prophet muhammad and islam
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Prophet MuhammadProphet Muhammad
IslamIslamBrief HistoryBrief Historyandand
TeachingsTeachings
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ArabiaArabia in 600 ADin 600 AD
Populated by variousPopulated by various ArabicArabic--speaking peoplespeaking people BedouinBedouin -- organized in tribesorganized in tribes
Caravan meerchants and agriculturalists,Caravan meerchants and agriculturalists,living either in oases in the north, or in theliving either in oases in the north, or in themore fertile and thickly settled areas to themore fertile and thickly settled areas to thesouthsouth
Intense tribal loyalties & warfareIntense tribal loyalties & warfare
Arab culture revered oral story tellingArab culture revered oral story telling
Majority ofArabs followed polytheistic religions &Majority ofArabs followed polytheistic religions &worshipped idolsworshipped idols
Few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity orFew tribes followed Judaism, Christianity orZoroastrianismZoroastrianism
City ofCity ofMeccaMecca was a religious & trade centerwas a religious & trade center
Rich mixtures of cultureRich mixtures of culture
Ka'abaKa'aba -- temple founded by Abrahamtemple founded by Abraham
Yearly pilgrimage to siteYearly pilgrimage to site
Much social injustice & economic disparityMuch social injustice & economic disparity
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Muhammad (Muhammad (570570 632632)) Born atBorn at MeccaMecca into theinto the QurayshQuraysh tribetribe
Orphaned at an early age & raised by uncleOrphaned at an early age & raised by uncle Illiterate but very articulate & well likedIlliterate but very articulate & well liked
Became a successful merchantBecame a successful merchant traveled northtraveled north
Married older wealthy widowMarried older wealthy widow at 25at 25 -- KhadijahKhadijah
Saw a crisis in Arab societySaw a crisis in Arab society
610 AD.610 AD.the divine callthe divine call
Visited while meditating in cave by theVisited while meditating in cave by the ArchangelArchangel
GabrielGabriel who commanded him to recite verses sentwho commanded him to recite verses sentby Godby God
Revelations continued for the next 22 yearsRevelations continued for the next 22 years
Revelations collected in the QuranRevelations collected in the Quran
Revelations directly related to the needs of theRevelations directly related to the needs of theArab peopleArab people
First memorized the verses & passed them to hisFirst memorized the verses & passed them to his
wife & close relativeswife & close relatives Small band of followers would memorize theSmall band of followers would memorize the
recitationsrecitations
First convertsFirst converts wife, cousin Ali, kinsman Abu Bakrwife, cousin Ali, kinsman Abu Bakr
Starts preaching in 612Starts preaching in 612
New recruits mainly from slaves and lower classesNew recruits mainly from slaves and lower classes
Night journey to JerusalemNight journey to Jerusalem
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MuhammadMuhammad 612612--622 AD622 AD -- inin MeccaMecca preaching and gaining followerspreaching and gaining followers
Seen as a trouble maker for attacking theSeen as a trouble maker for attacking theestablishmentestablishment
Attempts to assasinate himAttempts to assasinate him
AD 622AD 622the Hejirathe Hejira to Medinato Medina
Request to resolve dispute between rival tribesRequest to resolve dispute between rival tribes
With followers moved to neighboring city ofWith followers moved to neighboring city ofMedinaMedina
Year 622 as the start ofthe Muslim calendarYear 622 as the start ofthe Muslim calendar
622622--630 AD630 AD------inin MedinaMedina Becomes leader of cityBecomes leader of city
Develops concept ofDevelops concept ofUmmahUmmah -- communitycommunity
Mecca and Medina in conflictMecca and Medina in conflict
Unites the surrounding tribesUnites the surrounding tribes
630 Mecca captured without fight
Cleansed the Kaaba of idolsCleansed the Kaaba of idols
632632 firstfirst HajjHajjor pilgrimageor pilgrimage
By his death in 632, Muhammad had united the entireBy his death in 632, Muhammad had united the entireArabian peninsulaArabian peninsula
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MECCAN PERIODMECCAN PERIOD
T
o establishO
nenessT
o establishO
nenessof Godof God
WarnerWarner
Giver of Glad TidingsGiver of Glad Tidings
Day of GodDay of God
MEDINAN PERIODMEDINAN PERIOD
Social OrderSocial Order
Law & JusticeLaw & Justice EquityEquity
UmmahUmmah
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Religion ofMuhammadReligion ofMuhammad Islam is the religion of submission or surrender toIslam is the religion of submission or surrender to
AllahAllah Simple and uncompromising faith in oneness of GodSimple and uncompromising faith in oneness of God
Muhammad did not believe he was preaching a newMuhammad did not believe he was preaching a newreligionreligion
Did not reject Judaism and ChristianityDid not reject Judaism and Christianity
Sent by God in order to complete and perfect thoseSent by God in order to complete and perfect thoseteachingsteachings
Accepted Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophetsAccepted Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophets
Muhammad is the messenger of GodMuhammad is the messenger of God
Last in a long line of prophetsLast in a long line of prophets
Chosen by God to preach repentance and submission toChosen by God to preach repentance and submission toGodGod
Judgment DayJudgment Day Allah rewards the faithful with aAllah rewards the faithful with aparadise filled with eternal pleasureparadise filled with eternal pleasure
Warns of the inevitable apocalypse & end of theWarns of the inevitable apocalypse & end of the
worldworld Humanity will be forced to atone for sinsHumanity will be forced to atone for sins
Images of heaven (oasis) & hell (desert)Images of heaven (oasis) & hell (desert)
Belief in PredestinationBelief in Predestination Whatever happens, good and evil, proceeds fromWhatever happens, good and evil, proceeds from
divine willdivine will
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QuranQuran -- KoranKoran MeansMeans RecitationRecitation
RecitationRecitation Communicating directly with GodCommunicating directly with God
Provides a guide for living as a MuslimProvides a guide for living as a Muslim
Revelations from God delivered through theRevelations from God delivered through theangel Gabriel to Mohammed over 22 yearsangel Gabriel to Mohammed over 22 years
Revelations came from a heavenly bookRevelations came from a heavenly bookcontaining Gods wisdomcontaining Gods wisdom
Mother of the BookMother of the Book
Final uncorrupted revelation of GodFinal uncorrupted revelation of God
Contains 114Contains 114 surassuras versesverses
Arranged by the length of suraArranged by the length of sura
Contents: TContents: Theological dogma, ceremonialheological dogma, ceremonialregulations, laws related to social, civil andregulations, laws related to social, civil andcriminal behaviorcriminal behavior
ThemesThemes Oneness ofAllah, his attributes,Oneness ofAllah, his attributes,the ethical duties of man, and comingthe ethical duties of man, and comingretributionretribution
Quran must remain in ArabicQuran must remain in Arabic
Translations not authenticTranslations not authentic
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Writing ofthe QuranWriting ofthe Quran
None of Quran was written during Muhammads lifeNone of Quran was written during Muhammads life Still an oral scriptureStill an oral scripture
Words of the Prophet at first memorized & written onWords of the Prophet at first memorized & written onparchment or clay by followersparchment or clay by followers
Zayd ibn ThabitZayd ibn Thabit one of Muhammeds secretariesone of Muhammeds secretaries
Began gathering the verses of the Quran soon afterBegan gathering the verses of the Quran soon afterhis deathhis death
Interviewed closest associatesInterviewed closest associates Sorted into a type of orderSorted into a type of order
Uthman (644Uthman (644--656)656) Third CaliphThird Caliph created an official andcreated an official andfinal versionfinal version
Committee charged with compiling Quran in 651Committee charged with compiling Quran in 651
Wanted to avoid controversyWanted to avoid controversy
Collect and authenticate versesCollect and authenticate verses
Strict criteria for authenticityStrict criteria for authenticity 2 eyewitnesses had to testify that each verses had2 eyewitnesses had to testify that each verses had
been recorded in the presence of Muhammadbeen recorded in the presence of Muhammad
Then verified with companions of MuhammadThen verified with companions of Muhammad
Approved verses amassed into single textApproved verses amassed into single text
Uthman then ordered all other texts destroyedUthman then ordered all other texts destroyed
Quran not altered sinceQuran not altered since
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Legacy ofMuhammadLegacy ofMuhammad
Concept ofConcept ofUmmahUmmah Community ofAllahCommunity ofAllah First attempt to create a social organization out of faith instead of tribalFirst attempt to create a social organization out of faith instead of tribal
relationshipsrelationships
Vision of social justice for allVision of social justice for all
Weak & vulnerable should be protected & treated with respectWeak & vulnerable should be protected & treated with respect
Prophet, lawgiver, religious leader, chief judge, commander ofProphet, lawgiver, religious leader, chief judge, commander ofthe army and civil head of statethe army and civil head of state
Inspiration as role model for living divinely inspired lifeInspiration as role model for living divinely inspired life By studying details of his external life Muslims stove to acquire hisBy studying details of his external life Muslims stove to acquire his
interior attitude of perfect surrender to Godinterior attitude of perfect surrender to God
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IslamIslam Islam is open to all who accept its tenetsIslam is open to all who accept its tenets
Prohibition against idolatry or graven imagesProhibition against idolatry or graven images
Islam has no organized hierarchyIslam has no organized hierarchy
No religious authority, clerical elite or priesthood to act as intermediaryNo religious authority, clerical elite or priesthood to act as intermediary
Mullahs (teachers) occupy positions of authority because of theirMullahs (teachers) occupy positions of authority because of theirknowledge of the Quranknowledge of the Quran
Sunna or HadithSunna or Hadith -- written collection ofArab oral traditions concerning life ofwritten collection ofArab oral traditions concerning life of
MuhammadMuhammad
Address issues not specifically covered in the QuranAddress issues not specifically covered in the Quran
ShariaSharia Islamic LawIslamic Law
Three sourcesThree sources Quran, Sunna andQuran, Sunna and IjtihadIjtihad analytic reasoning to coveranalytic reasoning to coverlocally raised issueslocally raised issues
Quran prohibits alcohol and gamblingQuran prohibits alcohol and gambling
JihadJihad Call for Holy War against infidels????Call for Holy War against infidels????
Quran insists that there be no coercion in matters of faithQuran insists that there be no coercion in matters of faith
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The Five Pillars ofFaithThe Five Pillars ofFaith1. Profession ofFaith1. Profession ofFaith -- ShahadahShahadah
There is no God but Allah (God), andThere is no God but Allah (God), andMuhammad is His Prophet.Muhammad is His Prophet.
First and last words heardFirst and last words heard
Most repeated words by MuslimsMost repeated words by Muslims
Person a Muslim once profession isPerson a Muslim once profession isrepeatedrepeated
2. Prayer2. Prayer SalatSalat
Direction toward MeccaDirection toward Mecca
5 times a day5 times a day Call ofCall ofMuezzinMuezzin
Dawn, midday, midDawn, midday, mid--afternoon, sunsetafternoon, sunset& nightfall& nightfall
Create sense of solidarity and socialCreate sense of solidarity and socialequalityequality
Body posture essentialBody posture essential
Must use ArabicMust use Arabic
Friday noon prayer is only mandatory publicFriday noon prayer is only mandatory publicprayer for all adult malesprayer for all adult males
3. Charity3. Charity ZZakatakat purificationpurification
Compassion for the poorCompassion for the poor
2.5 % of wealth expected2.5 % of wealth expected
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The Five Pillars ofFaithThe Five Pillars ofFaith
4. Fasting4. Fasting -- SawmSawm RamadanRamadan based on lunarbased on lunar
calendarcalendar different eachdifferent eachyearyear
Daylight hours during monthDaylight hours during monthof Ramadanof Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage to5. Pilgrimage to KaabaKaaba ininMeccaMecca HajjHajj
All those who can affordAll those who can afford
and physically fitand physically fit Ideal of equality & unityIdeal of equality & unity
among believersamong believers
Unites cultures and ideasUnites cultures and ideas
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WomenWomen in Islamin Islam UnderArabian preUnderArabian pre--Islamic law of status,Islamic law of status,
women had virtually no rightswomen had virtually no rights
No limitations were set on men's rights toNo limitations were set on men's rights tomarry or to obtain a divorce.marry or to obtain a divorce.
Islamic law provided women with new legalIslamic law provided women with new legalrightsrights
Reforms affected marriage, divorce, andReforms affected marriage, divorce, andinheritanceinheritance
Islamic law restricted the polygamyIslamic law restricted the polygamy
Women could obtain a divorceWomen could obtain a divorce
Women could inherit and keep their ownWomen could inherit and keep their ownpropertyproperty
Marriage was no longer viewed as a "status"Marriage was no longer viewed as a "status"but rather as a "contract"but rather as a "contract"
Law doesn't require women to wear veilsLaw doesn't require women to wear veils
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Islam AfterMuhammadIslam AfterMuhammad
ShiitesShiites Only descendants ofOnly descendants ofFatima or her husband AliFatima or her husband Alishould succeed Mohammedshould succeed Mohammed Death of Imam Hussein (son ofDeath of Imam Hussein (son of
Ali) most celebrated event inAli) most celebrated event inShiite calendarShiite calendar
SunnisSunnis any follower of Islamany follower of Islamshould be eligible to leadshould be eligible to lead Division political & religiousDivision political & religious
Never settled to this dayNever settled to this day
Series of Caliphs governed theSeries of Caliphs governed theIslamic StateIslamic State
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Struggle forSuccessionStruggle forSuccessionNumber of conflicting parties sought to succeed MuhammadNumber of conflicting parties sought to succeed Muhammad
CompanionsCompanions belonged to Muhammads tribe or hadbelonged to Muhammads tribe or hadaccepted mission earlyaccepted mission early
LegitimistsLegitimists heir must belong to family of Muhammadheir must belong to family of Muhammad Ali paternal cousin, husband of daughter Fatima & one of firstAli paternal cousin, husband of daughter Fatima & one of first
believersbelievers
Aristocracy of QurayshAristocracy of Quraysh UmayyadsUmayyads Held reigns of power & wealth in preHeld reigns of power & wealth in pre--Islamic daysIslamic days
Companions triumphed with selection of abuCompanions triumphed with selection of abu--BakrBakr
RashidunRashidun -- Fourrighteous caliphs (632Fourrighteous caliphs (632--661 AD)661 AD) All were close associates and relatives of MuhammadAll were close associates and relatives of Muhammad
Abu Bakr (632Abu Bakr (632--634)634) FatherFather--inin--law of Muhammadlaw of Muhammad and one ofand one offirst believersfirst believers
Umar (634Umar (634--644)644) main military genius who carried Islam forwardmain military genius who carried Islam forwardfrom the Arabian peninsulafrom the Arabian peninsula
Uthman (644Uthman (644--656)656) -- empire fell into a civil war called theempire fell into a civil war called the FitnaFitna
In 656 Uthman is assassinated by followers ofAliIn 656 Uthman is assassinated by followers ofAli
AliAli (656(656--661)661) Muhammad's sonMuhammad's son--inin--law and cousinlaw and cousin Many refused to accept Ali as a leaderMany refused to accept Ali as a leader
Killed by assassinKilled by assassin
Umayyad dynastyUmayyad dynasty claims the caliphateclaims the caliphate Damascus capitalDamascus capital
Abbasid dynastyAbbasid dynasty 754754 seizes caliphateseizes caliphate
al Mansural Mansur(754(754--775) builds new capital at Baghdad775) builds new capital at Baghdad
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Conquest & ExpansionConquest & ExpansionExpansion ofIslamic empire against Byzantine &Expansion ofIslamic empire against Byzantine &
Sassanid (Persian) empiresSassanid (Persian) empiresAbuAbu--BakrBakrOrdersOrders jihadjihad(holy struggle) against the "infidel"(holy struggle) against the "infidel"
Christian orByzantine Empire north ofArabiaChristian orByzantine Empire north ofArabia
Damascus becomes capitalDamascus becomes capital
UmarUmar
637637 Defeated great Persian Sassanid armyDefeated great Persian Sassanid army
639639 Conquers AlexandriaConquers Alexandria base ofByzantine navybase ofByzantine navy
643643 Arabs to border of IndiaArabs to border of India
Tariq ibn ZaidTariq ibn Zaid crossed from North Africa (Morocco) intocrossed from North Africa (Morocco) intoSpain in 711Spain in 711
Expansion stopped in France in 732Expansion stopped in France in 732 Charles MartelCharles Martel
Military victoriesMilitary victories
Justice not fanaticismJustice not fanaticism
No longer making war with otherArabsNo longer making war with otherArabs
Use of cavalry and camelsUse of cavalry and camels Remarkable mobilityRemarkable mobility
High morale from religious enthusiasmHigh morale from religious enthusiasm
Conquered peoples more open to IslamConquered peoples more open to Islam
Reduced heavy burden of taxationReduced heavy burden of taxation
No persecution of FaithsNo persecution of Faiths
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The Spread ofIslamThe Spread ofIslam
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Islamic UnityIslamic Unity Arabic became language of business,Arabic became language of business,
government & literaturegovernment & literature
Uniform enforcement of law contributed to growthUniform enforcement of law contributed to growthof united cultureof united culture
Vast trade network extended from India to theVast trade network extended from India to theMediterraneanMediterranean
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Rich Cultural AchievementsRich Cultural Achievements Many Islamic centers of culture and scienceMany Islamic centers of culture and science
BaghdadBaghdad
CairoCairo
DamascusDamascus
CordobaCordoba
AlexandriaAlexandria
ScholarshipScholarship
Produced notable scientists, astronomers,Produced notable scientists, astronomers,mathematicians, doctors and philosophersmathematicians, doctors and philosophers
Importance of reading the Qur'an producedImportance of reading the Qur'an produceda comparatively high level of literacy in thea comparatively high level of literacy in thegeneral populacegeneral populace
Heirs to Hellenistic LearningHeirs to Hellenistic Learning
Maintained Classical learningMaintained Classical learning
Translation of Greek textsTranslation of Greek texts -- AristotleAristotle MedicineMedicine
ArchitectureArchitecture
Mosques, Palaces &MinaretsMosques, Palaces &Minarets
ArtArt
Geometric patterns, calligraphy, metalGeometric patterns, calligraphy, metalworkwork
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Science & MedicineScience & MedicineMuslim scientistsMuslim scientists Saw no contradiction between religion andSaw no contradiction between religion and
laws governing natural worldlaws governing natural world
Scientific method bornScientific method born
Utilized Classical Greek medical textsUtilized Classical Greek medical texts
AlchemyAlchemy beginnings of chemistrybeginnings of chemistry
Muslim medicineMuslim medicine
Advanced techniques & ideasAdvanced techniques & ideas
Theory that disease born through airTheory that disease born through airborn organismsborn organisms
Study of anatomyStudy of anatomy
Vascular & cancer surgeryVascular & cancer surgery
Study of light, lenses & physiology ofStudy of light, lenses & physiology of
eyeeye led to cameraled to camera Use of anestheticsUse of anesthetics
PharmaciesPharmacies
HospitalsHospitals separate disease inseparate disease indifferent wardsdifferent wards
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Pioneers ofMedicinePioneers ofMedicineRaziRazi (865(865 925)925) Rhazes in the WestRhazes in the West
Authored more than 100 books onAuthored more than 100 books onmedicinemedicine
First to diagnose and treat smallpoxFirst to diagnose and treat smallpox
Ibn SinaIbn Sina (980(980 1037)1037) Known as AvicennaKnown as Avicenna
Contributions in philosophy, music,Contributions in philosophy, music,mathematics, geography & literaturemathematics, geography & literature
Utilized experimentation & observationUtilized experimentation & observation
wrotewrote anon of MedicineCanon of Medicineencyclopedia of medicineencyclopedia of medicine
Study of infectious diseaseStudy of infectious disease Main medical text for 6 centuriesMain medical text for 6 centuries
Printed extensively throughout the WestPrinted extensively throughout the West
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MathematicsMathematics
Introduced Arabic numeralsIntroduced Arabic numerals originallyoriginally
from Indiafrom India
Replaced Roman numeralsReplaced Roman numerals
Included the zeroIncluded the zero made for complexmade for complex
calculationscalculations
Perfected use of decimals and fractionsPerfected use of decimals and fractions
Invented AlgebraInvented Algebra
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TradeTrade
Seaborne Trade developed from Persian GulfSeaborne Trade developed from Persian Gulf
Began to sail to China to tradeBegan to sail to China to trade
Traveled to Russia and Central Asia by landTraveled to Russia and Central Asia by landAble to travel from Europe to AsiaAble to travel from Europe to Asia
-- Silk, furs, gold and precious stones, spices,Silk, furs, gold and precious stones, spices,
and slavesand slaves-- Orange tree, sugar, and paperOrange tree, sugar, and paper
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Abraham: Infancy/FamilyAbraham: Infancy/Family
Moses:T
oddlerhood/T
ribeMoses:T
oddlerhood/T
ribe
Jesus: Childhood/LoveJesus: Childhood/Love
Muhammad: Adolescence/NationMuhammad: Adolescence/Nation
An Ever Advancing CivilizationAn Ever Advancing Civilization
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Where are Muslims Today?Where are Muslims Today?
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