. the half pear shape of the lingual bar should still form the inferior border providing the greatest bulk and rigidity.

basically, if the rectangular space bounded by the lingual bar, the anterior tooth contacts and cingula, and the bordering minor connectors is filled in, a linguoplate results

12. Give four clinical observations that indicate use of a linguoplate rather than a lingual bar as a major connector.

when a lingual frenum is high or the space available for a lingual bar is limited

in class I situations in which the residual ridges have undergone excessive vertical resorption. Flat residual ridges offer little resistance to the horizontal rotational tendencies of a denture.

for stabilizing periodontally weakened teeth, splinting with a liguoplate can be of some value when used with definite rests on sound adjacent teeth

when the future replacement of one or more incisor teeth will be facilitated by the addition of retention loops to an existing linguoplate

13. Draw a sagittal section through a cast that shows the basic form of a linguoplate. see page 38

14. What is the difference in determining the location of the inferior borders for lingual bars and linguoplates?

the inferior border of a lingual bar must be located so that it does not impinge on the tissue in the floor of the mouth because it changes elevations during the normal activities of chewing and speaking. the linguoplate inferior border should extend past gingival crevices and margins and end in an area that is above movement of the floor of the mouth and in an ideal location that is comfortable to the patient

15. Describe the superior extent of the apron portion of a linguoplate in relation to the lingual surfaces of teeth contacted by the major connector.

it should follow the natural curvature of the supracingular surfaces of the teeth and should not be located above the middle third of the lingual surface except to cover interproximal spaces to the contact points

16. What are the indications for use of a lingual bar-continuous bar-type of major connector? (see page 39 for a picture of this type of connector/ 5-5 D)

when a linguoplate is the major connector of choice, but the axial alignment of the anterior teeth is such that excessive blockout of interproximal undercuts must be made or when wide diastemata exist between the lower anterior for better esthetic results

17. Interpret in your own words the rationale of this statement made by McCracken: “No component of a partial denture should be added arbitrarily or conventionally. Each component should be added for a good reason and to serve a definite purpose.”

I didn’t answer this one but the quote is on page 42.

18. How may a linguoplate be modified to avoid an over display of metal when used on an arch in which wide diastemata exist between anterior teeth?

the linguoplate can then be constructed so that the metal will not appreciably show through the spaced anterior teeth. see page 43 for an example of this connector. it is called an interrupted linguoplate

19. The dentist alone is responsible for the design of the restoration, which is based on both biological and mechanical principles. Give the dimensional specifications of the wax patterns of mandibular major connectors.

I have no idea-I emailed Dr. Olin

20. At what point in treating the partially edentulous patient must the choice of maxillary and mandibular major connectors be made? Explain.

after considering the diagnostic data and relationg them to the basic principles of major connectors

the major connectors are what everything else in the partial denture is connected to and built upon so it should be the first component of the framework to be designed.

21. There are basically four types of maxillary major connectors. Name and describe them.

single palatal strap (includes combination anterior/posterior palatal strap type connectors) = these are single, broad palatal strap connectors that are a minimum of 8 mm wide

palatal plate = these are any thin, broad, contoured palatal coverage used as a maxillary major connector and covering one half or more of the hard palate

U-shaped palatal connector = these are usually very bulky to maintain rigidity and are the least desirable major maxillary connector

single palatal bar (includes combination anterior/posterior palatal bar type connectors) = less than 8 mm in width and relatively bulky again to maintain rigidity. these are also undesirable connectors but for some reason are used too often

22. What objections are associated with the use of the single palatal bar-type major connector?

for a single palatal bar to have the necessary rigidity for cross-arch distribution of stress, it must have concentrated bulk, which, unfortunately, is all too often ignored. It is not as comfortable to the patient. this includes the anterior/posterior palatal bar connector as well.

23. Which type of palatal major connector is probably the most rigid and at the same time covers the smallest amount of soft tissue?

single palatal strap

24. In what situations would one be most likely to use a single palatal strap-type major connector?

bilateral tooth-supported prostheses, even those with short edentulous spaces, are effectively connected with a single, broad palatal strap connector, particularly when the edentulous areas are located posteriorly.

for reasons of torque and leverage, a single palatal strap major connector should NOT be used to connect anterior replacements with distal extension bases

FYI = the combo anterior/posterior palatal strap connector may be used in almost any maxillary partial denture design (except in those pts. with large posterior palatal tori)

25. There are definite rules of thumb for the location of the anterior and posterior borders of all palatal major connectors. Describe the relationship of the borders to rugae, junction of hard and soft palates, gingival crevices, pterygomaxillary notches, and palatal tori.

anterior borders should follow valleys between rugae and stay parallel to the line made by the rugae and be 6 mm away from the anterior gingival margins

posterior borders are located just anterior to the soft palate and no farther posterior than the most posterior teeth

borders should not impinge upon tissue and if they do cover gingival tissue there should be some relief. also, if a border needs to cross gingival tissue, it should do so at right angles ALSO framework borders if possible should be 6 mm away from gingival margins

pterygomaxillary notches are used as most posterior extension of the denture base (acrylic portion?)

palatal tori should not be covered by major connector

26. Can adequate support be obtained by resting the palatal major connector on tooth inclines? Why? major connector components resting on unprepared inclined tooth

surfaces can lead to slippage of the denture or to orthodontic movement of the tooth and eventual impingement of gingival tissue

27. Rationalize this statement: “Either support the connector by definite rests on the teeth contacted, bridging the gingivae with adequate relief, or locate the connector far enough away from the gingivae to avoid any possible restriction of blood supply and entrapment of food debris.”

it already sounds pretty rationalized to me but it sounds like avoiding impingement of the gingival tissue is a very important issue when designing the major connector?

this statement can be found on page 46

28. Why should all gingival crossings by components of a framework be abrupt and at right angles to the major connector and bridge the gingivae with adequate relief?

a straight line is the shortest distance possible between the framework crossing the gingivae and the major connector and therefore less gingival tissue will be covered by the framework (the book didn’t have an answer to this question so this is the best I could come up with)

relief is once again important so that the tissue isn’t traumatized

29. Describe a continuous bar mandibular major connector and list the indications for its use.

when a linguoplate is the major connector of choice, but the axial alignment of the anterior teeth is such that excessive blockout of interproximal undercuts must be made

I think this basically means that if the teeth are all twisted funny and you can’t get the linguoplate to adapt well to the teeth because you have to block out so much that there’s too much relief between the teeth and framework that this is the type to use

there is a good example of this type of major connector discussed in this question and in question 16 on page 45

30. Describe a sublingual bar mandibular major connector and list the indications for its use.

the bar shape is essentially the same as that of a lingual bar, but placement is inferior and posterior to the usual placement of a lingual bar, lying over and parallel to the anterior floor of the mouth

it is indicated when the height of the floor of the mouth does not allow placement of the superior border of the bar at least 4 mm below the free gingival margin

it is generally accepted that a sublingual bar can be used in lieu of a lingual plate if the lingual frenum does not interfere or in the presence of an anterior lingual undercut that would require considerable blockout for a conventional lingual bar

look at page 39 figure 5-5 C for a picture

31. What clinical and diagnostic observations would lead to the selection of an anterior/posterior palatal strap-type major connector?

the only condition preventing their use is when there is an inoperable maxillary torus that extends posteriorly to the soft palate

it may be used with any Kennedy class of partially edentulous arch and is used most frequently in classes II and IV

32. Under what circumstances is full palatal coverage, by the major connector, indicated?

when the last remaining abutment tooth on either side of a class I arch is the canine or first premolar tooth and when the residual ridges have undergone excessive vertical resorption

33. Describe a palatal linguoplate major connector and explain why such a design would be selected.

it is used when residual ridges have undergone extreme vertical resorption and terminal abutments have suffered some bone loss and splinting cannot be accomplished

the design is similar to that of the mandibular linguoplate and the connector rests on rest seats prepared in the canines and covers the lingual portion of the anterior teeth in the same manner as the mandibular linguoplate

there is a good picture of this connector on page 50 figure 5-24

34. Describe the five steps outlined by Blatterfein for the design of palatal major connectors on a diagnostic cast of a Class I maxillary arch.

step 1 = outline primary bearing areas. primary bearing areas are those that will be covered by the denture base (see page 51 figure 5-25)

step 2 = outline nonbearing areas. nonbearing areas are the lingual gingival tissue within 5 to 6 mm of the remaining teeth, hard areas of the medial palatal raphe (including tori), and palatal tissue posterior to the vibrating line (the line between hard and soft palate) (see page 51 figure 5-25)

step 3 = outline connector areas. steps 1 and 2, when completed, provide an outline or designate areas that are available to place components of major connectors (page 51 figure 5-25)

step 4 = selection of connector type. selection of the type of connector is based on four factors: mouth comfort, rigidity, location of denture bases, and indirect retention. connectors should be of minimum bulk and should be positioned so that interference with the tongue during speech and mastication is not encountered. connectors must have a maximum of rigidity to distribute stress bilaterally. the double-strap type of major connector provides the maximum rigidity without bulk and total tissue coverage. in many instances the choice of a strap type of major connector is limited by the location of the edentulous ridge areas. when edentulous areas are located anteriorly, the use of only a posterior strap is not recommended. by the same token, when only posterior edentulous areas are present, the use of only an anterior strap is not recommended. the need for indirect retention influences the outline of the major connector. provisions must be made in the major connector so that indirect retainers may be attached.

step 5 = unification. after selection of the type of major connector based on the considerations in step 4, the denture base areas and connectors are joined (page 51 figure 5-25)

35. What is a minor connector? those components that serve as the connecting link between the major

connector or base of a removable partial denture and the other components of the prostheses; such as clasp assembly, indirect retainers, occlusal rests, or cingulum rests

36. What are the functions of minor connectors? joins denture parts transfers functional stress to the abutment teeth. this is a prosthesis-to-

abutment function of the minor connector. occlusal forces applied to the artificial teeth are transmitted through the base to the underlying ridge tissue if that base is primarily tissue supported. occlusal forces applied to the artificial teeth are also transferred to abutment teeth through occlusal rests. the minor connectors arising from a rigid major connector make possible this transfer of functional stress throughout the arch

transfers the effect of the retainers, rests, and stabilizing components throughout the prosthesis. this is an abutment-to-prosthesis function of the minor connector. thus forces applied on one portion of the denture may be resisted by other components placed elsewhere in the arch for that purpose. a stabilizing component on one side of the arch may be placed to resist horizontal forces originating on the opposite side. this is possible only because of the transferring effect of the minor connector, which supports that stabilizing component, and the rigidity of the major connector.

37. Should minor connectors be structurally rigid or flexible? Why? they should be rigid otherwise the transfer of functional stresses to the

supporting teeth and tissue will not be efective

38. Describe the shape of a minor connector contacting axial surfaces of adjacent abutments at interproximal areas.

they should not be located on a convex surface. they should be located in an embrasure where it will be least noticeable to

the tongue they should conform to the interdental embrasure, passing vertically from

the major connector so that the gingival crossing is abrupt and covers as little of the gingival tissue as possible

they should be thickest toward the lingual surface, tapering toward the contact area

the deepest part of the interdental embrasure should have been blocked out to avoid interference during placement and removal, and to avoid any wedging effect on the contacted teeth

39. Identify six of the minor connectors in this drawing. the drawing is on page 65.

40. What modification in the deisgn of a minor connector was suggested by Radfor? What are the suggested advantages and the disadvantages of this variation in

design? What is the limitation of this design? the application of this modification was suggested to be limited to the

maxillary arch only (as the lingual cusp is the nonfunctional cusp and a minor connector traversing over a lingual cusp and into a rest seat for example would not interfere with occlusion), with the minor connector located in the center of the lingual surface of the maxillary abutment tooth

it is suggested that this modification reduces the amount of gingival tissue coverage, provides enhanced guidance for the partial denture during insertions and removal, and increases stabilization against horizontal and rotational forces.

however, because of its location, such a design variation could encroach on the tongue space and create a greater potential space for food entrapment.

this variation should be used with careful application

41. Minor connectors used to attach acrylic resin denture bases to major connectors should be located on both buccal and lingual sides of the residual ridge. Why?

such an arrangement will not only add strength to the denture base but also may minimize distortion of the cured base from its inherent strains caused by processing

it may not be a bad idea for everyone to glance at the purple section on page 56 for a longer, better explanation of this

also figure 5-36 on page 56 is a good figure to read about

42. State rules of thumb for the form and length of minor connectors connecting acrylic resin denture bases to major connectors. YOU are GOING to HATE me! Sorry but the purple section above

answers this question really well. I will do my best to summarize when an artificial tooth will be placed against a proximal minor connector,

the minor connector’s greatest bulk should be toward the lingual aspect of the abutment tooth

remember, those portions of a denture framework by which acrylic resin denture bases are attached are minor connectors and they should be completely embedded in the denture base

the junctions of these mandibular minor connectors with the major connectors should be strong butt-type joints but without lots of bulk

angles formed at the junctions of the connectors should not be greater than 90 degrees, thus ensuring the most advantageous and strongest connection between acrylic denture base and major connector

43. What advantages accrue to the restoration by having minor connectors for acrylic resin denture bases attached to the major connector in a butt-type joint?

these are strong joints and when placed at 90 degree angles it allows for maximum strength

44. Describe the best location for palatal finishing lines at the junction of major and minor connectors. How do you determine this optimum location on a cast? Why is it important that the natural contour of the palatal vault be restored with a removable restoration?

they are basically asking about the location of where the gridwork (which is a minor connector) and the major connector (say a palatal plate) should meet. just for clarification, the minor connector will meet the major connector and be thinner than the major one so that when the acrylic resin covers the minor connector it will meet up with the major connector at the same plane and the patient won’t feel the transition once placed in the mouth

if the finish line (where the two meet) is located too far mesially on the ridge, the natural contour of the palate will be altered by the thickness of the junction and the acrylic resin supporting the artificial teeth

if the finish line is located too far bucally, it will be most difficult to create a natural contour of the acrylic resin on the lingual surface of the artificial teeth

the location of the finishing line at the junction of the major and minor connector should be based on restoring the natural palatal shape, taking into consideration the location of the replacement teeth

figure 5-41 on page 60 is a good picture to clarify this concept maintaining palatal vault contour is critical so that the patient experiences

a natural feeling and enhancing speech AFTER ALL THAT-FIGURE 5-42 ON PAGE 60 EXPLAINS IT ALL!

UGH!

45. In addition to a more natural feeling contour, what other factors may be achieved by the use of anatomic replica patterns for palatal major connectors?

enhanced speech was all I could find, but I would assume that mastication and swallowing would be more comfortable if the palate were more anatomically correct

46. What are three ways to increase the bond strength between the minor connectors and the acrylic resin denture bases? How much is the bond strength increased?

answer is not in the chapter. I will email Dr. Olin to get the correct answer.

Chapter 5 Questions

1) What are the 7 components of a class 1 RPD?

- The major connectors, minor connectors, rests, direct retainers, stabilizing components, indirect retainer and one or more bases supporting teeth.

2) What is a major connector?- supporting connection that unites both sides of the arch.

3) What are 5 characteristics of major connectors?- Made w/rigid alloy compatible with oral tissue, rigid cross arch stability, doesn’t irritate tongue, doesn’t alter lingual contour, covers only necessary tissue.

4) What is the purpose of a rigid major connector instead of a flexible connector?- To prevent distortion of the cross arch dimensions

5) If major connectors are not place off tissue/bone, what could happen?- irritation of tissue, periodontal problems.

6) Name and draw the form of a basic mandibular connector?- SEE BOOK P36

7) The superior border the mandibular major connector should be located at least _ mm from teeth?- 4mm

8) How do you measure the inferior border space of a mandibular major connector?- Use a perio probe to measure, take and impression and measure.

9) What is meant by relief?- Spaced made by placing wax spacer under the connector during RPD construction to keep denture components off tissue.

10) Discuss clinical choice of a lingual bar as a major connector.- SEE BOOK P.39

11) What is the form of a mandibular plate?- SEE BOOK P.40

12) Give 4 clinical observations that indicate use of a plate instead of a bar?- high lingual frenum, class 1 with major ridge resorption, stabilizing perio teeth, possible future replacement of teeth (can be added easier).

13) Draw lingual plate?- SEE BOOK P.40

14) What is the difference in determining inferior borders of a lingual plate vs. bar?- undercuts must be blocked out

15) Describe the superior aspect of the apron of a lingual plate.- closely adapted to the teeth, extending into non undercut embrasures.

16) What are the indications for use of a lingual bar continuous bar type connector?- when excessive block out of mandibular teeth are needed to place plate, a cingulum bar may be used.

17) Not necessary (SEE BOOK)

18) How may a lingual plate be modified to prevent display of metal in an embrasure?- The major connector can be constructed so that the metal is cut out of embrasure areas (SEE BOOK P.43)

19) Give the dimensional specifications of the wax patterns of mandibular major connectors.- SEE BOOK P64

20) At what point in treating the partially edentulous patient must the choice of maxillary and mandibular connectors be made?- During design

21) 4 types of maxillary connectors- palatal strap- single broad palatal connector - anterior posterior strap- complete palatal coverage- u shaped palatal connector

22) What are the objections to using the single palatal bar-type major connector?- should not be used to connect anterior replacements with distal extension bases.

23) What maxillary connector is the most rigid and covers the least soft tissue.- AP strap

24) In what situation would you use a palatal strap type connector?- Bilateral edentulous spaces of short span in a tooth-supported restoration.

25) Describe the relationship of rugae, junction of hard palate/soft palate, gingival crevices and palatal tori.- See Book.

26) Can adequate support be obtained by resting the palatal major connectors on tooth incline?- can lead to slippage of denture causing an orthodontic movement

27) Does not pertain (SEE BOOK)

28) Why should all gingival crossings be abrupt right angles and bridge with adequate relief?- To prevent restriction of blood supply and entrapment of food debris.

29) Describe the continuous bar mandibular major connector and list indications.- When a lingual plate of sublingual bar is otherwise indicated but the axial alignment of the anterior teeth is such that excessive blockout of interproximal undercuts would be required.

30) Describe sublingual bar and its uses.- Where height of mandibular space is less than 6mm.

31) Indication of AP type strap.- Excellent abutment and residual ridge, long edentulous spaces, palatal tori.

32) When is full palatal coverage indicated?- if some or all anterior teeth remain, class II arch with large posterior space, class I with one to four missing premolars, absence of tor.

33) Palatal Plate linguoplate connector (SEE BOOK P63)

34) 5 steps of making major connectors on a diagnostic cast.-outline bearing areas-outline nonbearing areas- outline connector areas-select connector type - unification

35) What is a minor connector?- connect major connector to other components of a denture.

36) What are the functions of a minor connector?-transfer stress to abutment teeth.- transfer the effect of the retainers, rests and stabilizing components.

37) Why should minor connectors be rigid?- must transfer stress and resist deformation.

38) Describe the shape of minor connectors.-See Book P.58

39) Identify minor connectors- See Book P.61

40/41/42/43/44 SEE BOOK

45) What factor may be achieved by the use of anatomic replica patterns for palatal major connectors?- ?

46) What are ways to increase bond strength between minor connectors and acrylic resin bases?- 3 nail head connectors- angles formed 90 degrees with framework

Chapter 6

1. Define the word rest as a component of an rpdany component of a partial denture on a tooth surface that provides vertical support

2. What are the functions of a restthe primary purpose is to provide vertical support, but in doing so, it also:

maintains components in their planned positionsmaintains established occlusal relationships by preventing settling of the dentureprevents impingement on soft tissuedirects and distributes occlusal loads to abutment teeth

overall, it serves to support the position of the partial and to resist movement toward the tissue

3. Rests are defined by the surface of the tooth that is prepared to receive the rest. Therefore rests are occlusal rests, incisal rests, and lingual rests.

4. Describe the form of an adequately prepared occlusal rest seatThe outline form should be a rounded triangular shape with the apex toward the center of the

occlusal surfaceIt should be as long as it is wide, the base (at the marginal ridge) should be at least 2.5mm.The marginal ridge must be lowered at least 1.5mm.The floor of the rest seat should be apical to the marginal ridge and should be spoon shaped.Angle formed between the occlusal rest and the vertical minor connector should be less than 90

degrees.

5. Where is the deepest portion of an occlusal rest seat located"should be inside lowered marginal ridge at x." The x in the picture on page 69 is just at the

middle of the spoon shaped part. Exactly where you think it is!

6. Draw a diagram of the approximate dimensions of an occlusal rest seat on a molar. a premolar2.5 mm wide at base of triangle (bucco-lingually), 2.5 mm long (mesio-distally), marginal ridge lowered 1.5 mm, deepest portion at center of spoon. These dimensions are the same for molars and premolars.

7. Why should the angle formed by the rest and the vertical minor connector from which it originates be less than 90to direct the occlusal forces along the long axis of the tooth, also prevents slippage of the prosthesis away from the abutment

8. Under what circumstances would one choose to prep a secondary occlusal rest on the same toothwhen an existing occlusal rest seat is inclined apically toward the reduced marginal ridge and it can't be modified (center of spoon lowered) for fear of pulp perforation

9. Describe the form of adjacent, interproximal occlusal rest seatsthe rests are prepared as individual occlusal rest seats , with the exception that the preps must be extended farther lingually than is ordinarily done. This answer doesn't quite seem right. I would take a look at the picture on page 71 because it seems like it is also extended further bucally.

10. What advantages are gained by using adjacent, interproximal occlusal rest seats rather than a single interproximal rest seatthey are used to prevent interproximal wedging by the framework and they are designed to shunt food away from the contact points.

11. Describe an internal occlusal rest seat and relate the circumstances under which it may be usea partial denture that is totally tooth supported by means of cast retainers on all abutment teeth

may use intracoronal rests for both occlusal support and horizontal stabilization. The form of the rest should be parallel to the path of placement, slightly tapered occlusally and slightly dovetailed to prevent dislodgement proximally. If you want to read up a little more on these internal occlusal rests since we didn't talk about them much, check out page 71-or don't waste your time :0)

12. How does one fabricate an internal occlusal rest seatinternal rests are carved in wax or spark eroded in abutment castings. Ready made plastic rest patterns are available and can be waxed into a crown or partial veneer patterns, invested, and cast after having been positioned parallel to the path of placement with a dental cast surveyor.

13. Rests may be placed on sound enamel, cast restorations, or silver amalgam restorations. Which of the three is least desirable for support of the rests. Why?I'm still waiting for a definite answer from Dr. Olin. The book didn't come right out and answer this question and this would be an excellent test question!

14. When preparing occlusal rest seats immediately adjacent to a proximal surface that has to be recontoured for optimum location of other components, which is accomplished first-rest seat preparation or recontouring of the axial surface of the abutment? Defend you answer.the preparation of occlusal rest seats always follows proximal preparation. If done the other way-the marginal ridge almost always ends up too thin with the center of the rest seat too close to it. Usually impossible to correct without making the prep too deep.

15. What is the sequence of operations in preparing an occlusal rest seat in enamel? Name the cuttingand polishing instruments used.use large round bur to lower the marginal ridge and to establish the outline form of the rest seatthen a slightly smaller round bur is used to deepen the rest seat. The prep is smoothed by a polishing point. Fluoride gel should be applied to abutment teeth following enamel recontouring.

16. How do you handle a small enamel defect encountered in preparing a rest seat.ignore it until the rest prep has been completed, then with small burs prepare the remaining defect to receive a small restoration.

17. Suppose you expose dentin in preparing an occlusal rest seat in enamel-what then?Again, awaiting an answer from Dr. Olin

18. Describe the form of a lingual rest seat preparationslightly rounded V shape (pointed incisally) at the junction of the gingival and middle third

19. Which unrestored teeth may sometimes have such a lingual contour that an acceptable lingual rest seat may be prepared in enamelmandibular canines

20. Five morphologic or anatomic factors must be evaluated in determining whether an abutment can support a lingual rest. Enumerate these five factors.

Sorry!!!! Waiting for Dr. Olin

21. Most often, unrestored canines/ incisors should not be used for supports for lingual rests. Why?the lingual slope of the mandibular canine is usually too steep for an adequate lingual rest seat to be placed in the enamel. mandibular anteriors have too thin of enamel

22. For what reasons should a rounded, inverted V notch form be used for a lingual rest seat?maintains the natural contour of the maxillary canine cingulum, the v-form is self-centering, and directs forces rather favorably in an apical direction.

23. State the minimums for a lingual rest seat mesiodistally, labiolingually, and incisal-apicallyMD=2.5 to 3 mm LL=2 mm IA=1.5 mm

24.Give the sequence of use of rotary instruments in preparing a lingual rest seat in enamel1. inverted cone diamond2. progress to smaller tapered stones with round ends3. shaped abrasive rubber polishing points4. flour of pumice

25. The design of a framework is such that lingual rest seats must be placed on incisor teeth, yet dentin will knowingly exposed in preparing acceptable rest seats. What are the options for providing adequate rest seats on incisors.The rest can be built into a cast veneer crown, 3/4 crown, inlay, laminate veneer, composite restoration, or etched metal restoration. Individually cast chromium cobalt alloy rest seat forms that are attached to the lingual surfaces by composite resin cement can also be used. Sapphire ceramic ortho brackets have also been bonded to the lingual surfaces of mandibular canines and shaped as rest seats.

26. The adequacy of a lingual rest seat is better accomplished with a cast restoration than a preparation confined to enamel. True or False?TRUE

27. Four conservative alternatives to forming rest seats on teeth with unacceptable lingual contours were described in the text. What are they and what are their advantages and disadvantages.see question 25

28. Describe the contour of an incisal rest seat preparationrounded notch form at incisal angle of a canine or incisal edge of an incisor with the deepest portion of the prep apical to the incisal edge. the notch should be beveled both labially and lingually. Page 77 has some great diagrams of the incisal rest. Might be worth checking out cuz it seems a bit different than what we were taught.

29. What are the minimum acceptable dimensions of an incisal rest seat2.5 mm wide, 1.5 mm deep

30. Name and describe several indications for the use of incisal reststooth morphology doesn't permit other designs (ie lingual rest), restore defective or abraded tooth anatomy, provide stabilization, full incisal rests can restore or provide anterior guidance

31. Which rest is the most unfavorable in relation to a possible tipping of the tooth. Which is the most favorable to avoid unfavorable leverage factorsincisal and occlusal of molar or premolar respectively

32. For what reasons must a rest restore the occlusal, lingual, or insical morphology of the abutment tooth that existed before the rest seat preparationI'm starting to feel like an idiot-can't find this one either!!! Will let you know asap :0)

Chapter 8: Indirect Retainers1) What elements prevent movement of the base of a tooth-supported denture toward the basal seats?

-- Occlusal, lingual or incisal rests.2) Support of a distal extension removable partial denture is shared by abutment teeth and residual ridges. The quality of support furnished by the residual ridges is proportionate to at least three factors. Name them.

--(No clear answer in ch 8) 1. Length of distal extension base. 2. Location of fulcrum line. 3. How far beyond the fulcrum line the indirect retainer is placed.

Improper use of any of the above factors will increase the pressure on the residual ridges.

3) Movement of a distal extension base away from basal seats will occur as a rotational movement or as ______.

--?. Horizontal maybe4) What is the difference between fulcrum line and axis of rotation?

--None. The axis of rotation of a denture is about the fulcrum line.5) Identify the fulcrum line on class I arch; class II mod.1; class IV.

-- class I: Line between two most posterior teeth. Ideally the mesial of 2nd premolars.

-- class II mod. 1: Diagonal line passing through abutment on distal extension side and most posterior abutment on opposite side.

-- class IV: Line passes through two abutments adjacent to single edentulous space.6) Define Indirect Retainer.

-- The rigid components of the denture framework that are located on definite rests on the opposite side of the fulcrum line away from the distal extension base.7) What components of a removable partial denture usually make an indirect retainer?

-- One or more rests and supporting minor connectors. Proximal plates adjacent to edentulous spaces.8) From the standpoint of leverage advantage, where should an indirect retainer be located?

-- As far away from the fulcrum line as possible at right angle to fulcrum line.9) An indirect retainer performs one major function and four auxiliary functions. Name them.

-- Major: Activate the direct retainer to prevent movement away from the tissue.-- Minor: 1) Reduce anteroposterior tilting leverages on the principle abutments. 2) Stabilize against horizontal movement by contacting axial surfaces.3) Anterior teeth supporting a indirect retainers are stabilized against lingual

movement.4) Act as auxiliary rest to support portion of major connector. This helps

distribute stress.

5) Provide first visual indication for need to reline and extension base partial. Dislodgement of indirect retainers indicates deficiencies in basal seat support.10) The effectiveness of indirect retainers is influenced by four factors. Name them.

1) Principle occlusal rests on primary abutments must be reasonably help in their seats by retentive arms of direct retainers. If rests are displaced from their seats, no rotation about the fulcrum line will occur, thus the indirect retainers will not engage.

2) Distance from the fulcrum line. Must also consider;a) Length of the distal extension base.b) Location of the fulcrum linec) How far beyond the fulcrum line the indirect retainer is placed.

3) Rigidity of the connectors supporting the indirect retainer.4) Effectiveness of the supporting tooth surface. Indirect retainer must be placed

on a definite rest seat where no slippage or tooth movement will occur. Tooth inclines and weak teeth should never be used.11) What are the probable sequelae of trying to use a continuous bar or linguoplate to serve as an indirect retainer?

-- Cingulum bars and linguoplates are not indirect retainers because they rest on unprepared lingual surfaces. The terminal rests at either end of the bar/plate are the indirect retainers. If used as an indirect retainer, movement of the teeth can occur (ortho).12) In a class II, mod. 1 arch, especially if the modification is a long endentulous space, what component may act as an indirect retainer?

-- The occlusal rest on a secondary abutment tooth. (primary abutments would be adjacent to distal extension base and most distal abutment on tooth supported side. Secondary abutment would be an anterior abutment on the tooth supported side.)13) Discuss the inadequacy of rugae to act as support for indirect retention.

-- Often a part of palatal horseshoe design. Not as good as tooth support. Rugae support should be avoided when possible.14) True/False: Each design of the extension base-type RPD should include an indirect retainer or some component that will act as an indirect retainer.

-- TRUE15) True/False: Bilaterally placed indirect retainers contribute to stability of class I restoration more so than a single indirect retainer.

-- TRUE (Centrals are too weak for an indirect retainer so bilateral premolar retainers are preferred. Closer to fulcrum line [less lever action] but stronger teeth.)

Chapter 9

1. What is a denture base?A. Supports the artificial teeth and receives functional forces for occlusion

and transfers functional forces to supporting oral structures.

2. What does the term basal seat mean?A. The oral tissues and structures of the residual ridge supporting a denture

base.

3. Is the primary purpose of a denture base related to the masticatory function? If so, how?

A. Yes. Functional stability for distal extensions is most critical. It must provide the ability to transfer forces without undue movement.

4. Describe how the denture base contributes to the factor of appearance.A. A base must simulate the natural-looking contours and tinting.

5. Are the functions of tooth-supported and extension-type bases somewhat different? If so, how do they differ?

A. In a tooth-supported RPD the forces are directed to abutments. Extension-type transfer stresses to soft tisues.

6. What are the functions of a tooth-supported partial denture base?A. A span between two abutments supporting artificial teeth.

7. Describe the functions of a distal extension partial denture.A. Proved a means to attach denture teeth and dissipate occlusal forces

8. The space available for a denture base is controlled by the structures surrounding the space and their movements during function? True or false?

A. True

9. Explain the snowshoe principle as it applies to denture base design.A. Broad coverage furnishes the best support with the least load per unit area.

Providing for maximum support.

10. By what means is an acrylic resin base attached to a framework?A. By means of a minor connector designed so that a space exists between

tissue and meshwork. Accomplished by nailhead retention, retention loops or diagonal spurs placed at random.

11. A ladderlike minor connector is used to attach an acrylic resin base to frameworks. Should this minor connector be regid or flexible? Why or why not?

A. Rigid. Provides strength (not 100% sure on this one)

12. Is it important and that a minor connector for an extension type of acrylic resin base be located on both the buccal and lingual sides of the residual ridge? Explain.

A. Yes, minimize warpage

13. Is an open ladder type of design for connecting an acrylic resin base to a major connector preferable to a closed meshwork design? Why?

A.14. Give a rule of thumb for how far the minor connector should extend

posteriorly.A. Extend buccally within physiologic tolerance of border structures. Mx:

cover both Mx tuberosities, extend into the pterygomaxillary notches and

provide for adaption along the posterior border, taking care not to extend beyond the soft palate flexure. Mn: bilateral distal extension RPD bases cover the retromolar pads and extend into the retromylohyoid fossae

15. The minor connector for acrylic resin bases must be totally embedded in the acrylic resin base. What thickness of acrylic resin is necessary between the residual ridge and minor connector to allow adjustment of the base if it should become necessary?

A. We use 2X28 gage16. Nine requirements for an ideal denture base are given in this chapter, list six.

1. Accuracy of adaptation to the tissue, with minimal volume change2. Dense, nonirritating surface capable of receiving and maintaining a

good finish3. Thermal conductivity4. Low specific gravity; light weight in the mouth5. Sufficient strength; resistance to fracture or distortion6. Easily kept clean7. Esthetic acceptability8. Potential for future relining9. Low initial cost

17. Metal bases have distinct advantages over acrylic resin bases, such as thermal conductivity and accuracy and permanence of form. What are the other advantages?

A. Can be thinner, easier to keep clean, minimize bulk18. What are the indications and contraindications for metal bases?

A. Metal is thinner, thermal conductivity, strengthB. Contras: esthetics, functional tongue and cheek contours

19. Can denture base contours for functional cheek and tongue contact best be accomplished with acrylic resin or metal? Why?

A. Acrylic Resin. You can create bulk with out the added weight.20. Relining of extension bases becomes necessary to reestablish support of the

base. Could this be a factor in selecting the material for a denture base? Explain.

A. Acrylic resin that can be relined to adjust for changing tissues and demands. Metal cannot.

21. How can it be determined when a denture base requires relining?A. When there is loss of occlusal contact (there may be more?)

22. What is meant by the word stress-breaker in removable partial pros?A. A connection that dissipates vertical stresses (Hinge)

23. By what means can the action of the retaining elements of a stress-breaker be separated from movements of the extension base?

A. Allows independent movement of denture base and direct retainers.24. Stress-breakers may be divided into two broad groups. Give two examples of

each group.A. The book wasn’t really clear on this one. There are hinge type and split

bar type.

Good luck everybody. If anybody has questions on this section drop me an email: carl2505@umn.edu or call 218-791-0662

CHAPTER 101. Nine factors that influence the design of a partial denture:

a. tooth or tissue supportb. amount of supporting bonec. crown/root ratiod. crown/root morphologye. tooth number and position in arch relative to edentulous spacef. presence of residual ridgeg. variable tissue supporth. functional forces from opposing archi. opposing arch tooth position different occlusion

2. How is the design of a denture influenced by the classification of the arch being restored?

The type of arch presents various types of coverage forces and occlusion. RPDs opposing natural teeth will require greater support and stabilization because greater functional load demands

3. Two main types of dentures and why?a. Kennedy class I and II-primary support tissue under base, secondary

support from abutment teethb. Kennedy class III- all support derived from abutment teeth

4. Refer to book- Essay question5. Definition of Guiding Plane: Two plus vertically parallel surfaces of abutment

teeth shaped to direct a prosthesis during placement and removal. They are parallel to path of insertion and preferably the long access of abutment teeth.

6. Three main functions of guiding plane surfaces contacted by minor connectors:.a. Provide one path of placement and removalb. Insure intended actions of reciprocal, stabilizing, and retentive

componentsc. Eliminate food traps btn. Abutment teeth and denture

7. Should guiding planes on enamel surface of abut teeth be rounded or flat? Why?a. Rounded, to avoid B or Li line angles bc line angles weaken either or both

parts of clasp assembly8. Rule of thumb for prox guide planes?

a. Half width of distance btn tips of adjacent B and Li cusps or 1/3 B to Li width of tooth

9. Direct retainers for tooth supported dentures differ in design from those used in extension base-type dentures. What requirement, in relation to undercut, exists for direct retainer (clasp) on a terminal abut of extension denture when denture base is forced into heavier contact with residual ridge?

a. Prevent horizontal movement, allow flex of retentive clasp, clasp arm must be freely flexible in any direction. Round, tapered clasp form offer advantages of more uniform flexibility, less tooth contact, and better esthetics.

10. Name component of RPD that must be rigid. Name flexible parts.a. Rigid- Minor connectors that join rests and clasp assemblies to major

connector, reciprocal arm claspsb. Flexible- retentive arm clasp

11. Would a fixed partial denture be a better than RPD?a. Totally depends on patient preferences and clinical presentation

12. What method used to replace single missing teeth or missing ant. Teetha. Preferably bridge, implant, maybe nothing

13. when confronted with K class 1, should you replace premolars with fixed partial?a. No, nothing distal as an abutment

14. Amount of stress transferred to supporting edent ridge and abut teeth in extension based partial are dependent on 4 factors.

a. length of lever arm or denture basesb. an anterior placement of indirect retainerc. use lingual plate or bard. occlusal rest versus cingulum rest

15. Systematic approach to designing RPD. Outline different approaches. (Too Broad)

16. In evaluating potential support abut teeth can provide (K class 1), what specific characteristics of teeth should be considered?

a. Crown/ root ratiob. Perio healthc. Orientation

17. In eval potential tissue support that edent ridge can provide in extension base situations, what characteristics should be considered?

a. Shape and amount of underlying boneb. Amount of gingival soft tissue

18. Supporting units and functional stresses of K class 1 RPD? Vague question.19. In developing a design for an extension base RPD when does one determine how

denture is retained?a. After analyzing undercuts and patient preference

20. How does oneknow if indirect needs to be incorporated into the design?a. Always

21. What is the final step in the proposed systematic approach to design? a. They ask about a systematic approach but it is never explained here, Know

different designs and when, where rests / retention placed, indirect retention, eval ridges, etc.

22. What is a splint bar?a. Splint used to connect a double abut for stability between sides of an arch

when replacing ant teeth in K class 4. 23. Draw a splint bar. Yeah right. See page15924. Purpose served by of splint bar.

a. See question 2225. Enough about splint bars.26. Why must splint bar be convex rather concave adjacent to residual ridges?

a. Doesn’t actually say but probably to avoid tissue irration.

27.

Chapter 10 – Principles of Removable Partial Denture Design(this chapter would be excellent to read before the practical!)

1. The text suggests at least nine factors that will influence the design of a removable partial denture. Please list them.Tooth vs tissue supportedAmount of supporting boneCrown/root ratiosCrown and root morphologiesTooth number and position in the arch relative to the edentulous spacesFor a tooth tissue supported prosthesis-the residual ridge for supportOpposing arch tooth positionsExisting and nature of prosthesis support in the opposing archPotential for establishing a harmonious occlusion (this one’s retarded but it makes 9 :0)

2. How is the design of a denture influenced by the classification of the arch being restored.The main difference is in the type of support-whether that be tissue, tooth, or tooth-tissue.

3. There are really only two types of removable partial dentures. What are they?Kennedy class I / II vs Kennedy class III.

4. Because there are two basic types of removable partial dentures, it is evident that a dentist must consider 1) the manner in which each is supported 2) the method of impression registration 3) the need of or lack of need for indirect retention and 4)the use of a base material that can be readily relined. Write a meaningful essay of 100 words or less about each of these listed considerations.The answer to this question is pp 146-148. Kinda helpful.

5. What is a guiding plane?Defined as two or more parallel, vertical surfaces of abutment teeth, so shaped to direct a prosthesis during placement and removal

6. What are the three main functions of guiding plane surfaces contacted by minor connectors?1) to provide for one path of placement and removal of the restoration to eliminate detrimental strain to abutment teeth and framework components during placement and removal 2) to ensure the intended actions of reciprocal, stabilizing, and retentive components to provide retention against dislodgement of the restoration when the dislodging force is directed other than parallel to the path of removal and also to provide stabilization against horizontal rotation of the denture 3) to eliminate gross food traps between abutment teeth and components of the denture

7. Should guiding planes prepared on enamel surfaces of abutment teeth be rounded or flat, why?The guide planes should be rounded. The reason for this is to avoid creating buccal or lingual line angles that could be produced in flat guide planes. These line angles would weaken the clasp assembly that contacts it.

8. Give a rule of thumb for the dimensions of proximal guiding planesGuide planes should be one half the width of the distance between the tips of adjacent buccal and lingual cusps or about one third of the buccal lingual width of the tooth.

9. Direct retainers for tooth supported dentures differ in design from those used in extension base type dentures. What requirement, in relation to an undercut, exists for the direct retainer on a terminal abutment of an extension denture when the denture base is forced in to heavier contact with the residual ridgeMust be able to flex sufficiently to dissipate stresses that otherwise would be transmitted directly to the abutment tooth as leverage. Some dentists prefer stress-breakers, others believe wrought wire are the best for this.

10. Name the components of a removable partial denture that must be rigid. Name the components in which flexibility is desirableThe rigid ones are major connectors, minor connectors and reciprocal clasp arms (the stabilizing components). The flexible ones are direct retainers (retentive clasps) in tooth supported and for distal extensions partial dentures.

11. Would you agree that a fixed partial, where indicated, should be the restoration of choice, in lieu of a removable partial? Give an example and explain.Sorry, my clinical judgment at this point is a little lacking. The book doesn’t answer this question and I guess I’ll email this to Dr Olin. My guess is this question is just trying to make the point that each situation is going to be different depending on the health of the remaining teeth, the patient (ie dexterity, finances, etc), the disease process in the patient (ie rampant caries), etc.

12. What method should usually be used to replace single missing teeth or missing anterior teeth? Justify your answer.A fixed partial denture (from chapter 14)

13. When confronted with a Kennedy class I arch in which all molars and first premolars are missing, should one consider replacing the first premolars with fixed partials rather than restoring the spaces with a removable restoration? Why?The answer, of course, would be dependent on the clinical situation. However, if the 2nd premolars turned out to be weak abutments on their own, the splinting of the canine and 2nd premolar by a fixed partial denture can provide adequate support for abutment. The answer is yes-the first premolar should be restored by a fixed partial.

14. The amount of stress transferred to the supporting edentulous ridges and the abutment teeth in extension base partial dentures is dependent on four factors. One is the length of the lever arm or denture bases. Identify the other three and describe how each influences this stress transfer.1) direction and magnitude of the force 2) the quality of resistance (support from the remaining natural teeth and edentulous ridge) 3) the design characteristics of the partial denture.

15. A systematic approach to developing the design for any removable partial denture was presented and discussed. Outline the steps presented in this approach.

1) determine how the partial denture is to be supported (ie rests and tissue stops)2) connect the tooth and tissue support units (ie major and minor connectors)3) determine how the rpd is to be retained (ie clasps)4) connect the retention units to the supporting units 5) outline and join the edentulous area to the already established design

components

16. In evaluating the potential support that abutment teeth can provide, what specific characteristics of the teeth should you consider?1) periodontal health 2) crown and root morphologies 3) crown to root ratio 4) bone index area 5) location of the tooth in the arch 6) relationship of the tooth to other support units aka length of the edentulous span 7) the opposing dentition

17. In evaluating the potential tissue support that the edentulous ridges can provide in extension base situations, what specific characteristics should be considered1) the quality of the residual ridge 2) the extent to which the residual ridge will be covered by the denture base 3) the type and accuracy of the impression registration 4) the accuracy of the denture base 5) the design characteristics of the component parts of the partial denture framework 6) the anticipated occlusal load

18. In developing the design for an extension base rpd, what component parts are used to connect the supporting units? What specific characteristics should each of these components have to effectively distribute functional stresses to the supporting units?Major connectors should be properly located in relation to gingival and moving tissues and should be designed to be rigid. Rigidity in a major connector is necessary to provide proper distribution of forces to and from the supporting components. Minor connectors should be located in interproximal spaces to provide adequate bulk of material without impinging on the tongue.

19. In developing a design for an extension base rpd, when does one determine how the denture is to be retained? What are the keys to selecting successful clasp designsRetainers for distal extension rpds have to be able to flex or disengage when the denture base moves toward the tissue when in function. Thus, the retainer may act as a stress breaker. Clasps that act as stress breakers, rather than a mechanical stress breaker, provide the same stress relief without compromising the horizontal stabilization of the rpd. The clasp must be freely flexible in all planes-rounded tapered clasps are the best. Therefore, the wrought wire circumferential or a carefully designed bar clasp can be used.

20. How does one know if indirect retention needs to be incorporated into the design? If needed, where should it be located, and what component parts would be included in the design to serves as indirect retainers?Indirect retention is placed in situations where a fulcrum line exists. Fulcrum lines exist only where a distal extension is present (ie no fulcrum line exists in a kennedy class III-Dr. James said this is a classis test question). Indirect retention should be placed as far anterior (and at a right angle) to the fulcrum line, on a tooth that is capable of withstanding the forces placed on it. Therefore a canine or premolar should be used. An incisal or cingulum rest seat should be used. This describes the first purpose of indirect retention-to prevent rotation of the rpd about the fulcrum line. The second purpose of indirect retention is in support of the major connector- for example, a long lingual bar can be prevented from settling into the tissue if indirect retention is incorporated. Remember-a lingual plate is not an indirect retainer, it is located on inclined tooth surfaces which make it an ortho appliance.

21. What is the final step in the proposed systematic approach to design? Should this design characteristic have any special requirements? If so, what are they?The final step was to outline and join the edentulous area to the already established design components (see question 15). The amount of flexure of the distal extension will affect the retentive clasp requirements. For example, if the edentulous ridge is greatly resorbed, the span is especially long, or excessive occlusal load is placed on the extension, greater flexure of the clasp will be required. These examples will also be important in considering how the minor connector will contact the abutment tooth adjacent to the extension in order to prevent torque on that abutment tooth. There is a good diagram on page 149 explaining this phenomenon that is difficult to explain in words.

22. What is a splint bar?As answered in a previous question-missing anterior teeth are best replaced with a fixed partial. However, some situations exist in which several missing anterior teeth need to be replaced with the rpd (ie replacing a long span of anterior teeth). When this is the case-the splint bar acts as the major connector to connect the abutment teeth in a long span in order to provide support to the replaced anterior teeth. There is a good picture on page 159 to get an idea of what it looks like.

23. Draw a splint bar from a frontal, horizontal, and sagittal view. Label the dimensions and relationship of the bar to the tissue and the abutments.The splint bar should be round or ovoid. As viewed from above, the splint bar should be in a straight line between the abutments. In a sagittal section, a rounded pear shape makes point contact with the ridge (prevents rotational torque). The bar should be placed slightly lingual to the ridge to provide esthetic arrangement of the artificial teeth.

24. What purposes are served by use of splint bars where indicated?Enhances longevity of the teeth being replaced and stability of the rpd. Basically, just think of it as a sturdy structure for a long span of artificial teeth to rest on. If flexure of the long span occurs, this prevents the fracture of the span. Kinda like a sturdier grid work that is between two abutments.

25. A decision has been made to use a splint bar from canine to canine. Will this decision influence the design of the framework? If so, how?The major design difference in using a splint bar is that the bar actually serves as the major connector, so the traditional major connector is not needed.

26. For what reasons must a splint bar be convex, rather than concave, adjacent to the residual ridge?The splint bar needs to be concave in order for the patient to be able to keep it clean (flossing). Think of the hygienic pontic we learned about-same principles.

27. Is a 13 guage splint bar adequate for a span from canine to canine? Why or why not?NO-long spans require more rigid bars (10 guage)

28. Describe and define an internal clip attachmentThe internal clip attachment differs from the splint bar in that the internal clip provides both support and retention from the connecting bar. See figure 10-17 on page 161 for picture. Basically, a connecting bar is placed (for example) between two canines and is raised slightly off of the edentulous ridge. Then, a nylon or metal ‘clip’ is secured in the tissue contacting side of the rpd. The clip is contoured to fit the bar and kinda snaps around the bar. The use of the bar and clip provides support, stability, and retention for the anterior modification area and it may allow one to eliminate both occlusal rests and retentive clasps on the adjacent abutment teeth.

29. The internal clip attachment must be used in conjunction with some type of bar supported by abutment teeth. What is the cross-sectional shape of such a bar? What advantages accrue from using such a design for a restoration?The previous question answered this one except that the bar should be round and straight in order for the clip to be able to engage it.

30. You are confronted with a mandibular arch with only the six anterior teeth and two second molars remaining. The maxillary arch is edentulous. The anterior teeth are restorable individually and show no mobility or periodontal involvement. The molars, however, are grossly involved with caries, in fact most of the clinical crown is gone. They also show a Miller mobility classification of 1 and exhibit a 5 to 6 mm gingival crevicular depth. They can be treated periodontally and endodontically. In such a situation, if finances were not a factor, would you 1) extract both molars 2) prepare the molars for an overlay prosthesis 3) extract all the mandibular teeth and treat the patient with complete dentures?Every consideration should be directed at preventing the need for a distal extension. In this situation, one would prepare the molars for an overlay prosthesis. If teeth can be endo treated, perio treated, and have not tipped (ie from opposing occlusion), they can serve as abutments. The tooth is prepared in a way that it ends up as a slightly elevated (just slightly above the tissue) dome shaped abutment for which the rpd will engage. This eliminates the need for a distal extension.

31. If the molars mentioned in the preceding section were prepared for an overlay prosthesis, state the reasons for doing so in terms of benefits to the patient.This eliminates the need for the distal extension and problems that go along with the distal extension (ie more torque on the abutment teeth, pressure placed on the residual ridge, etc.)

Chapter 11: Surveying

1) Define a dental cast surveyor.An instrument used to determine the relative parallelism of 2+ surfaces of teeth or other parts of the cast of a dental arch.

2) What are the basic parts of a surveyor?-Platform on which the base is moved-Vertical arm that supports superstructure-Horizontal arm from which surveying tools suspend-Table to which the cast is attached-Base on which the table swivels-Paralleling tool or guidance marker (contacts the convex surface of the tooth)-Mandrel for holing special tools

3) What does the height of contour mean? How does is relate to a direct retainer assembly?

Height of contour – line encircling a tooth, designating its greatest circumference at a selected position determined by a surveyor.The height of contour determines the location of non-retentive reciprocal and stabilizing arms and the location of retentive clasp terminals.

4) Because no component of a removable partial denture may engage an undercut except a portion of the retentive arm of a direct retainer, then both desirable and undesirable undercuts must be known in deigning a restoration. True or False?

True

5) When planning the design of a partial denture, 4 factors must be considered in determining the path of placement and removal. Two of these factors are retention and esthetics. Name the 2 other factors.

Guiding planes and Interference

6) With the diagnostic cast securely clamped to the adjustable table and the diagnostic stylus in the vertical spindle, what orientation of the occlusal plane to the base of the surveyor is recommended as a provisional study position?

The occlusal surfaces are approximately parallel to the platform.

7) When considering a design for a class III, modification 1 arch, which directional tilt of the cast will indicate the greatest area of parallel proximal surfaces to act as guiding planes – anteroposterior or lateral?

Anteroposterior

8) Suppose in the previous situation, that the diagnostic stylus touches only gingival areas of the proximal surfaces. What are the options to obtain guiding plane surfaces?

In making the choice btw. having contact with a proximal surface at the cervical area only or at the marginal ridge only, contact at the marginal ridge is preferred b/c a plane can be established by recontouring. When only a gingival contact exists a restoration in the only means of establishing a guiding plane.

9) When possible retentive areas are being ascertained, the cast is tilted laterally. How can one avoid changing the established anteroposterior tilt of the cast?

Rotate it about an imaginary longitudinal axis with out disturbing the anteroposterior tilt already established.

10) Uniformity of retention bilaterally is desirable. In what manner does the angle of cervical convergence contribute to obtaining uniform retention?

The amount of retention existing below the height of convexity may be determines by observing the angle of cervical convergence and tilting the cast laterally until similar areas of retention exist on the principal abutment teeth.

11) What are the most common causes of interference to the placement of a mandibular major connector?

Bony prominences and lingually inclined premolars are the most common causes of interference to a lingual bar connector.

12) Why should soft tissue contours be surveyed along with teeth?Bony undercuts may interfere with seating of the denture base. An undercut may also leave too large of a gap for the minor connector of an I-bar which would leave objectionable spaces and trapping of food.

13) What advantages accrue in having the tip of the carbon marker touch the gingival areas intermittently when marking the heights of contour of abutment teeth?

To ensure that you are not recording a false height of contour and that the carbon marker is reaching the height of contour. (this was not in the book, I asked Dr. Madden if he knew the answer – Dr. Olin was gone that day – and he did not know the answer either, so this is just my best guess. I’m sending an email to Dr. Olin to ask, when he responds I will let you all know.)

14) After the diagnostic cast has been surveyed, how can the relationship of the cast to the vertical spindle of the surveyor in three dimensions be recorded?

There are two methods:- Tripoding: Place three widely divergent dots on the tissue surface of

the cast using the tip of a carbon marker, with the vertical arm of the surveyor in a locked position. Preferably these dots should not be placed on areas of the cast involved in the framework design. The dots should be circled with a colored pencil for easy identification.

- Score two sides and the dorsal aspect of the base of the cast with a sharp instrument held against the surveyor base. By tilting the cast until all three lines are again parallel to the surveyor blade, the original cast position can be reestablished. Scratch lines will be reproduced in any duplication, thereby permitting any duplicate cast to be related to the surveyor in the a similar manner.

15) What is the disadvantage of using a carbon marker that is even slightly worn?A worn (tapered) carbon marker will indicate heights of contour more occlusally located than they actually exist.

16) What is an undercut gauge? How can it be used to measure the depth of undercut in the angle of cervical convergence?

An undercut gauge is an attachment to the surveyor which measures the amount of undercut in hundredths of an inch. To use the undercut gauge, place the vertical portion of the gauge against the height of contour on the axial surface of the tooth and the edge of the horizontal portion against the axial portion of the tooth below the height of contour so that both are touching at the same time. This will allow you to determine where you have the desired amount of undercut and it can be mark on the cast to aid in the design of clasps. (Disclaimer: This answer was not in the book so this is just my own answer that I came up with.)

17) Heights of contour in many instances will be more optimally located for direct retainer assemblies if axial surfaces are recontoured. How may an undercut gauge assist in determining whether they can be recontoured without exposing dentin?

The undercut gauge allows you to determine how much tooth structure would need to be removed in order to achieve the proper contour and undercut.

18) Diagnostic cast are quite often altered during design on the surveyor or in other uses. Why is it a good idea to have duplicate casts?

So that if you begin designing an RPD on one cast and it doesn’t work, you have another unaltered one to work with, without having to bring the patient back in for another impression. Also it may be nice to have a cast that has not been altered so you can see what the original arch looked like before alterations. (I did not find this answer in the book this is just my guess using logic)

19) The designed diagnostic cast can readily serve as a blueprint to accomplish contouring of abutment teeth during mouth preparation procedures. How may the contoured areas on the diagnostic cast be indicated to avoid overlooking these areas when preparing them in the mouth?

All proposed mouth changes should be indicated on the diagnostic cast in red pencil, with the exception of restoration to be done. These mouth changes include: preparation of proximal surfaces, reduction of buccal and lingual surfaces and preparation of rest seats (rest seats should always be deferred until all other mouth preparations have been completed).

20) After mouth preparation procedures are completed and a mast cast has been made, it must be surveyed to definitively locate components. What are the guides to relate the cast to the surveyor?

The prepared proximal guiding plane surfaces will indicate the correct anteroposterior tilt. The lateral tilt will be the position that provides equal retentive areas on all principal abutments in relation to the planned clasp design.

21) The terminal portion of the retentive arm of a direct retainer should engage a planned and measured undercut. Using the same degree of undercut bilaterally will not necessarily ensure relative equal retention. What factor other than the degree of undercut must be considered?

Clasp arm length, diameter form and material must be considered.

22) After the path of placement is established, undercuts areas that will be crossed by rigid parts must be eliminated. How is this accomplished? With what materials?

This is accomplished by blocking out the undesired undercuts. Hard inlay wax may be used as a blockout material. It is easy to apply and easy to trim with a surveyor blade. Parallel blockout is necessary for areas that are cervical to guiding planes and over all undercut areas that will be crossed by major or minor connectors.

23) By what means can the definitive locations of components of the framework be transferred from the master cast to the duplicate investment cast on which the pattern for the framework will be developed?

Placement of wax ledges or shelves on the master cast will be then be duplicated in the refractory cast and allow for exact placement of clasps. (figure 11-19 helped me understand what this meant)

24) Explain the differences between shaped blockout, arbitrary blockout, relief of the mast cast, and parallel blockout? (Table 11-1 is a good summary – pg. 183)

Parallel blockout – use hard baseplate wax or blockout material to eliminate undercuts gingival to the height of contour and use the surveying blade to trim the wax so that it is parallel to the path of placement. (requires use of the surveyor!)Shaped blockout – used on the buccal and lingual surfaces to locate plastic or wax patterns for clasp arms. Use a hard baseplate was to create a ledge for the location of reciprocal clasp arms to follow height or convexity so that they may be placed as cervical as possible without becoming retentive.Arbitrary blockout – used to blockout all gingival crevices, gross tissue undercuts beneath areas involved in design of the framework, tissue undercuts distal to the framework, and labial and buccal tooth and tissue contacts not involved in the framework. Hard baseplate wax or oil-based clay is used to do this. My understanding is that these are blocked out purely for convenience. Relief – placed beneath lingual bar connectors or the bar portion of linguoplates, beneath framework extensions onto ridge areas for attachment of resin bases, and areas where major connectors will contact thin tissue.

25) Why should undercuts on the mast cast not involved with the framework be blocked out?

They are blocked out for convenience and to avoid difficulties in duplication.

26) How do you handle the blockout of gingival crevice that will be crossed by a component of the framework?

All gingival crevices should be arbitrarily blocked out out. In addition if there is an undercut in that area (btw. the height of contour and the gingiva) then that should be blocked out via a parallel blockout out using the surveyor, since this area will be crossed by a component of the framework.

27) What relief of a mandibular mast cast is required for the lingual aspect of the alveolar ridge that will be covered by a lingual bar or linguoplate:When the ridge slops inferiorly and posteriorly?

Adequate relief is obtained by the initial finishing and polishing of the framework in this instance.

When the ridge is parallel to the path of placement?32-guage wax

When the ridge is undercut to the path of placement?32-guage wax after parallel blockout of undercuts

28) Why should a mast cast be relieved?To prevent tissue impingement resulting from rotation of the framework.

29) What determines the amount of palatal relief required when a major connector must traverse the median palatal raphe in a Class I arch?

In lecture we learned that there is no relief for maxillary dentures. However in the book it says that if the patient has elevated palatal raphes, a thin layer of wax flowed on with a wax spatula that is the thickness of the difference in the degree of displacement of the tissues covering the elevated raphes is what determines the amount of relief.

30) What are the requirements for relief on a master cast for minor connectors that will attach acrylic resin bases to the major connector?

20-guage wax

31) What uses are there for a dental cast surveyor other than surveying casts for designs and preparation of master casts for duplication in a refractory investment?

To verify parallel preparations when doing a fixed partial denture or a crown.

32) How can a dental cast surveyor help develop the optimum contour for crowns?A surveyor blade can be used as a wax carver so that the proposed path of placement can be maintained throughout the preparation of the cast restoration for abutment teeth. Also, those surfaces that will provide retention for clasp arms should be contoured so that the retentive clasps may be placed in the cervical third

of the crown and the best esthetic advantage with an undercut of 0.01 to 0.02 inch depending on the clasp type to be used.

33) By what means can some dental cast surveyors be converted into a convenient drill press or machining tool?

Because the shaft of the Ney surveyor is stable in any vertical position – yet may be moved vertically with ease – it lends itself well for use as a drill press when a handpiece holder is added.

34) Ceramo-metal restorations in many instances require machining before the final glazing procedures to make sure that the originally planned contour are accomplish. How can this be done?

By using a handpiece holder on the surveyor to create and refine parallel surfaces on a surveyed crown.

35) Internal rests on crowns may be machined with the surveyor as a drill press, or they may be made by another method involving the dental cast surveyor. What is this other method?

They may be carved in the wax pattern and further refined with the handpiece attached to the surveyor after casting.

36) Why would a dental cast surveyor be required to place some types of manufactured internal attachments?

The surveyor is used to cut recesses in wax patterns, to place internal attachment trays in wax patterns, or to cut recesses in castings and to place the keyway portion of the attachment in the casting to ensure that each keyway is parallel to the other keyways elsewhere in the arch.

37) What are some sequelae of marring a master cast during surveying or blockout procedure?

Interference to placement in the mouth

38) What are some applications for use of the dental cast surveyor in planning for a fixed partial denture?

If one tooth is tilted, you may have to remove more tooth structure in an area to make it parallel to the other abutment. Along with radiographs, the surveyor could be used to determine how far into dentin the preparation will need to go in order to achieve the parallelism and whether the decided path of draw would result in the preparation reaching the pulp. (the book didn’t really talk about this, so this is just my own answer that I came up with)

Chapter 13

1) A prescribed prosthesis not only must replace what is missing but also, must preserve what is remaining. - Must preserve the remaining tissues and structures that will enhance the removable partial denture. (pg 231)

2) Preparations of oral structures most often involves three categories. One of these is oral surgical preparation. What are the other two? Oral surgical preparation, conditioning of abused and irritated tissue, periodontal preparation, preparation of abutment teeth (pg 231)

3) Which treatment should be accomplished first - oral surgery or preparation of abutment teeth? Why? Oral surgery- should be done far enough in advance to allow plenty of time for healing and consequently more stable denture-bearing areas (pg232)

4) Generally, all retained roots or root fragments should be removed as a mouth preparation. True or False? True - residual root adjacent to abutment teeth may contribute to the progression of periodontal pockets and compromise perio therapy (pg232)

5) All impacted teeth should be considered for removal. However, any impacted tooth that can be reached with a periodontal probe must be removed. True or False? True (pg 233)

6) Unopposed posterior teeth quite often extrude, severely limiting space for a prosthesis and the opportunity to create harmonious occlusion. Name different methods by which these discrepancies can be corrected, depending on the severity of malposition. Orthodontics - useful for many occlusal discrepancies but need teeth for anchoringSurgical repositioning - individual or groups of teeth that can’t be move orthodionticallyExtraction - try to avoid if possible (pg 233)

7) When a suspicious radiopaque area is seen while viewing a radiograph of a patient, what procedures, listed in chronological order, must be undertaken to resolve the possible problem? Take a periapical radiograph to confirm or deny presence of lesion; Confirm diagnosis via consultation and if necessary take biopsy and submit to pathologist; Inform patient of diagnosis; Proceed as necessary (pg 233)

8) Visual examination, carefully conducted, reveals undesirable bony exostoses or tori in some patients. Unless these are removed, the restoration design will be compromised. In what areas are these various protuberances likely to be found? Palate, lingual mandible, bucal gingival 9) Why should hyperplasic tissue seen in the form of fibrous tuberosisties, flabby ridges, folds or redundant tissue in vesibular regions, and palatal paipillomatosis be surgically removed before the construction of a removable restoration? To provide a firm base for

the denture (stability), reduce stress and strain on supporting discussant teeth, and provide more favorable orientation of occlusal plane for setting teeth (pg 234)

10) Discuss the influences of muscle attachments and frena that are inserted on the crest of the residual ridges in relation to denture stability. Loss of bone height may cause muscle attachment on residual crest (mylohyoid, buccinators, mentalis, and genioglossus); mentalis and genioglossus occasionally produce bony protuberances at their attachments; maxillary labial and mandibular lingual frena also provided interferences; discomfort and stability issues (pg 235)

11) Should all abnormal soft tissue lesions be excised and submitted for pathologic examination before fabrication of a removable restoration? Why or why not? Yes, new or additional stimulants to area introduced by the prosthesis may produce discomfort or even malignant changes in the tumor (pg 235)

12) Excessively resorbed residual ridges offer comparatively poor support for removable restorations. Augmentation of alveolar bone to increase ridge height and width may be a viable surgical procedure for certain patients. Name a material used for such a procedure. Autogenous and alloplastic materials (pg 237) (specific one?)

13) What is an oral osseointegrated device? What role can be envisioned for such a device in removable prosthodontics? An implant is an example of an osseointegrated device, where there is a direct titanium-to-bone interface - for removable there is a good potential for significant control of prosthesis movement (pg 236-7)

14) What are elastopoymers used for in removable prosthodontics? As a tissue conditioning material - flows for extended period and permit distorted tissues to rebound and assume normal form (pg239)

15) Should irritated and distorted oral tissues optimally be returned to a state of health before final impressions are made? Why or why not? Yes- if not and relining a denture, the success of treatment compromised because same problem will be perpetuated (pg 238)

16) Examination of a patient having removable partial dentures discloses a palatal inflammation. What other factors must be considered in formulating a thorough differential diagnosis? The fit of the denture, nutritional deficiencies, endocrine imblances, sever health problems (diabetes or blood dyscrasias), bruxism, wearing 24 hours daily (pg 238)

17) Abused and irritated oral tissues most often respond favorably to tissue-conditioning procedures. Describe an acceptable order of procedures to be undertaken to institute a good tissue conditioning program. First things first, institute a good home care program; rinsing 3x daily with saline solution, massaging residual ridge areas, palate and tongue with soft toothbrush, removing prosthesis at night, using a multivitamin with high-protien low-carbohydrate dietusing elsopolymers as tissue conditioning materials - 1) eliminate interfering occlusal contact of old denture 2) extend denture base to proper form to enhance support, retention and stability 3) relieve tissue side of denture base (2 even mm) for conditioning material 4) apply material to provide sufficient support and cushioning 5) replace every 4 to 7 days (pg 239-40)

18) Periodontal therapy should be completed before restorative procedures are undertaken. True or False? True, the ultimate success of a partial depends of the health and integrity of the supporting structures and remaining teeth (pg 241)

19) What are the objectives of periodontal therapy for the partially edentulous patient? 1-remove and control all etiological factors contributing to periodontal disease along with elimination of bleeding on probing 2-eliminate or reduce pocket depths of all pockets, with the establishment of healthy gingival sulci whenever possible 3-establishment or functional atraumatic occlusal relationships and tooth stability 4-development of a personal plaque control program and definitive maintenance schedule (pg 241)

20) The indication for occlusal adjustment is based on the presence of a pathological condition rather than on a preconceived articular pattern. Support and explain this statement. “In the natural dentition, the attempt to create bilateral balance in the prosthetic sense has no place in the occlusal adjustment procedure. Bilateral balanced occlusion not only is difficult to obtain in a natural dentition but also is apparently unnecessary in view of its absence in most normal healthy mouths. Occlusion on natural teeth needs to be perfected to only a point at which cuspal interference with the patient’s functional range of contact is eliminated and normal physiologic function can occur (244).”

21) What procedure(s) are most often used to eliminate gross occlusal interferences initially as a phase of periodontal considerations? Selective/Spot grinding (see 244 for more descriptive details on how to do this, if you want to)

22) What is a night guard and what purpose does it serve? A

removable arcylic resin splint, aids in eliminating the deleterious effects of nocturnal clenching and grinding; for RPD patients may stabilize TMJ when not wearing RPD, flat occlusal surface prevents intercuspation of teeth, eliminating lateral occlusal forces; also as a “conditioning” device for teeth that have been long unopposed to provide functional stimulation prior to RDP delivery (245-6)

23) Teeth demonstrate mobility at the time of the initial examination may be temporarily splinted. How does this help to establish a prognosis? Mobile teeth are bad for RPD’s. Temporarily splinting and trying to figure out and removing cause may help stabilize teeth. If they are still mobile after the attempt to help them out, the tooth may have to be sacrificed. (245)

24) Under what clinical circumstances should minor tooth movement by orthodontics means be considered to enhance treatment? Upright a tilted or drifted tooth for repositioning and retention of partial (246)

25) State five distinct advantages of performing periodontal therapy (when indicated) before fabricating a removable prosthesis. 1-elimination of periodontal disease removes primary cause of tooth loss 2- periodontium free of disease presents a much better environment for restorative correction 3-reponse of questionable teeth to periodontal therapy can be evaluated prior to final decision to exclude or include the questionable tooth 4-overall reaction of patient to periodontal therapy procedures provides the dentist an excellent indication of the degree of cooperation to be expected in the future (note: the book has 4 reasons but the question asks for 5) (248-249)

26) Through intelligent planning and competent execution of mouth preparations, the denture can satisfactory restore lost dental functions and contribute to the health of the remaining oral tissue. True or False? True (253)

Chapter 14

1) What does the use of a terminal molar abutment contribute to a removable partial denture? Supports one end of a tooth-supported base, which is better than a distal free end (255)

2) Endodontic treatment of any tooth in the arch (when indicated) should be performed before making a final impression for a removable restoration. Why? If the prognosis of a tooth becomes unfavorable or it doesn’t respond to therapy you can still make changes in the removable partial denture design without having to add a tooth/claps later (much harder) (255)

3) If one is faced with a single posterior abutment (second molar) and there is some doubt that it can be retained and used as one end of a tooth-supported base, what options are available for design of the denture? It can be replaced by a distal extension base as long as the initial design included provisions for future indirect retention, flexible clasping on remaining terminal abutment, and provision for establishing tissue support by a secondary impression (255)

4) Abutment preparations on sound enamel should be accomplished in a definite order with the altered and designed diagnostic cast used as a blueprint. Give the order of preparation, including method to check this preparation. 1-Make proximal guiding planes parallel to the path of insertion 2-modify tooth contours (height of contours and undercut placement) 3-impression with irreversible hydrocolloid in fast setting stone to survey 4-Prepare occlusal rest areas (256)

5) What is the risk of preparing an occlusal rest seat before contouring the guiding planes? Occlusal rest areas should be prepared that will direct occlusal forces along long axis of tooth, need to change contours to determine long axis of tooth 6) Inlay preparations on teeth to be used as removable partial denture abutment differ from conventional inlay preparations in three requirements. What are they? 1- Bucal and lingual proximal margins must be well beyond line angles to prevent them from lying on or near minor connectors or occlusal rests; 2-Axial wall curved to conform to the external proximal contour to protect pulp; 3- Extending the gingival seat to a place where it can be easily cleaned (256-7)

7) Where is the most vulnerable area on an abutment tooth, with regard to cleanliness? gingival margin due to the proximal contour necessary to produce the proper guiding plane surface and the close proximity of minor connectors (257) 8) Give the sequence of contouring wax patterns for abutment restorations to obtain ideal contours for optimum location of components by use if a dental cast surveyor. Proximal surface guide planes made parallel to path of insertion; modify contours; occlusal rest seats (258)

9) A rest seat is carved on the occlusal surface of a complete coverage crown wax pattern for a posterior abutment. The occlusal morphology has been carved to satisfy occlusal requirements and axial contours have also been accomplished. The rest seat preparation, however, is inadequate because of its shallowness, created by insufficient room between the preparation and opposing occlusion in the area of the rest

seat. What options exist to prevent a compromised result? Ideally, the preparation for the crown needs to incorporate additional space for the rest seat. It is inexcusable to think about it during post treatment planning. If the situation arises where you are adding a rest seat to an existing crown the same problem arises, how much thickness is there? Ideally a new restoration would need to be made. (259)

10) Crown ledges, parallel to the path of insertion, are often carved on the lingual surface of abutment crowns. How does this enhance the direct retainer assembly? Provides effective stabilization and reciprocation; allows the reciprocal arm to have greater bulk yet maintain normal crown contours (259-60)

11) Contrast the quality of a reciprocation afforded by a crown ledge on a molar abutment and that offered by the lingual surface of an unrestored molar abutment. On an unrestored molar, when a dislodging force is applied the reciprocal arm clasp and the occlusal rest break contact with the tooth and lose effectiveness. So when the retentive clasp flexes over the height of contour and exerts a horizontal force on the abutment, reciprocation is nonexistent. However, when utilizing a ledge, the inferior border of the reciprocal clasp contacts the guiding surface before the retentive clasp on the other side begins to flex. Therefore, reciprocation exits during the entire path of placement and removal. (259, lower right column-this is a bit confusing, sorry)

12) Explain the method of preparing a lingual ledge on the wax patter for an abutment crown. Include its depth, width, extent, and definitive location. Ledge placed at junction of gingival and middle thirds, curving slightly to follow the curvature of gingival tissue. Parallel to path of insertion. You want the ledge to be the desired thickness of the reciprocal arm, so that in the end you have a flush contour. (this is all the details the book gives; 260-261)

13) How may the crown ledge be refined after the crown has been cast? Return to surveyor, making sure it is parallel to path of insertion, use a fissure burs (eg 557, 558, 559) or true cylindrical carborundum stones in a handpiece held by the handpiece holder. (261)

14) Describe the contour of the component of the direct retainer assembly that occupies the crown ledge preparation. Should be continuous with the ledge inferiorly and contoured superiorly to restore the crown contour, including the tip of the cusp. (261)

15) It is rare that the ceramic surface of a ceramometal crown can be fabricated and finished freehand to exhibit the exact planned height of

contour for a retentive claps arm. How may a surveyor be used to ensure the planned location of the height of contour is established? At what stage in the fabrication of the crown should the procedure be undertaken? It must precede glazing of porcelain. Use is similar to a wax pattern. (262)

16) Splinting of adjacent teeth is sometimes indicated as a means of gaining ,multiple abutment support. What examination data would indicate that splinting should be performed? Length and taper of root, crown-root ratio, number of roots (262-3)

17) Where is the most common application of multiple abutments by splinting found in an arch? Splinting two premolars or a first premolar and canine (262-3)

18) Often the design of a restoration requires lingual rests on lower anterior teeth. How can orthodontic movement of these teeth be minimized? Splinting several teeth with united cast restorations. (263)

19) Isolated abutments adjacent and anterior to edentulous residual ridges usually have a poor prognosis. What is the reason for this? Because it lacks a mesial proximal contact any lifting of the distal extension base, which is inevitable, will cause torque to the abutment and mesial tipping. (263)

20) An isolated abutment adjacent to a distal extension base, when splinted to the nearest tooth, provides two beneficial effects. What are these desirable effects? (fixing usually is accomplished via a fixed partial denture, ie bridge) 1-the anterior edentulous segment is eliminated, creating an intact dental arch anterior to edentulous space; 2-isolated abutment is splinted to the other abutments, providing multiple abutment support (263)

21) An isolated abutment adjacent to an extension base may be splinted to the nearest tooth by either a fixed partial denture or a splint bar (?) (263)

22) Missing anterior teeth should be replaced with fixed partial dentures rather than included in a removable restoration. What are the contraindications for the proceeding treatment? Esthetics and/or economics (263-4)

23) On rare occasions an abutment tooth supporting a removable partial denture will have to be restored with an inlay or crown. Describe a procedure whereby an abutment crown can be fabricated to fit an existing direct retainer. A thin acrylic resin coping made on a

stone die, then placed prepared tooth where inlay wax is added to create occlusal and contact relationships in the mouth. Clasp assembly warmed and then inserted into fully seated position. RPD removed and along with it usually the wax pattern. The pattern is then placed back on the die to refine margins and occlusion. After casting, check to make sure it is in harmony with partial prior to cementation. (268)

CH. 15 Impression Materials (IMs) and procedures for RPD

1. Two ex.’s for each of three categories of IMs used in various phases of RPD construction:

Rigid- plaster of paris, metallic oxide paste Thermoplastic modeling plaster, impression waxes and natural resinsElastic-reversible hydrocolloids, irreversible hydrocolloids, mercaptan rubber-base, polyether, silicone

2. Which type of IM has been used longest in dentistry? Plaster of paris

3. Why should metallic oxide paste types of IM not be used for primary impressions of partially edentulous arches?

Never used in impressions that include remaining natural teeth, cannot be removed from mouth w/o fracture and reassembly.

4.Modeling plastic compound may be used effective in modifying impression trays to make secondary impressiond of Class I or II partially edent arches. Describe how it is used and why it is not used for primary impression of rpd pt.

Color coded plastic by temp. range at which material is plastic and workable. It should be dipped in water bath and kneaded until soft and subject to no more heat than necessary before loading the tray and placing in mouth. It can then be flamed with alcohol torch for border molding. Risk of burning the pt. and have permanent distortion during withdrawal from tooth and tissue undercuts.

5. What is an impression wax? Do its characteristics make it appropriate for use as primary or secondary impression? Describe use.

It is a mouth-temp wax that can flow as long as it is in the mouth and is able to permit equalization of pressure and prevent displacement. Use as secondary impression. Usually used to record tissue under occlusal load. In the technique, the occlusal rim and arrangement of artificial teeth is done first. Then apply wax to tissue side of denture base and final impression is made under functional loading by using different movements to simulate functional movement.

6. Name two types of hydrocolloid IM used in dentistry. Reversible and Irreversible

7. Are the hydrocolloid IMs elastic or thermoplastic? Elastic

8. What is the advantage in using an elastic material vs. a rigid material in making IM of partially edent arches?

Only ones that can be withdrawn from tooth and tissue undercuts w/o permanent deformation

9. Briefly compare reversible and irreversible hydrocolloid IM by composition, gelation mech. , trays, and relative accuracy.

Reversible hydrocolloid coverts from the gel form to a sol by the application of heat (which can burn the pt.). It may be reverted to gel form by a reduction in temp. This physical change is reversible. Irreversible hydrocolloid becomes a gel via a chemical reaction as a result of mixing alginate powder with water. This physical change is irreversible. Reversible demonstrate acceptable accuracy when properly used. Irreversible must be held immobile during gelation because gelation takes place first next to the tissue unlike reversible that gels from the tray towards the tissue. Air bubbles are more common with irreversible because it must be introduced into the mouth at 70F which increases surface viscosity and tension. Both can use a perforated or rim lock impression tray that is large enough to provide 4-5mm thickness of impression material between tooth/tissue and tray.

10. Mercaptan rubber-base IM may be used for primary or secondary impressions. Though it is best suited for secondary impression.

11 Does the use of mercaptan rubber-base material and silicone IM require the use of a rigid stock tray or an individual tray. Why?

The mercaptan impression must have a uniform thickness that does not exceed 3mm requiring use of acrylic resin or another material with high rigidity and stability. The silicone does not adhere well to acrylic resin but is often used with a compatible putty material to form fit a custom tray.

12. Are the varied materials of stones and IMs necessarily compatible with each other when used to make casts. What precautions should be taken to ensure compatibility?

The only thing I really saw for this was hydrophobic silicones are difficult to pour with stone

13. What is syneresis? What effect will this phenomenon have on a cast poured in hydrocolloid impression.

It is the giving off of a mucinous exudate which has a retarding effect of gypsum products and results in a soft or chalky cast surface. The surface is then inaccurate and will cause inaccuracies in rpd framework. All modern irrreversibles have an accelerator to counteract this.

14. What is meant by the word imbibition in relation to hydrocolloid IM ? What effect does it have on hydrocolloid impression?

If immersed in water, they will take in water with accompanying swelling and dimensional changes. Satruation with wet paper towel is best for storing for a brief period.

15. How long should you wait to pour a cast into a hydrocolloid impression after it is removes from the mouth. Why?

Immediately because it is made of colloid materials and will dehydrate and shrink when exposed to air.

16. Name two types of silicone IMs and describe how they differ. Condensation silicones have a moderate 5-7 min working time altered by

amount of accelerator, pleasant odor, moderately high tear strength, excellent

recovery form deformation, hydrophobic, disinfected in any of the solutions and poured within 1 hour. Addition silicones are MOST accurate of the elastic materials. They have less polymerization shrinkage, low distortion, fast recovery from deformation, moderately high tear strength, working time 3-5 min modified by retardants and temp controls, no smell or taste, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic forms, poured within 1 week, and stable in most sterilizing solutions. Sulfur can inhibit polymerization.Hydrophobic forms are difficult to pour with stone and and adhesion to acrylic resin trays is not good.

17. Thickness of IM when using rubberbased material should be about 3mm for accuracy and stability. Does this equally apply to a hydrocolloid impression material ? if not, give a rule of thumb for the desired thickness of hydrocolloid material in the impression.

No, 4-5 mm for hydrocolloid.18. What are the advantages of perforated stock trays when making impressions of partially edent arch with irreversible hydrocolloid.

The first layer of material can flow and lock in the perforations to prevent any dislodgement after gelation.

19. In accuracies of a cast made from a hydrocolloid impression may result from Many causes. Describe six such inaccuracies. 1- distortion of impression by nonrigid tray, partial dislodgement from tray, shrinkage, expansion, attempting to pour with stone already setting.

2- water:powder ratio too high3-improper mixing4-trapping of air in mixing or pouring5- soft or chalky cast surface from retarin gaction of hydrocolloid or adsorption of

nec. Water for crystallization by dehydrating hydrocolloid6-premature separation of cast from impression7-failure to separate cast from impression for an extended period

20. Why should impressions into which stone casts have been poured not be inverted until the initial set of the stone has taken place?

Distortion 21. An individual acrylic resin impression tray has two distinct advantages over any type of stock trays. What are they?

1-Sufficient clearance for impression material 2- can be trimmed just short of vestibular reflections to allow the tissue to drape

naturally w/o distortion (accurate borders)22. Descibe the procedures for making individual mx and mn impression trays, paying special attention to relief of the casts with wax spacers.

1-outline extent of tray with pencil2-adapt one layer base plate wax for spacer, trim wax 2-3mm short of outline and in posterior seal region, expose incisal edgs of incisors for ant. stops ( additional layer of wax over teeth for irreversible hydrocolloid)3-paint with model release agent4-apply VLC material 5- attach handle6-light polymerize (1min)7-remove tray from cast and peel out wax while still warm

8-paint with air barrier and polymerize tissue side up9- clean with brush and water10-smooth borders and polish external surface11-use #8 bur to plae perforations every 5mm except alveolar groove areas12-sanitze and try in mouth

For mn wax spacer does not cover buccal shelf regions23. Holes about 3mm in diameter should be placed at strategic locations in both mx and mn individualized trays. Give the location of the holes and describe what is accomplished by their presence.

5mm intervalsfor material escape and tissue release in those areas, locking in impression material

24. What is the advantage of drilling holes in acrylic resin trays with a bi-bevel drill rather than with fissure or round burs?

I didn’t see this mentioned but my guess is the locking feature they have asked about a zillion times in these questions

25. Under what circumstances would you use a stock tray in preference to an individual acrylic resin tray?

Final impressions for mx tooth-supported rpds often may be made in carefully selected and recontoured rigid stock impression trays

26. Does a stock or disposable impression tray have to be rigid? Why? I would say yes always to avoid distortion

27. Rubber- base impression materials have some serious disadvantages for making final impressions for removable partial dentures. What are they?

Not be used when undercuts are present, no snap set so hold very still, needs to rebound for 7-15min, unpleasant odor and stain clothes

28. What are specific advantages of (a) polyether; (b) condensation silicone; and (c) addition silicone impression materials when used to make rpd. What are they.

Most everything in the book about the silicons are mentioned in question 16 above. The polyether is thixotropic giving good surface detail, hydrophilic for easy cast forming, don’t use with silicones to border mold custom trays, low-mod tear strength, much shorter working and setting time, flow characteristics and flexibility LOWEST of elastics, higher permanent deformation in relation to addition silicones, unpleasant taste, cannot be immersed in disinfecting solns, poured within 2 hours

29. What are specific disadvantages of a,b, and c above. See qstn 16 an 2830. Of the impressions materials mentioned in this chapter, which ones can be immersed in a sterilizing solution w/o being damaged, and which ones must be sprayed only.

The only ones which must be sprayed as far as I can tell are both of the hydrocolloids and the polyether IMs

Chapter 18: Laboratory Procedures 1. Why should the dentist not only be familiar with lab procedures but also

proficient in executing them?a. This enables the dentist to design the RPD framework, complete a lab

work authorization that communicates the desired design and authorizes its fabrication, and evaluate the quality of the framework.

2. Although certain lab procedures may be delegated to a dental lab tech, the dentist must be able to perform those procedures to troubleshoot, communicate, and instruct the technician. True or False? True

3. An intimate knowledge of dental materials employed in the fabrication of RPDs is a must for the dentist. Give 3 reasons.

a. See answer for question 1.4. Duplicate casts are required in many instances in treating partially edentulous

patients. Name one of these instances.a. Fitting an RPD framework without danger of fracture or abrading the

surface of the original master cast.5. What armamentarium and materials are required to duplicate a cast?

a. Colloid materials, silicone, duplicating flask, cast material (see pg.320)6. What is the difference between a reversible and irreversible hydrocolloid? Which

one is most commonly used in duplicating a cast? a. Reversible hydrocolloids are fluid at high temps and gel at lower temps.

Irreversible hydrocolloids (alginate) cannot reverse states. (see pg. 273) Both are acceptable for cast duplication, but reversible hydrocolloid is used in this text.

7. Is it critical that the duplicating material chosen be compatible with the material from which the duplicate cast will be made?

a. Yes. Any reaction between duplicating materials could compromise the accuracy of the casting surface.

8. Describe a duplicating flask.a. See Pg. 321

9. How is reversible hydrocolloid prepared for duplicating purposes? What temperature of the hydrocolloid is sufficient to duplicate a cast?

a. Reversible hydrocolloid is heated and mixed by automatic mixing to prevent bubble formation. The temp can’t be too high that wax used on the cast might melt.

10. If a blocked out master cast is being duplicated, what precautions must be exercised to prevent distortion of the blockout material?

a. Temp not too high that it melts the wax.11. Give a step-by-step procedure for duplicating a stone cast with reversible

hydrocolloid.a. See pg. 321

12. What is the danger of soaking a stone cast in tap water? A cast must be wet before duplicating it with hydrocolloid. How is this wetting accomplished?

a. Wet cast with surfactant to avoid creating air bubbles at the surface.13. Describe the procedure for recovering an investment cast from at duplicating

mold.a. See pg. ?

14. For what reasons should an investment cast not be trimmed on a cast trimmer?a. Not sure!

15. An investment cast on which the pattern for the framework will be developed should be oven dried after it is removed from the duplicating material. True or False?

a. True?16. An investment cast should be lightly sprayed with a plastic model spray

immediately after drying. T or F?a. True?

17. You should already know the specifications for all components of a RPD framework. Describe a logical order of creating the wax or plastic pattern for a mandibular RPD framework to which a wrought-wire retainer arm will be attached.

a. Master cast with wax relief (2x28 gage) in edentulous areas, block out undercuts (lingual anteriors). Shape blockout ledges for location of retentive and reciprocal clasp arms. Complete wax pattern using lingual bar major connector pattern, plastic clasp forms resting on investment ledges, wrought wire and open retention mesh. (pg. 323)

18. Describe the process of spruing a wax pattern for a RPD framework.a. Use a few sprues of large diameter rather than several smaller sprues.

Keep all sprues as short and direct as possible. Avoid abrupt changes in direction (T-shaped junctions). Reinforce all junctions with additional wax to prevent constrictions in the sprue channel.

19. There are three general rules that should be followed in spruing any wax or plastic pattern for casting. List and describe.

a. Sprues should be large enough that the molten metal in them will not solidify until after the metal in the casting proper has frozen.

b. Sprues should lead into the mold cavity as directly as possible.c. Sprues should leave the crucible from a common point and be attached to

the wax pattern at its bulkier sections.20. After the pattern has been sprued, it must be covered with an investment

(refractory) material to make a mold for wasting. The outer investment must be the same material from which the investment cast was made. What are the purposes of the outer investment?

a. Provides strength necessary to hold the forces exerted by the entering stream of molten metal until the metal has solidified.

b. It provides a smooth surface for the mold cacvity so that the final casting will require as little finishing as possible.

c. It provides an avenue of escape for most of the gases entrapped by entering metal.

21. The casting shrinkage of gold alloys from the molten to the cold state is from 1% to 1.74%. the casting shrinkage of chromium-cobalt alloys is approximately 2.8%.

22. A casting ring, with a suitable liner, is used to confine the outer layer of investment around the pattern. The ring is not removed during burnout or casting procedures for gold alloys. What is the purpose of the liner in the ring?

a. Allows for both setting thermal expansion of the mold in all directions.23. After the investment material for a chromium-cobalt alloy casting bas set, the ring

is removed before burnout. Why?a. Allows greater mold expansion necessary with these alloys.

24. Give a step-by-step procedure for investing a sprued pattern that will be cast in Chromium-cobalt alloy.

a. See figures on Pg. 330-331.25. The casting mold is prepared to receive the molten alloy by a process known as

burnout. Burnout serves three purposes. State the three purposes.a. Drives off moisture in the moldb. Vaporizes and eliminates the wax patternc. Expands the mold to compensate for contraction of the metal on cooling.

26. What different methods are used to melt gold alloys for casting? Chromium-cobalt alloys for casting?

a. See pg. 33127. After the casting is completed, how long should the mold be allowed to bench

cool before the mold and casting are plunged into water?a. ???

28. What is the purpose of pickling a casting? Describe a pickling procedure.a. Pickling a casting??? The only thing the book says is that chromium-

cobalt castings are NOT cleaned by pickling.29. If the wax pattern for a casting was neatly and properly developed, and investing

and casting procedures were correctly accomplished, finishing the casting should not be a time-consuming procedure. How would a chromium-cobalt alloy framework be finished?

a. High speed bench lathes and abrasive stones or sintered diamonds. Polish by electropolishing (controlled deplating process)

30. Record bases, trial denture bases, and individual impression trays are conveniently made of autopolymerizing acrylic resin. What is an autopolymerizing acrylic resin, and how does it differ from a heat-cured acrylic resin?

a. Autopolymerizing acrylic resin= Salt & pepper technique with monomer & polymer: when added in small increments, results in reduced overall shrinkage & greater accuracy.

31. Record bases or trial denture bases can be fabricated by a sprinkling technique using autopolymerizing acrylic resin, whereas individual or customized impression trays may be fabricated with adapted autopolymerizing acrylic resin. For what reason or reasons are the processes different?

a. The salt & pepper technique creates a close fitting base with the necessary accuracy & stability and yet can be lifted from and returned to the master cast without abrading it.

32. Review the procedures for making individualized acrylic resin impression trays as given in Ch. 15

33. If you use a secondary or altered cast impression tray for a mandibular distal extension denture, you will attach an individualized tray to the framework. Give a step-by-step procedure for making such a tray.

a. See pg. 335, Fig. 18.34-3634. Record bases and occlusion rims are necessary to record maxiollomandibular

relations for class I and II arches and in class III arches with long edentulous spans. Describe a step-by-step procedure for making record bases by the VLC method and by the sprinkle on method.

a. See pg. 335, Fig 18.34-36. For VLC procedure see pg. 281-283.

35. A record base is attached to the framework for a distal extension mandibular denture and is fabricated after the secondary impression has been made and the master cast has been recovered. How is such a record base made and attached?

36. What purpose does an occlusion rim serve?a. Occlusal rims record functional or dynamic occlusion. Usually made of

hard wax that can be carved out by opposing dentition.37. If an occlusion rim represents the missing teeth and supporting structures in a

partially edentulous arch, should the occlusion rims be wider than the occlusion rims be wider than the occlusal surfaces of the teeth they are replacing? NO. Should occlusion rims occupy the same position (buccolingually) of the mission teeth? YES. There are several advantages to correctly proportioned occlusion rims as opposed to badly proportioned occlusion rims. What are these advantages?

38. Artificial posterior teeth were arranged on mandibular and maxillary trial bases made of acrylic resin and attached to the respective frameworks. The arrangement was acceptable and approved. What procedures must now take place before the final arrangement of teeth and development of the external forms of the bases for processing?

a. See p. 33939. Except around metal portions of the framework, should there be any difference in

developing gingival contours, root indices, interdental papillae, lingual contours of individual teeth, and so on for RPD bases and complete denture bases? YES What are they?

a. The only difference is the waxing of and around exposed parts of the metal framework. At the framework denture base junction, undercut finishing lines should be provided whenever possible. (p. 342)

40. A RPD must be so invested for processing acrylic resin bases that the processed denture and its cast can be recovered intact and unmarred from the flask. This procedure will facilitate and simplify correction of occlusal discrepancies resulting from processing. T or F? True

41. Before investing the master cast and waxed denture in the lower half of the flask, what should be done to the base of the cast to facilitate recovery of the cast and remounting procedures?

a. The cast is completely covered with investing stone, exposing only artificial teeth and waxed denture bases. This eliminates undercuts in the cast. (Fig. 18.41)

42. After the processing flask containing the invested denture has been separated, the residual wax flushed out, and a tinfoil substitute correctly applied, there is one observation that must be made and dealt with in regard to the minor connector for attaching the acrylic resin distal extension base and its relation to the residual ridge. What is this observation, and how is it dealt with before acrylic resin is packed in the mold?

43. Describe the pour technique of processing finished denture bases.44. Describe the VLC technique of processing finished denture bases.45. Discrepancies in occlusion as a result of processing may be corrected by returning

the processed denture and cast (intact) directly to the instrument on which the occlusion was developed-provided the denture are tooth supported or the

occlusion was developed using an occlusal template. Describe this type of process for correction occlusal discrepancies.

a. See pg. 35046. Correction of occlusal discrepancies for distal extension dentures should be

accomplished by an entirely different procedure than the above procedure. This procedure is described in Ch. 20. Review and state how this differs.

47. Finishing and polishing the RPD may be accomplished in the same manner as for a complete denture. However, polishing the RPD on a lathe is made more hazardous and required more attention because of the presence of Direct Retainers.

Chapter 191) What is a work authorization? (pg 357)

- written directions for laboratory procedures to be performed for fabrication of dental restorations. It grants authority for others to act on the dentist’s behalf and specifically prescribes what is authorized.

2) What are the national statutory regulations regarding work authorizations? (NADL website)

- This NADL regulatory guideline was designed to be a minimum standard of regulation - a type of state legislation that would be beneficial for the general public and effective for both the dental and dental laboratory professions

3) Work authorizations go by different names in various parts of the country, such as work order or work order form. What is it called in your state?

-Dr. Olin called it a “work authorization.”

4) Do state dental practice acts in your state include a requirement for work authorizations from dentists to dental laboratory technicians?

-It appears that we do, but I couldn’t locate the state statute.

5) Are work authorizations legal documents? (pg 357)- Yes

6) Properly executed work authorizations are effective channels of communication between a dentist and a dental laboratory technician. What accrues to a dentist who always furnishes the dental laboratory or dental laboratory technician a clear work authorization?(pge 357)

-They enhance quality of completed restorations by providing instruction for individually and scientifically considered prosthesis

7) The contents of a properly executed work authorization will include eight categories of transmtited data. What information do these eight areas include? (pg 357)

- 1-name and address of dental lab, 2- name and address of dentist who initiates work authorization, 3-Identification of patient, 4-date of work authorization, 5-desired completion date of request, 6-specific instructions, 7- signature of dentist, 8- registered license number of dentist

8) A dental work authorization performs four distinct functions. What are they?(pg.357)

- 1. It furnishes definite instructions for the laboratory procedures to be accomplished and implies an expectation of a level of acceptable quality for the services rendered.

- 2. It provides a means of protecting the public from the illegal practice for dentistry

- 3. It si a protective legal document for both the dentist and the dental lab technician.

- 4. It completely delineates the responsibilities of the dentist and the dental lab. Tech.

9) If you were a dental laboratory technician, what specific characteristics would you like to see in a work authorization from the dentist?(pg. 357-358)

- Legible, clear, concise, readily understood. Sufficient info. to allow technician to understand and execute request. Adequate written instructions. A new work authorization form should be filled out each time a prosthesis is returned to the lab for further fabrication.

10) A dentist has a responsibility to the patient and to the dental laboratory technician. A dental laboratory technician has a responsibility to the dentist, never to a patient. Are both statements true? Please explain your answer. (pg. 360- under delineation of responsibilities)

- True – a dentist who relegates the design of a removable partial denture to a less qualified individual accepts the possibility of an inferior removable partial denture service

11) If clear instructions and other information are clearly presented to a good dental laboratory technician, should quality laboratory services be received? What can be expected from vague instructions?

-Yes – If instructions are poor, a low quality and possibly incorrect prosthetic can be expected to be returned to the dentist.

12) Whose responsibility is it to select artificial teeth, denture base materials, and metal alloys for frameworks-the dentist or the technician? (pg 359-360)

- Dentist

13) If the definitive instructions contained on a work authorization form have been reduced to “Make partial,” is that document legal? (inferred from reading)

- Yes – the dentist wrote it out as a work authorization

14) Should a dentist be responsible for the physical characteristics of framework components? How does the dentist relate requirements or specifications to the dental laboratory technician? (pg360-361)

- yes – the dentist is responsible for all phases of a removable partial denture service in the strict sense of the word. However, a lab tech may be requested to perform certain technical phases

- Use of work authorizations

15) A work authorization, properly executed, will delineate responsibilities. Expand this statement in your own words. (open to interpretation)

- It states that a well written, clear and concise work authorization will explain what the dentist desires the lab tech complete

16) Why is a dental laboratory technician a dental health team member? (pg.361)- Because their objective is the prevention of oral disease and the maintenance of oral health as adjuncts to the physical and mental well-being of the public

17) Why do states require that the dentist and dental laboratory technician retain a copy of work authorizations for certain lengths of time?

- To make sure documents are available to substantiate or refute claims and counterclaims that concern the illegal practice of dentistry or to aid in the settlement of misunderstandings between a dentist and a dental lab tech.

18) Do the words please and thank you have a place in writing authorizations? (pg.360)

- Absolutely

19) After Carefully studying the work authorization forms illustrated in this chapter, are there any suggestions for their improvement?

- Open to anyone’s ideas.

Chapter 20

1) The term adjustment has two connotations in relations to removable partial dentures. What are they? (pg.363)

- 1- adjustment of the denture bearing and occlusal surfaces of the denture made by the dentist at the time of initial placement and thereafter.

- 2- The adjustment or accommodation by the patient, both psychologically and biologically, to the new prosthesis

2) At what stage of treatment should any occlusal interference by a framework have been corrected? (pg 364)

- should be eliminated before or during the establishment of occlusal relationships

3) What is meant by adjustments to the bearing surfaces of denture bases? (pg 363)

- adjusting the denture base to be in harmony with the supporting soft tissue

4) How are areas of the denture base that may contribute to soreness detected? (364)- Indicator Paste

5) What is a pressure indicator paste? Give a detailed procedure for the use of a pressure indicator paste. How are prospective pressure spots interpreted when a pressure indicator paste is used? (pg 364)

- Paste that shows displacement when positive contact occurs with soft tissue- Dentist applies thin layer over bearing surfaces, rinse in water to prevent tissue

adhesion, dentist should then apply digital pressure in a tissueward direction(vertical and horizontal)

- Any area where the thin film is displaced should be relieved, and process repeated- *careful with xerostomia patients because the paste may stick to tissue

6) How does one interpret overextension or underextension of borders of the denture base with the use of a pressure indicator paste?

- Didn’t find the answer- should be around pg 364

7) What happens if the borders of either maxillary or mandibular distal extension bases impinge the pterygomandibular raphe?

- Specific adjustment must be made

8) Some occlusal discrepancies are bound to occur in dentures as a result of the processing of acrylic resin. True or False? (pg 364)

- True

9) The dentist must correct any and all occlusal discrepancies as completely as possible before the patient is given possession of the restorations. True or False?

- True

10) In placing a tooth-supported removable partial denture, how are occlusal discrepancies corrected and how is the existence of occlusal harmony ensured?(369)

- It is performed by intraoral adjustments. Both tooth and plastic tooth surfaces are adjusted. Typically follows the pattern normally used for adjusting natural dentition.

- Patients are recommended to return for periodic checks every 6 mos.

11) What is the danger in trying to correct occlusal discrepancies of distal extension dentures by an intraoral technique?(366)

- Due to the movement of the prosthesis when occluding, it is difficult to interpret interferences and bite marks.

12) What is a remount cast? How is it made?

- Used to adjust the occlusion on a distal extension denture base because you won’t do intraoral occlusal adjustments. Take an impression using irreversible hydrocolloid with the denture in place. Thus the denture will be stuck in your impression when you remove it.

13) Give a detailed procedure for correcting occlusal discrepancies by remounting distal extension removable partial dentures on an articulator. (pg367)

- Same as #12. Make remount casts, use bite registration with the teeth slightly apart, and adjust to occlusion

14) What are several advantages of the use of an articulator to correct occlusal discrepancies? (didn’t find a direct answer in the chapter for this one)

- don’t have soft tissue discrepancies, faster, easier to see primary and secondary contacts, easier to adjust for material discrepancies

15) After correction of occlusal discrepancies, should the occlusal anatomy of prosthetically supplied teeth be restored by ensuring that adequate grooves and spillways are present? How do you determine where and where not to recontour?

-Yes, anatomy, grooves, and spillways should be restored to maximal efficiency. Adjustments will be made based on chewing analysis. For example, Skinner and his banana chewing. The soft bolus will allow the patient to chew, and show markings on wax

16) What procedures are used to resotre the glaze on occlusal surfaces of vacuum-fired porcelain artificial teeth attached to an acrylic resin denture base?

-didn’t find answer

17) An informed patient will adjust to new restorations better than uninformed patient. At what phase of treatment should patient education begin?

- It’s the First Phase.

18) What instructions are reviewed with the patient before ending the initial placement appointment? (pg. 369)

-Before the patient is dismissed, the difficulties that may be encountered and the care that must be given the prosthesis and the abutment teeth must be reviewed with the patient.

19) Why should an appointment be made for 24 hours after the initial placement of restorations?

- To evaluate how the oral structures are accepting the new prosthesis, and make any necessary adjustments.

20) When does responsibility in the treatment of a patient end?- It doesn’t end. The patient needs to understand that evaluations and adjustments will need to be made.

21) Should the dentist provide the patient with printed suggestions relative to the care and use of restorations before the initial placement appointment?

- Yes, patient education begins first.

22) What length of time would be scheduled for the initial placement of distal extension removable partial dentures?

- It should be a regularly scheduled appointment, not a drop by for delivery.

23) How would the following clasp arms be safely adjusted to make them more retentive and to remain passive? A cast circumferential clasp, a combination clasp.

- A cast clasp only adjusts via movement of the tooth or restoration, or both, in a horizontal direction, and disappears only when the tooth or clasp moves back into a passive relationship.

- Wrought wire clasp may be cervically adjusted and brought into a deeper undercut.

Chapter #22

1. The need for repairing a component of a removable partial denture may arise occasionally. How may the frequency of breakage of components be minimized?A: May be minimized through careful diagnosis, intelligent treatment planning, adequate mouth preparations, and carrying out an effective RPD design with proper fabrication of all component parts. Inform patient of proper removal/insertion, make them aware of the care.

2. For what three reasons may breakage of a direct retainer arm occur?A: 1) from repeated flexure into and out of too severe an undercut

2) structural failure of the clasp arm itself3) careless handling by the patient

3. An occlusal or incisal rest may fracture in use and invariably occurs at marginal ridge or incisal areas. What is the predominant reason for lack of strength at the junction of the rest and minor connector?A: Improperly prepared occlusal rest seats are the usual cause of such weakness: an occlusal rest that crosses a marginal ridge that was not lowered sufficiently during mouth preparations either is made too thin or is thinned by adjustment in the mouth to prevent occlusal interference. Failure rarely results from a structural defect in the metal, and rarely if ever by accidental distortion.

4. What problems if any can be encountered when one tries to adjust a distorted minor connector? A: minor connectors become weakened by adjustment. Repetitive adjustment of a major or minor connector results in loss of rigidity to the point that the connector can no longer function effectively. May either recast a new section and then reassemble the denture by soldering or making a completely new denture.

5. Other than by accident, for what reasons could a major connector become distorted?A: Abuse by the patient, repeated adjustment

6. An abutment with a guarded prognosis is sometimes used to prevent an extension-type denture. Loss of such abutments necessitates extension of denture bases and inclusion of an artificial tooth replacing the abutment. Suppose the denture was not designed to anticipate eventual loss of the posterior abutment. Would this influence your decision to repair or remake the denture? How or Why?A: Yes. Likely a distal rest was placed on the anterior portion of the edentulous area. The distal extension would be inadequate with no posterior abutment. Remaking would be in the best interest of the patient's health.

7. Extension of a base in replacing an abutment tooth usually necessitates relining of the entire base. True or False?A: TRUE

8. When a terminal abutment for a distal extension RPD is lost, can the existing denture be modified with a new clasp assembly on another abutment? How?A: Yes, the next adjacent tooth is usually selected as a retaining abutment, and it generally will require modification or a restoration. The new restoration should conform to the old path of insertion/draw of the old RPD. A new cast assembly may then be cast for this toot hand the denture reassembled with the new replacement tooth added.

9. Porcelain artificial teeth that have been excessively ground or that were not arranged in occlusal harmony sometimes fracture in use and have to be replaced. To perform this procedure, is an impression necessary? If the replaced tooth is on an extension base, is the occlusion adjusted?A: You would need to impression for occlusion relationships, especially if the porcelain teeth fractured due to poor occlusion. Extension bases: not sure on…since the base has slight give it has more room for error, however if error is excessive and cusp to cusp relationships are exhibited it may cause irritation to edentulous tissue as well as poor function.

10. What is a distinct advantage of electric soldering over torch soldering for the repair of a metallic element of a RPD?A: don't think it's gonna be tested

11. Suppose a rest broke at its junction with the minor connector. How does soldering create a new rest? Would a clinical procedure on the old rest seat preparation be performed first? Why? What kind of procedure?A:

12. When soldering a chromium-cobalt alloy, what solder should be used? Is any special type of flux required?A: don't think it's gonna be tested.

13. When an electric soldering unit is used, why must the carbon electrode be removed from the work last?A: don't think its gonna be tested.

14. What is the purpose of using a flux when performing soldering operations?A: don't think it's gonna be tested

15. Should torch soldering be attempted on a restoration with acrylic resin bases?A: don't think it's gonna be tested

16. After either electric or torch soldering has repaired a framework, should a heat-hardening treatment be performed? Why or why not?A: don't think it's gonna be tested

Chapter 23

1. RPD's designed to be used for short intervals are temporary restorations and serve definite purposes. They must not be represented to the patient as other than temporary.True or False?A: TRUE

2. Temporary RPD's may jeopardize the integrity of adjacent teeth and health of supporting tissue if worn for extended periods without supportive care. True or false? Why? A: TRUE, no vertical stops…other things such as material strength, longevity

3. Temporary RPD's serve many useful purposes. Name six.1. maintenance of appearance2. reestablishment of occlusal relationships3. maintenance of space4. condition teeth and residual ridges5. interim restoration during treatment6. to condition the patient for wearing a prosthesis

4. In adult patients the placement of a temporary RPD to maintain a space can prevent undesirable migration and extrusion of adjacent or opposing teeth until definitive treatment can be accomplished. True or False?A: TRUE

5. The use of a temporary RPD as an occlusal splint to reestablish the occlusal relationship for a Kennedy Class I RPD requires broad coverage and functional basing of the tissue-supported bases. What is the best method to achieve functional basing?A: Both broad coverage and fnctional basing of tissue-supported bases are desirable, along with some type of occlusal rest on the nearest abutments. Any tissue-supported

occlusal splint should be at least relined in the mouth with an autopolymerizing reline resin to afford optimal coverage and support for the distal extension base. (p. 393)

6. One of the functions that a temporary RPD provides is to condition teeth and residual ridges. Why is it important to condition teeth and residual ridges?A: The tissue of the residual ridge becomes more capable of supporting a distal extension RPD (from the pressure of occlusion). Abutment teeth also benefit from wearing a temporary restoration when such a restoration applies an occlusal load to those teeth, either through occlusal coverage or through occlusal rests (increase bone response). In summary, the abutment teeth and supporting ridge tissue are more capable of providing support.

7. The fabrication of temporary RPD necessitates that prosthodontic principles not be violated and that procedures be meticulously executed? True or false?A: True. You want to make sure you maintain current space relationships and don't create an orthodontic appliance.

8. Temporary RPD's should, or should not, have occlusal rests provided. Defend your answer. A: They shouldn't have stops…No permanent changes to teeth should occur for a temporary restoration. EXCEPTIONS: if a previous definitive RPD is made into a temporary, pre-existing occlusal stops would be ok. The important point is that no definitive changing of tooth structure should be made to temporary RPD's.

9. Periodic recalls and assessments are essential during the use of temporary RPD's. Why is this true? Want to monitor for breakage, space maintainance, make sure that teeth aren't moving and making sure its doing its all supposed to be doing. Make sure its functional and esthetic and not damaging tissue so that the final RPD may still work as desired.