PROMOTION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSYSydney WilliamsHUPF 4062-Correctives26 February 2016

INTRODUCTION

• Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that is caused by abnormalities or a lesion in parts of the brain that control muscle movements.

• Appears in infancy or early childhood• It could affect one, two, three, or all four limbs can be involved.

• Monoplegia• Hemiplegia• Diplegia• Quadriplegia

What is Cerebral Palsy?

INTRODUCTION CONT.• Muscular spasticity

• Causing movements to be stiff and jerky• Athetosis

• Uncoordinated movements of the voluntary muscles• Ataxia

• Poor balance and affects the walking gait• Combined

• Spasticity and athetosis or ataxia and athetosis

Types of cerebral palsy

INTRODUCTION CONT.• Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disability in childhood• About 1 in 323 children have been identified with cerebral palsy (CP).• 58.2% of children could walk independently. 30.6% had limited to no

walking ability. 11.3% could walk using a hand-held mobility device (2008).

• Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain) were found to be more common among children with cerebral palsy than among those without it.

BACKGROUND• Cerebral palsy was first researched by Dr. William John Little.• Sir William Olser wrote the first book on cerebral palsy• Dr. Sigmund Freud proposed the idea that cerebral palsy might result

from abnormal fetal development.• In the 1980s, medical researchers proved Dr. Freud’s theory that cerebral

palsy can happen before birth. • Cerebral palsy can also be caused by birth injuries.

BACKGROUND CONT.• Muscle weakness is a primary impairment in children with cerebral palsy• Children with cerebral palsy

• Are weaker• Have less endurance• Display reduced physical activity levels

• Children with cerebral palsy (CP) experience motor impairments, as well as deficits in other domains, which impact on their ability to move, solve problems, communicate, and socialize.

BACKGROUND CONT.• Kids with CP are entitled to participate in educational programs from age

3 till they either graduate from high school or reach their 21st birthday under Part B of the IDEA 2004 law Per the U.S. Department of Education

• Preschool children under the age of 3 are eligible for special education programs under IDEA 2004’s Part C.

ANALYSIS• 2003: the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) Section on

Pediatrics determined that there was a critical need to identify and promote effective physical fitness for children with cerebral palsy.

• Muscle weakness and cardiorespiratory endurance are primary issues for children with cerebral palsy.

• Muscle strength training is the area of physical fitness that has received the most attention.

ANALYSIS CONT.• Limited research has indicated that children with CP display low levels of

cardiorespiratory fitness, as evidenced by a reduced peak V̇O2 or a higher submaximal energy demand of walking.

• Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness may contribute to poor general health. • Children with CP have difficulty performing purposeful and efficient physical

movements for many reasons. (Fowler, Kolobe, Damiano, Thorpe 2007).• including weakness • abnormal muscle coactivation • involuntary movement • poor selective voluntary motor control • spasticity, • contractures• decreased balance

• Swimming and aquatic exercise has been recognized as a part of comprehensive physical activity programs for people with cerebral palsy (Humberman 1976).

• A combined program of aquatic and gymnasium based physical activity is likely to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of children with cerebral palsy

• It is strongly recommended that aquatic exercise sessions should be included in programs for children with cerebral palsy. (Hutzler, Chacham, Bergman 1998)

ANALYSIS CONT.

VIDEO

CONCLUSION• Promote and maintain physical fitness in children with cerebral palsy to

improve health, reduce secondary conditions, and enhance quality of life.• It is strongly recommended that aquatic exercise sessions should be

included in programs for children with cerebral palsy. • Involvement in active- physical and skill-based activities is diminished

compared with other leisure activity types, a phenomenon reported in children with a wide range of physical disabilities

REFERENCES• Majnemer, A., Shevell, M., Law, M., Birnbaum, R., Chilingaryan, G., Rosenbaum, P., & Poulin, C.

(2008). Participation and enjoyment of leisure activities in school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine And Child Neurology,50(10), 751-758. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03068.x

• Fowler, E. G., Kolobe, T. H., Damiano, D. L., Thorpe, D. E., Morgan, D. W., Brunstrom, J. E., & ... Stevenson, R. D. (2007). Promotion of physical fitness and prevention of secondary conditions for children with cerebral palsy: section on pediatrics research summit proceedings. Physical Therapy, 87(11), 1495-1510.

• Hutzler, Y., Chacham, A., Bergman, U., & Szeinberg, A. (1998). Effects of a movement and swimming program on vital capacity and water orientation skills of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine And Child Neurology, 40(3), 176-181.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015, July 31). Data and Statistics | Cerebral Palsy | NCBDDD | CDC. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

• The History of Cerebral Palsy | Birth Injury Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.birthinjuryguide.org/cerebral-palsy/history/