properties,manufacturing, types and features of bricks

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BRICKS

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Page 1: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

BRICKS

Page 2: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

DEFINITION

A small hard block of backed clay that is used to build structure

such as houses and sometimes to make streets ,paths ,etc

Another definition

Molded rectangular block of clay backed by sun or in a kiln until hard and use as a buildings and paving material.

Page 3: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

Bricks are one of the oldest known building materials dating back to 7000bc

They were first found in southern turkey.

The first bricks were sun dried mud bricks.

Fired bricks were found to be more resistant to harsher weather conditions,

Thy made them a much more reliable brick for use in permanent buildings, where mud bricks would not have been sufficient.

HISTORY

Page 4: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

Bricks nowBricks are more commonly used in the construction of buildings.

Brick architecture is dominant within its field

Manufacture of many different types of bricks of all shapes and colors.

Modern machinery, earth moving equipment, powerful electric motors and modern tunnel kilns,making bricks has become much more productive and efficient.

Bricks can be made from variety of materials the most common being clay but also calcium silicate and concrete.

With clay bricks being the more popular, they are now manufactured using three processes soft mud, dry press and extruded.

Page 5: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

HOW BRICKS ARE MADE?

Page 6: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

THE TRADITIONAL

WAYBRICKS ARE MADE FROM WETTING CLAY WHICH YOU

PRESS IT INTO A MOULD AND THEN BAKE THE CLAY IN AN OVEN UNTIL IT IS HARD.

Page 7: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH

MOULDING OF BRICKS

DRYING OF BRICKS

BURNING OF BRICKS

Page 8: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH

Removal of loose soil: About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities like organic matter and hence it should be taken out and thrown away.

Digging, spreading and cleaning: The earth is then dug out from the ground. This earth is spread into heaps about 50 to 150 cm height.

Weathering: The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening. The period may be Of few weeks to a season.

Page 9: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

MATERIAL PREPARATION

Page 10: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

MOULDING

HAND MOULDING• WHEN MOULDING IS DONE WITH HAND IT IS CALLED HAND MOULDING.

• A WOODEN RECTANGULAR MOULD MADE IN THE SHAPE OF A BRICK IS NORMALLY USED FOR THIS PURPOSE.

MACHINE MOULDING• THE CLAY IS PLACED IN THE MACHINE, IT COMES OUT THROUGH THE

OPENING UNDER PRESSURE.

• IT IS CUT TO BRICKS BY STEEL WIRES FIXED INTO FRAMES. THESE BRICKS ARE ALSO CALLED WIRE CUT BRICKS.

Page 11: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

Manufacturing

( HAND MOULDING)

Page 12: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

After Mining, Clay is Extruded Through a Die and Trimmed to Specified Dimension Before Firing

Page 13: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

Manufacturing

( MACHINE MOULDING)

Page 14: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

DRYING OF BRICKS

CONTAIN 7 TO 30 PERCENT MOISTURE, DEPENDING UPON THE FORMING METHOD. MOST OF THIS WATER IS EVAPORATED IN DRYER CHAMBERS TEMPERATURES ABOUT 100 ºF TO 400 ºF (38 ºC TO 204 ºC). TIME, IS BETWEEN 24 TO 48 HOURS. HEAT AND HUMIDITY MUST BE CAREFULLY REGULATED TO

AVOID CRACKING IN THE BRICK.

Page 15: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

BURNING OF BRICKS

INTERMITTENT KILNHighly inefficient & labor-intensive.Use coal + scavenged fuelsMost common, most primitive, most pollutingTemporary Structures

A typical old kiln.A typical tunnel kiln.

Page 16: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

TYPES OF BRICKSMATERIAL

Page 17: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

CONCRETE BRICKS• These bricks have either pale green or gray color.

• these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.

High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina

• Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.

Page 18: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

•FIRE BRICK• A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material

• used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.

• bricks may be made from type of material .

• these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.

• the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.

•LIGHT WEIGHT HOLLOW BLOCKS• This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.

• These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.

• available in different sizes.

• hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature

Page 19: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks
Page 20: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

PROPERTIES OF BRICKS

Page 21: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

•COLOR AND TEXTURE BRICKS OFFER NATURAL AND A VARIETY OF COLORS, INCLUDING VARIOUS

TEXTURES.

•STRENGTH BRICKS OFFER EXCELLENT HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.

• POROSITY THE ABILITY TO RELEASE AND ABSORB MOISTURE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT

AND USEFUL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS, REGULATING TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITY INSIDE STRUCTURES.

• FIRE RESISTANCE WHEN PREPARED PROPERLY A BRICK STRUCTURE CAN GIVE A FIRE PROTECTION

MAXIMUM RATING OF 6 HOURS.

Page 22: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

BRICK FORMAT

Page 23: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

• the format of brick is 90mm x 90mm x 90mm and 190mm x190mm x 190mm .

• with mortar joints ,the size of these bricks are taken as 200mm x 100mm x 100mm and 200 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm .

• the most common brick size is the ‘imperial brick’, which measures 222mm long x 106mm wide x 73mm high with a mass of between 3.0kg.

• there are also other sizes and formats available.

Page 24: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

CLASSIFICATIONCONSTRUCTION POINT OF VIEW

Page 25: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

THE BRICKS USED IN CONSTRUCTION ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

BRUNT BRICKS :•FIRST CLASS BRICKS•SECOND CLASS BRICKS•THIRD CLASS BRICKS•FOURTH CLASS BRICKS

Page 26: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

UNBURNT OR SUN DRIED BRICKS

• THESE ARE DRIED UNDER SUNLIGHT.

• THESE ARE USED FOR TEMPORARY AND CHEAP CONSTRUCTION.

• IT IS ALSO USED FOR FILLING WORKS.

Page 27: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

FIRST CLASS BRICKS

MADE OF GOOD EARTH WHICH IS FREE FROM SALINE DEPOSITS AND ARE SAND MOLDED.

BURNT THOROUGHLY WITHOUT BEING VITRIFIED AND HAVE DEEP RED, CHERRY AND COPPER COLOR.

SECOND CLASS BRICKS

They shall be well burnt or slightly over burnt. They must give clear ringing sound when

struck. The may have slight irregularities in size, shape

and color. The minimum crushing strength of second class

brick should be 70 kg per sq cm

Page 28: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

THIRD CLASS BRICKS

THESE BRICKS ARE SLIGHTLY UNDER BURNT OR OVER BURNT.

THEY ARE NOT UNIFORM IN SHAPE, SIZE AND EDGES.

THEY SHALL NOT OBSERVE WATER MORE THAN 25% OF THEIR OWN DRY WEIGHT AFTER 24 HOURS, IMMERSION IN COLD WATER.

THEY HAVE SOME SIGNS OF EFFLORESCENCE

FOURTH CLASS BRICKS

These are over burnt bricks which are dark in colour and are irregular in size and shape.

These are used as aggregate in concrete and for flooring. Over burnt bricks are not used for building construction

Page 29: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

BURNING STAGES OF BRICKS•THREE STAGES

1.WATER SMOKING STAGE2.OXIDATION3.VITRIFICATION

Page 30: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

USES

Page 31: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

• structural uses: such as foundations walls and floors.

• decorative/ornamental uses: may be cast to from moldings and other decorative features may be carved also may be used in a variety of colors, textures, bonds and joints.

• may be concealed by other finish materials such as stucco, plaster or paint, or may be exposed both on the interior and exterior.

• bricks are also used in the metallurgy and glass industries for lining furnaces.

• they have various uses, especially refractory bricks such as silica, magnesia, chamotte andneutral (chromomagnesite) refractory bricks. this type of brick must have good thermal shock resistance, under load, high melting point, and satisfactory porosity.

• bricks are used for building and pavement . earlier brick pavement was found incapable of withstanding heavy traffic,but it is coming back into use as a method of traffic calming or as adecorative surface in pedestrian precincts.

Page 32: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

ADVANTAGES

Page 33: properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks

• the use of materials such as brick and stone can increase the thermal mass of building, giving increased comfort in the heat of summer and cold of winter and can be ideal for passive solar applications.

• brick typically will not require painting and so can provide a structure with reduced life cycle costs, although sealing appropriately will reduce potential spalling due to frost damage. concrete block of the non decorative variety generally is painted or stuccoed if exposed.

• the appearance especially when well crafted, can impart an impression of solidity and permanence.

• brick is very heat resistant material and thus will provide good fire protection.

• being much more resistant to cold and moist weather conditions, brick enabled the construction of permanent buildings in regions where the harsher climate precluded the use of mud bricks.