properties of matter matter: anything that has mass and takes up space substance: matter that has a...
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Properties of Matter
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Substance: matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition.
An element is a substance that has only one kind of atom.
Gold A compound is a substance that has two or more types of atoms in fixed proportions.
Water (H2O)
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Substances are identified by their...
Physical and Chemical properties
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Substances are identified by their...
Physical and Chemical properties
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Physical properties can be observed and measured WITHOUT permanently changing the material.
Observable physical properties:
Color, shape, hardness, odor, texturestate of matter (solid, liquid or gas)luster (how light reflects off of it)
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Measurable physical properties:
Density-mass contained in 1 mL of
material
Melting point-Temperature at which
material begins to melt
Freezing point-Temperature at which
material begins to freeze
Boiling point-Temperature at which
material begins to boil
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Chemical properties can only be observed or measured by PERMANENTLY CHANGING the material.
Examples:
Flammability, toxicity (how poisonous it is), acidity, radioactivity, reactivity with oxygen, light sensitivity
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Physical Change Chemical Change
•melting •Light or flamegiven off
•boiling •Color/odor change
•evaporatingdissolving•Forming a solid
•freezing •Temperaturechange•grinding
•Gas bubblesformed•cutting
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Chemical or physical change?
1. When heated, a substance goes from a liquid to a gas.
2. When heated, the color of a substance changes from blue to white.
3. When heated, a substance burns.
PHYSICAL!
CHEMICAL!
CHEMICAL!
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Chemical or physical change?
4. When hit with a hammer, a substance explodes.
5. When hit with a hammer, a substance flattens.
6. When hit with a hammer, a substance breaks apart into smaller pieces.
CHEMICAL!
PHYSICAL!
PHYSICAL!
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Chemical or physical change?
7. When water is added to a blue liquid, it changes to a lighter blue.
8. When a clear liquid is added to a blue liquid, a white solid is formed.
9. When water is added to a blue liquid, it forms a blue layer and a clear layer.
PHYSICAL!
CHEMICAL!
PHYSICAL!
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Indicators of chemical change
• A color change
• Gas evolution (bubbles)
• Precipitate (solid) formation
• Temperature change
• Energy given off (light or flames)
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Mixture: a combination of two or more substances.
The composition of mixtures is variable.
Uh oh!
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Heterogeneous mixture: a mixture in which the physical properties are different in different parts of the mixture.
heterogeneous
Homogeneous mixture: a mixture in which the physical properties are the same throughout.
A solution
soluble dye
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Types of solutions
Gas/gas
Gas/liquid
Liquid/liquid
Solid/liquid
Solid/solid
Air is 78% N2 and 21% O2
Carbonated sodas are made by dissolving CO2 gas in water
8 carat gold is a solid solution of Cu, Ag and Au
Vinegar is 5% acetic acid, 95% water
Sports drinks are 0.1% NaCl, 5% sugar and 94.9% water.
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Colloids: very small particles are suspended in solution
Gold/silver alloy particles in glass
Water droplets in air
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Tyndall Effect: Scattering of light off of colloidal particles
No Tyndall effect = not a colloid
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Separating Mixtures
Mixtures can be separated by taking advantage of differences in physical properties.
Filtration: a porous barrier is used to separate a solid from a liquid.
The filter can only separate out particles of solid that are LARGER than the pores through the filter.
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Distillation: separation of substances by differences in boiling point.
The substance with the lower boiling point will distill off first.
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Crystallization: formation of a pure solid substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance.
Sodium acetate in water
p-dichlorobenzene in chloroform