prompt emission properties of x-ray flashes and gamma-ray bursts
DESCRIPTION
Prompt Emission Properties of X-ray Flashes and Gamma-ray Bursts. T. Sakamoto (CRESST/UMBC/GSFC). Contents. First BAT GRB catalog X-ray Flashes (XRFs) Prompt emission properties of XRFs (BATSE/BeppoSAX/HETE-2/Swift)? (4. X-ray flares) (5. X-ray afterglows of XRFs). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Prompt Emission Properties of Prompt Emission Properties of X-ray Flashes and Gamma-ray BurstsX-ray Flashes and Gamma-ray Bursts
T. Sakamoto (CRESST/UMBC/GSFC)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
ContentsContents
1. First BAT GRB catalog2. X-ray Flashes (XRFs)3. Prompt emission properties of XRFs (BATSE/BeppoSAX/HETE-2/Swift)?(4. X-ray flares)(5. X-ray afterglows of XRFs)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
First BAT GRB catalogFirst BAT GRB catalog(BAT1 catalog)(BAT1 catalog)
Sakamoto et al. ApJS, 175, 179Sakamoto et al. ApJS, 175, 179
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
BAT GRB sky mapBAT GRB sky map
- 237 GRBs (from GRB 041217 to GRB 070616)- BAT event-by-event data analysis
Galactic coordinate
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
TT9090/T/T5050 (mask-weighted 15-350 keV) (mask-weighted 15-350 keV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Hardness – THardness – T9090
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Time-averaged spectrum (PL fit)Time-averaged spectrum (PL fit)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
PL photon index vs. P(15-150 keV)PL photon index vs. P(15-150 keV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Summary (I)Summary (I)
BAT is fine. Detecting/localizing ~100 GRBs/yr. Watching for z>7 and z<0.1 GRBs. Watching for the next naked eye burst.
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
X-ray Flashes (XRFs)X-ray Flashes (XRFs)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
X-ray band
ray band
X-ray flash (XRF)Classical gamma-ray burst (C-GRB)
(Heise et al. 2001) (in’t Zand et al. 1999)
X-ray flashes and classical (long) GRBs : BeppoSAX/BATSE
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
XRF 010213 GRB 030725
X-ray flashes and classical (long) GRBs : HETE-2
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
GRB 050401XRF 050416A
X-ray flashes and classical (long) GRBs: Swift BAT
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
““X-ray Flashes”X-ray Flashes”
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Empirical spectral models of GRBsEmpirical spectral models of GRBs
Eexp (E/E0)
E
E0 = Epeak / (2 + )
Ebreak = (E0
Band function
dN/dE
Energy
(Band et al. 1993)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Spectral parameters of GRBs (BATSE) Spectral parameters of GRBs (BATSE)
Band function
Ep
3 2 1 0 1
200
150
100
50
01 2 3 4
log Ep [keV] (~ 2.5)
150
100
50
0
(BATSE spectral catalog, Preece et at. 2000)
Energy
F
E
Ep
E
200 – 300 keV
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
X-Ray Flashes (XRFs) and X-ray rich GRBsX-Ray Flashes (XRFs) and X-ray rich GRBs(Ginga and BeppoSAX WFC)(Ginga and BeppoSAX WFC)
Ginga (Strohmayer et al. 1998)
1 0 1 2
1 2 3 4 log Ep [keV]
0
1
2
3
4
0
2
4
Nu
mb
er o
f ev
ents
BATSE
BATSE
WFC / BATSE (Kippen et al. 2002)
(22 GRBs)
10
100
1000
Ep (
keV
)
Peak Flux P1024 (ph cm-2 s-1)
XRFs: Systematically low Epeak
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Prompt emission properties of XRFsPrompt emission properties of XRFs
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
ObjectiveObjective
GRBs
Classify
XRFs XRRs C-GRBs
(X-ray flashes) (X-ray-rich GRBs) (Classical GRBs)
Spectral hardness
XRFs
XRRs
C-GRBs
XRFs
XRRs
C-GRBs
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Classification of GRBsClassification of GRBs
(Fluence in 2-30 keV : SX, Fluence in 30-400 keV : S
log (SX / S) > 00.5 < log (SX / S) ≤ 0
log (SX / S) ≤ 0.5
XRFXRRC-GRB
(Sakamoto et al. 2005)
HETE-2
BeppoSAX “XRFs: Detected by Wide Field Camera (WFC), but not by Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GRBM)”
Swift/BAT ?
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeak vs. fluence ratio vs. fluence ratio
1 10 100 1000Epeak (keV)
0.1
1
10
SX /
S
XRF
XRR
C-GRB
HETE GRB sample
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Classification of GRBsClassification of GRBs
(Fluence in 2-30 keV : SX, Fluence in 30-400 keV : S
log (SX / S) > 00.5 < log (SX / S) ≤ 0
log (SX / S) ≤ 0.5
XRFXRRC-GRB
(Sakamoto et al. 2005)
HETE-2
BeppoSAX “XRFs: Detected by Wide Field Camera (WFC), but not by Gamma-ray burst monitor (GRBM)”
Swift/BAT
Ep=30 keV
Ep=100 keV(Sakamoto et al. 2008)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
GRB sampleGRB sample
BATSE (Kaneko et al. 2006) - Time-averaged best fit spectral parameters by BAND and COMP fit
0 XRF181 GRB 26 XRR 155 C-GRB
Total 568 GRBs (342 GRBs)
BeppoSAX (D’Alessio et al. 2006, Amati et al. 2002) - Only Ep information
7 XRF 24 GRB 11 XRR 6 C-GRB
HETE-2 (Sakamoto et al. 2005; Pelangeon et al. submitted A&A)
26 XRF 84 GRB 33 XRR 25 C-GRB
Swift/BAT (Sakamoto et al. 2008+); 17 XRF279 GRB 179 XRR 83 C-GRB
Swift/BAT with Ep (Sakamoto et al. 2008+); 17 XRF 53 GRB 22 XRR 14 C-GRB
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
List of XRFs I (BeppoSAX/HETE-2/Swift)List of XRFs I (BeppoSAX/HETE-2/Swift)
XRF Mission Epeakobs [keV] AG z
971019 SAX 19 +/- 1 - -990520 SAX 26 +/- 3 X -990526 SAX 15 +/-14 - -990704 SAX 9 (-7/+50) X -000206 SAX 38 +/- 5 - -000416 SAX 1.6 +/- 6.6 - -010213 HETE-2 3.4 +- 0.4 - -010225 HETE-2 32 (+27/-9) - -011019 HETE-2 19 (+18/-9) - -011130 HETE-2 < 4 - -011212 HETE-2 NA - -020317 HETE-2 28 (+13/-7) - -020427 SAX 3 +/- 3 X -020625 HETE-2 9 (+5/-3) - -020903 HETE-2 3 +/- 1 O,R 0.25021021 HETE-2 15 (+14/-7) - -021104 HETE-2 28 (+17/-8) - -
XRF Mission Epeakobs [keV] AG z
030416 HETE-2 3 (+1/-2) - -030429 HETE-2 35 (+12/-8) O 2.65030528 HETE-2 32 +/- 5 X,O 0.782030723 HETE-2 < 8.9 X,O -030823 HETE-2 27 (+7/-5) - - 030824 HETE-2 6.1 (+2/-4) - -031109B HETE-2 38 (+28/-12) - -031111B HETE-2 6 (+4/-5) - -040423 HETE-2 30 (+5/-4) - -040701 HETE-2 < 3.4 X -040825B HETE-2 25 (+16/-8) - -040912A HETE-2 14 (+3/-4) - -040912B HETE-2 17 (+13/-13) X 1.563040916 HETE-2 < 3.5 O -050406 Swift 29 (+7/-12) X,O 050408 HETE-2 26 (+11/-7) X,O 1.2357050416A Swift 17 (+6/-10) X,O,R 0.6535
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
List of XRFs II List of XRFs II (BeppoSAX/HETE-2/Swift)(BeppoSAX/HETE-2/Swift)
XRF Mission Epeakobs [keV] AG z
050509 HETE-2 < 19 - - 050714B Swift 27 (+7/-18) X -050819 Swift 22 (+6/-17) X -050824 Swift < 19 X,O 0.83060218 Swift 4.7 (-0.3/+0.4) X,O,R 0.0331060219 Swift < 33 X - 060428B Swift 23 (+5/-12) X,O -060512 Swift 23 (+8/-18) X,O 0.4428060923B Swift < 27.6 X -060926 Swift < 23 X,O 3.20061218 Swift 19 (+11/-8) - -070224 Swift < 35 X,O -070714A Swift < 20 X -070721A Swift < 30 X,O -080218B Swift 20 (+5/-6) - -080330 Swift < 24 X,O 1.51080515 Swift 24 (+5/-5) X,O -
Total: 51 XRFsXA : 24 XRFsOA : 17 XRFs z : 11 XRFs
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Histogram of log[S(2-30 keV)/S(30-400 keV)]Histogram of log[S(2-30 keV)/S(30-400 keV)]
C-GRBs XRR XRF
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Histogram of S(25-50 keV)/S(50-100 keV)Histogram of S(25-50 keV)/S(50-100 keV)
C-GRBs XRR XRF
Broad continuum in the fluence distribution
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
S(2-30 keV) vs. S(30-400 keV)S(2-30 keV) vs. S(30-400 keV)
C-GRBs/XRR
XRR/XRF
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
S(2-30 keV) vs. S(30-400 keV)S(2-30 keV) vs. S(30-400 keV)
C-GRBs/XRR
XRR/XRF
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
S(25-50 keV) vs. S(50-100 keV)S(25-50 keV) vs. S(50-100 keV)
C-GRBs/XRR
XRR/XRF
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
S(25-50 keV) vs. S(50-100 keV)S(25-50 keV) vs. S(50-100 keV)
C-GRBs/XRR
XRR/XRF
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
S(25-50 keV) vs. S(50-100 keV)S(25-50 keV) vs. S(50-100 keV)
C-GRBs/XRR
XRR/XRF
Single distribution in the fluence-fluence plane
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Histogram of EHistogram of Epeakpeakobsobs
Broad Epeakobs distribution
(from a few keV to a few MeV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. alpha vs. alpha
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. alpha vs. alpha
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. alpha vs. alpha
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. alpha vs. alpha
alpha ~ -1 for all GRBs
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. beta vs. beta
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. beta vs. beta
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. beta vs. beta
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. beta vs. beta
beta ~ -2.5 for all GRBs
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. S(2-400 keV) vs. S(2-400 keV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. S(2-400 keV) vs. S(2-400 keV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. S(15-150 keV) vs. S(15-150 keV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. S(15-150 keV) vs. S(15-150 keV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeakobsobs vs. S(15-150 keV) vs. S(15-150 keV)
Positive correlation between Epeak
obs and the fluence
Epeakobs ~ S 0.5
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Redshift distributionsRedshift distributions
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeaksrcsrc distribution distribution
Broad Epeaksrc distribution
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeak-E-Eisoiso relation relation
Epeaksrc = 95 keV (Eiso/1052 ergs)0.5
(Amati 2006)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Re-classify XRFs at the rest frameRe-classify XRFs at the rest frame
XRF z Epeakobs Epeak
src Re-classification
020930 0.25 2.6 3.3 XRF030429 2.65 35 128 C-GRBs030528 0.782 32 57 XRR040912B 1.563 17 44 XRR050408 1.236 26 58 XRR050416A 0.654 17 28 XRF050824 0.83 <19 <34 XRF/XRR060218 0.0331 4.7 4.9 XRF060512 0.443 23 33 XRR060926 3.20 <23 <97 XRR080330 1.51 <24 <60 XRR
Only three XRFs cab be classified as XRF at the rest frame.
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Summary (II)Summary (II)
XRFs, XRRs, and GRBs form a continuum (BATSE/BeppoSAX/HETE-2/Swift).
Epeakobs is broadly distributed from a few keV to a f
ew MeV (same for Epeaksrc).
The redshift distribution of XRFs could be systematically lower than C-GRBs.
We only have three samples of intrinsic XRFs.
C-GRB
XRR
XRF
E-1
E-2.5
Epeak
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
X-ray FlaresX-ray Flares
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
X-ray Flare: Prompt X-ray emissionX-ray Flare: Prompt X-ray emissionGRB 720427 (Metzger et al, 1974)
(Apollo 16 and Vela 6A)GRB 030725
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
GRB 080607 X-ray flareGRB 080607 X-ray flareC
ount
s/se
c/de
tC
ount
s/se
cC
ount
s/se
c/w
ire
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Late-time X-ray flares are unique…Late-time X-ray flares are unique…
(Watson et al. 2005)
X-ray flares T0 > 1000 s
Very unique Swift/XRT observations
However…
X-ray flares T0 < 1000 s
Same prompt X-ray emission observed by
previous missions (e.g. HETE-2/WXM)
GRB 050904
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
X-ray afterglows of XRFsX-ray afterglows of XRFs
(Sakamoto et al. 2008, ApJ, 679, 570)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
XRF X-ray afterglowXRF X-ray afterglow
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
C-GRB X-ray afterglowC-GRB X-ray afterglow
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
X-ray light curve at the rest-frameX-ray light curve at the rest-frame
Epeaksrc < 100 keV
100 keV < Epeaksrc < 300 keV
Epeaksrc > 300 keV
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Fx
Time [s]
t –0.5 – t –1.0
t-1.0 – t-2.0
t-1 C-GRB
XRF
103-104 sec
C-GRB:Break around 103-104 sec
XRF:Simple decay with the index of -1Flux is systematically lower
Must be telling something…Must be telling something…
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Summary (III)Summary (III)
XRFs, XRRs, and GRBs form a continuum (BATSE/BeppoSAX/HETE-2/Swift).
Epeakobs is broadly distributed from a few keV to a fe
w MeV (same for Epeaksrc).
The redshift distribution of XRFs could be systematically lower than C-GRBs.
We only have three samples of intrinsic XRFs. Clear definition in “X-ray flare” is needed. Distinct difference in X-ray afterglows between XR
Fs and C-GRBs.
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeak vs. Energy Flux vs. Energy Flux
Number of simulated spectra Band – PL) > 6
BAT 15-150 keV
Epeak measurement with BAT: > ~ 2 x 10-8 ergs/cm2/s (log F(15-150) = -7.7)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeak-Gamma relation-Gamma relation
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
EEpeakpeak-Gamma relation-Gamma relation
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
BAT (81 GRBs)BATSE
BAT TBAT T9090 vs. Hardness vs. Hardness
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
GRB 020531
GRB 050709
Sakamoto et al.Villasenor et al.
HETE (46 GRBs)BATSE
HETE THETE T9090 vs. Hardness vs. Hardness
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Konus-Wind TKonus-Wind T9090 vs. Hardness vs. HardnessMazets et al. : short GRBsV. Pal’shin : long GRBs
Konus-Wind (125 GRBs)BATSE
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Konus-Wind Histograms of HardnessKonus-Wind Histograms of Hardnesslong GRBs(T90 ≧ 2 sec.)
Short GRBs(T90 < 2 sec.)
HR 6: 10% short GRBs (46% BATSE)≧HR 8: 0% short GRBs (26% BATSE)≧
S(100-300 keV) / S(50-100 keV)
Nu
mb
er o
f G
RB
s
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Histogram of Hardness - Short GRBs -Histogram of Hardness - Short GRBs -
S(100-300 keV) / S(50-100 keV)
Nu
mb
er o
f G
RB
s
BAT
HETE
BATSE
Konus-Wind
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
vs. Evs. E00
E0 [
keV
]
4-6 6-8 8-10
Hardness =S(100-300 keV)
S(50-100 keV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
S(2-30 keV) vs. S(30-400 keV)S(2-30 keV) vs. S(30-400 keV)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
““Short XRFs” in the Swift sample?Short XRFs” in the Swift sample?
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
““Short XRFs” in the Swift sample?Short XRFs” in the Swift sample?
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
““Short XRFs” in the Swift sample?Short XRFs” in the Swift sample?
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
““Short XRFs” in the Swift sample?Short XRFs” in the Swift sample?
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
How to make short XRF with BAT?How to make short XRF with BAT?dN/dE
E
E-1
E-2.3
Ep
Flu
x (1
5-15
0 ke
V)
Input light curveEp = 50 keV
Ep = 50 keV
Ep = 30 keV
Ep = 20 keV
Cou
nt r
ate
[c/s
]
- BAT energy response (30 deg)- background included- Xspec fakeit
“Shortness” of BAT XRF is very likely due to the
instrumental effect.
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
XRFXRRC-GRB
Energy spectrum of XRFsEnergy spectrum of XRFs
1 10 100 1000Energy (keV)
102
1
102
104
F
(
keV
cm
2 s
1)
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Discussion (1)Discussion (1)
Two categories in the luminosity evolution in the optical light curves (Liang & Zhang).
<Epeaksrc > = 96 keV for the dim group
< Epeaksrc> = 543 keV for the bright group
(ref Amati 2006)
Consistent with the X-ray luminosity light curves
Understanding Shallow-to-normal break in the geometrical jet model.
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2008. 6. 25. 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference Swift
Discussion (2)Discussion (2)
Shallow-to-normal break Epeak
Thick ring jet model