properties of polystyrene concrete block with fly ash
TRANSCRIPT
PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE CONCRETE BLOCK WITH
FLY ASH
Nurashyikin Binti Pauzi
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Civil Engineering)
2009
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE CONCRETE BLOCK WITH FLY
ASH
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2008/2009
Saya NURASHYIKIN BINTI PAUZI
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk
tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini
sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan
Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: 50, VISTA AVENUE,
JALAN SETIA RAJA, 93350 KUCHING Madam Azida Binti Rashidi
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: Tarikh:
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT dan TERHAD.
The Following Final Year Project:
Title : Properties of polystyrene concrete block with fly ash
Author : Nurashyikin Binti Pauzi
Matrix Number : 14946
Was read and certified by:
_______________________ ___________________
Madam Azida Binti Rashidi Date
Project Supervisors
PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE CONCRETE
BLOCK WITH FLY ASH
NURASHYIKIN BINTI PAUZI
This project is submitted to
Faculty of Engineering,
University Malaysia Sarawak
in partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Civil Engineering) 2009
For my beloved mom and dad
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my final year project supervisor, Madam Azida binti Haji Rashidi
for her guidance and advice in conducting my research. I also would like to thank the
technicians of Civil Engineering laboratory who helps me a lot in my laboratory works,
especially to En. Nur Adha bin Abdul Wahab and Hj Affandi bin Othman.
Cooperation from Faculty of Engineering and Civil Laboratory are really appreciated.
Acknowledgement also goes to my friends and those who have helping me in my
project. Thank to my family for supporting me in my study and this project.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Abstrak
List of tables
List of figures
List of symbols
Page
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Limitations of the project 3
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Brief Outline of Chapters
1.6 Conclusion
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Component of concrete
2.2.1 Cement
2.2.2 Fine Aggregates
2.2.3 Expanded Polystyrene
2.2.3.1 Characteristics Properties of
Expanded Polystyrene Beads
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2.2.3.2 Effect Expanded Polystyrene
Bead on Concrete Block
2.2.4 Fly Ash
2.2.4.1 Characteristics Properties of
Fly Ash
2.2.4.2 Chemical Composition and
Classification
2.2.4.3 Effect Fly Ash on Concrete
Block
2.3 Previous Studies
2.3.1 Strength of Lightweight Concrete
2.3.2 Workability of Lightweight
Aggregate Concrete
2.3.3 Water Absorption
2.3.4 Weight and Density
2.3.5 Effect of High Temperature on
Compressive Strength
2.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Raw Materials
3.2.1 Cement
3.2.2 Fine Aggregate
3.2.3 Expanded Polystyrene Beads
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3.2.4 Fly Ash
3.2.5 Water
3.2.6 Superplasticizer
3.3 Equipments
3.4 Production of EPS Concrete Block containing
Fly Ash
3.5 Methodology
3.5.1 Test Program
3.5.1.1 Workability Test
3.5.1.2 Dimension Test
3.5.1.3 Weight/Density Test
3.5.1.4 Water Absorption Test
3.5.1.5 Compressive Strength Test
3.5.1.6 Heat Resistance Test
3.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Workability Test
4.2.1 Results and Analysis
4.2.2 Discussion
4.3 Dimension Test
4.3.1 Results and Analysis
4.3.2 Discussion
4.4 Weight Density Test
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4.5 Water Absorption Test
4.6 Compressive Strength Test
4.7 Heat Resistance Test
4.8 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Limitation
5.3 Recommendations
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REFERENCES
APPENDIX
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Pages
2.1 Process of Suspension Polymerization 10
3.1 Water absorption test 29
3.2 Compressive Strength Machine 30
3.3 Muffle furnace 32
4.1 Slump test on the sample 35
4.2 Relationship between, weight density and EPS+fly
ash mix ratio
39
4.3
4.4
Relationship between average weight and mix
proportion
Relationship between average density and mix
proportion
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4.5 Relationship between percentage of water absorption
and mix proportion
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4.6 Relationship between compressive strength and time 46
4.7 Average compressive strength for each mix 48
4.8 Compressive strength results after exposure to high
temperature
50
4.9 Weight loss after heat to high temperature 51
4.10 Sample before heat 52
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4.11 Sample after heat 52
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
m1 - Wet brick weight
m2 - Dry brick weight
µ - Micro
°C - Degree of Celsius
% - Percentage
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Pages
2.1 Chemical composition of Fly Ash 12
2.2 Mix details of the concrete investigated 15
2.3 Strength characteristics of EPS concrete 15
3.1 Mix proportion for all samples 20
3.2 Mix proportion in kilogram 20
3.3 Grading limit for fine aggregates 22
4.1
4.2
Slump Test Result
Dimension results for each mix
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4.3 Dimension according to MS76:1972 37
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Average weight and density measurement
Average percentage of water absorption
Average percentage of water absorption to average
compressive strength
Data for compressive strength
Data for compressive strength due to changes in
temperature
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ABSTRACT
This project reports the results of experimental investigations into the properties of
lightweight concrete blocks containing expanded polystyrene beads with fly ash.
Lightweight concretes can be produced by replacing the normal aggregates in concrete
depending upon the requirements of density and strength. This project uses expanded
polystyrene beads as lightweight aggregate for replacement of coarse aggregate in the
mixes. The main objective of this project is to determine the properties of EPS
concretes containing fly ash. Total of 126 samples of concrete blocks were prepared for
this study. The properties studied were compressive strength, water absorption, weight
and density, and heat resistance of the polystyrene concrete block with fly ash. The
experimental results show that the compressive strength for samples with high
percentage of polystyrene gives low compressive strength but samples with high
percentage of fly ash give a higher compressive strength. The project also found that
the optimum percentage of fly ash that can be replaced in the concrete is 30%. The
properties of the block are mainly influenced by the content of polystyrene beads in the
mix and the percentage of fly ash.
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ABSTRAK
Projek ini melaporkan keputusan eksperimen penyelidikan ke atas sifat blok konkrit
ringan yang mengandungi biji-bijian polistirena padat dan abu terbang. Konkrit ringan
boleh dihasilkan dengan menggantikan sejumlah kandungan pasir di dalam konkrit
bergantung kepada isipadu dan kekuatan yang diperlukan. Kajian ini mengunakan biji-
bijian polistirena padat sebagai bahan ringan bagi pengantian pasir di dalam adunan.
Tujuan utama projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji sifat-sifat blok konkrit polistirena yang
mengandungi abu terbang. Sejumlah 126 sampel blok konkrit disediakan untuk kajian
ini. Sifat-sifat yang dikaji adalah kekuatan mampatan, penyerapan air, berat dan
kepadatan, dan sifat-sifat blok konkrit polistirena di dalam suhu yang tinggi. Kajian
menunjukkan kekuatan mampatan bagi peratusan yang tinggi abu terbang memberikan
kekuatan mampatan rendah tetapi bagi sampel yang mengandungi peratusan abu
terbang yang tinggi memberikan kekuatan mampatan yang tinggi. Kajian juga
menunjukkan peratusan optimum bagi penggantian abu terbang di dalam konkrit adalah
30%. Sifat-sifat blok konkrit polistirena dipengaruhi oleh kandungan biji-bijian
polistirena dan peratusan abu terbang di dalam adunan.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Concrete is most widely used in construction. Originally, concrete was made
using a mixture of only three materials which are cement, aggregate and water. This
mix is then placed in forms and allowed to be cured and become hard. The strength,
durability and other characteristics of concrete depend upon the properties of the
material used, the mix proportions, the method of compaction and other controls during
placing, compaction and curing.
Concrete is a solid that hardens after mixing with water due to a chemical
process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement and enables them to
bonds together with the other components. The reactions are highly exothermic and the
build-up in heat must not affect the integrity of the structure.
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Concrete can be used for many construction works and it is the materials of
choice for commercial applications. The concrete is extensively used in the construction
of foundations, walls, roads, airfields, buildings, water retaining.
1.2 Problem Statement
Both normal concrete and lightweight concrete have their own advantages and
disadvantages. The normal concrete consists of mixture of Portland cement, sand,
aggregate and water while the lightweight concrete is the improvement of the normal
concrete by replacing the usual mineral aggregate by cellular porous or light-weight
aggregate (M. S. Shetty, 2003).
One of the disadvantages of normal concrete is the high self-weight of the
concrete. Density of the normal concrete is in the range of 2200 kg/m3 to 2600 kg/m
3.
This heavy self-weight make it as an uneconomical structural material. Attempts have
been made in the past to reduce the self weight of concrete to increase the efficiency of
concrete as a structural material.
The advantage of light-weight concrete advantage is its low in density which can
reduce the dead load (self weight). Thus it enhances construction progress, reduce
transportation and handling costs. The weight of a building on the foundation is an
important factor in design, particularly in the case of weak soil and tall structure. In a
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frame structure, the beams and columns have to carry loads of the floors and walls. If
floors and walls are made up of light weight concrete, it will result in considerable
economy.
Lightweight concrete is one which is comparatively lighter than normal concrete
but at the same time strong enough to be use for structural purposes. Therefore, it
combines the advantages of normal weight concrete and discards the disadvantages of
normal weight concrete. This type of concrete has advantages for future construction.
Thus, several tests and investigation are required to determine the workability of
polystyrene concrete block with fly ash so that t can be used as a material in
constructions.
1.3 Limitations of the project
This project will use EPS as aggregates replacement in the mixes and fly ash as
part of cement substitution. With various ratios between fly ash and EPS in the
experiment, the properties of this lightweight concrete are investigated experimentally.
The tests required to identify the properties are limited to workability test, dimension
test, water absorption test, weight and density test, compressive strength test, and heat
resistance test.
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1.4 Objectives
The objectives of the project are:
To find optimum mix proportion concrete block containing Expanded
Polystyrene Beads (EPS) and fly ash.
To determine the compressive strength of the concrete blocks with EPS and
fly ash
To determine the compressive strength of the concrete blocks with EPS and
fly ash due to the changes in heat/temperature.
To determine the water absorption of the concrete blocks with EPS and fly
ash.
To determine the weight density of the concrete blocks with EPS and fly ash.
To check the dimensions of the blocks according to Malaysian Standard
(MS76:1972)
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1.5 Brief Outline of Chapters
The report consists of several chapters.
Chapter (1) deals with introduction of producing lightweight concrete block
using the expanded polystyrene beads by adding various percentage of fly ash. The
problem statement, objectives and scope of study are also mentioned.
Chapter (2) studied the literature review, where works that have been done and
related works published by other researchers in this field and results of each work are
explained and concluded.
Chapter (3) discusses about the experiment that have been carried out to produce
lightweight concrete blocks by using the expanded polystyrene bead in concrete
containing fly ash as a cement replacement material.
Chapter (4) shows the results, analysis and discussion for every tests. The tests
that were carried out are compressive strength test, water absorption test, weight density
test, dimension test and heat resistance.
Chapter (5) was written as the conclusion and recommendation. The conclusion
writes about the overall findings and the summaries of the study. Some
recommendations or ideas proposed in future work section also written in this chapter.
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1.6 Conclusion
Lightweight concrete can be produced by replacing aggregate in concrete with a
certain percentage of other material like Expanded Polystyrene Bead (EPS) depending
upon the density and strength required. The replacements of cement using fly ash can
increase the workability, reduce segregation, bleeding, heat evolution and permeability,
inhibit alkali-aggregate reaction and enhance sulfate resistance of the concrete itself.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Lightweight concrete can be produced by partially replacing the normal weight
coarse aggregate particles with expanded polystyrene beads (EPS). The lightweight
concrete has practical densities between 300 and 1850 kg/m3
(D. Saradhi Babu et al
2004). With the use of lightweight concrete in construction, the formworks need to
withstand a lower pressure than that would be the case with normal weight concrete.
Therefore, the total mass of materials to be handled is reduced with a consequent
increase in productivity. Low density of lightweight concrete gives better thermal
insulation than ordinary concrete. (D. Saradhi Babu et. al 2004)
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2.2. Component of concrete
2.2.1 Cement
Cement is a material which has an adhesive and cohesive property and capable
of bonding materials. The cement is used to bind the aggregates together and fill up the
voids in between the aggregate particles to form a compact mass. The properties of
cement are affected by several factors such as chemical composition, hydration, setting
time, soundness and loss in ignition.
2.2.2 Fine Aggregates
A fine aggregates aggregate is used to describe gravels, crushed stones and other
materials which are mixed with cement and water to make concrete. The fine
aggregates in concrete served as a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting
action of applied load, abrasion, and percolation of moisture and the action of weather.
Additionally, the fine aggregates reduce the volume changes resulting from setting and
hardening of concrete.