Promoting Laboratory Safety in Learning and

Teaching of Science

Education and Manpower Bureauamp

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Objectives

bull To enhance participantsrsquo knowledge and skills in managing laboratory safety in junior and senior secondary science subjects

bull To understand strategies for enhancing laboratory safety in junior and senior secondary science subjects

bull To introduce learning and teaching resources for enhancing laboratory safety

Chemical Safety

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 1 Explosive and blasting agentsbull Category 2 Compressed gases

C11 Permanent GasesC12 Liquefied GasesC13 Dissolved Gases

bull Category 3 Corrosive substancesbull Category 4 Poisonous substances

C11 Substances giving off poisonous gas or vapour

C12 Certain other poisonous substances

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C

but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C

(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)

Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water

bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to

spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted

from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance

bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 1Explosive

bull Class 2Compressed Gas

bull Class 3Flammable Liquid

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 4Flammable Solid

bull Class 5Oxidizer

bull Class 6Toxic Substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Objectives

bull To enhance participantsrsquo knowledge and skills in managing laboratory safety in junior and senior secondary science subjects

bull To understand strategies for enhancing laboratory safety in junior and senior secondary science subjects

bull To introduce learning and teaching resources for enhancing laboratory safety

Chemical Safety

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 1 Explosive and blasting agentsbull Category 2 Compressed gases

C11 Permanent GasesC12 Liquefied GasesC13 Dissolved Gases

bull Category 3 Corrosive substancesbull Category 4 Poisonous substances

C11 Substances giving off poisonous gas or vapour

C12 Certain other poisonous substances

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C

but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C

(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)

Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water

bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to

spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted

from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance

bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 1Explosive

bull Class 2Compressed Gas

bull Class 3Flammable Liquid

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 4Flammable Solid

bull Class 5Oxidizer

bull Class 6Toxic Substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Safety

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 1 Explosive and blasting agentsbull Category 2 Compressed gases

C11 Permanent GasesC12 Liquefied GasesC13 Dissolved Gases

bull Category 3 Corrosive substancesbull Category 4 Poisonous substances

C11 Substances giving off poisonous gas or vapour

C12 Certain other poisonous substances

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C

but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C

(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)

Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water

bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to

spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted

from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance

bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 1Explosive

bull Class 2Compressed Gas

bull Class 3Flammable Liquid

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 4Flammable Solid

bull Class 5Oxidizer

bull Class 6Toxic Substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 1 Explosive and blasting agentsbull Category 2 Compressed gases

C11 Permanent GasesC12 Liquefied GasesC13 Dissolved Gases

bull Category 3 Corrosive substancesbull Category 4 Poisonous substances

C11 Substances giving off poisonous gas or vapour

C12 Certain other poisonous substances

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C

but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C

(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)

Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water

bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to

spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted

from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance

bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 1Explosive

bull Class 2Compressed Gas

bull Class 3Flammable Liquid

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 4Flammable Solid

bull Class 5Oxidizer

bull Class 6Toxic Substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C

but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C

(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)

Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water

bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to

spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted

from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance

bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 1Explosive

bull Class 2Compressed Gas

bull Class 3Flammable Liquid

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 4Flammable Solid

bull Class 5Oxidizer

bull Class 6Toxic Substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)

bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water

bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to

spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted

from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance

bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 1Explosive

bull Class 2Compressed Gas

bull Class 3Flammable Liquid

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 4Flammable Solid

bull Class 5Oxidizer

bull Class 6Toxic Substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 1Explosive

bull Class 2Compressed Gas

bull Class 3Flammable Liquid

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 4Flammable Solid

bull Class 5Oxidizer

bull Class 6Toxic Substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 4Flammable Solid

bull Class 5Oxidizer

bull Class 6Toxic Substances

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)

bull Class 7Radioactive

bull Class 8Corrosive

bull Class 9Miscellaneous

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

What makes a chemical hazardous

bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use

bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure

Toxicity

Route of Entry

Duration

Dose

Mixed Exposure

Sensitivity

RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE

Risk

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute

Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period

Expression of health effect

Immediate MonthsYears

Acute Chronic

bullShort latency

bullOften involves large dose

bullOften reversible after exposure stops

bullCan be minor or severe

bullLong latency

bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure

bullMany effects are not reversible

bullKnowledge often based on animal studies

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Safety Program

bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation

Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures

ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)

bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Risk Assessment

bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical

bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives

bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Risk Assessment

bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Risk Assessment

bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact

bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Risk Assessment

bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment

ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if

bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

References

httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on

Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe

bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf

bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf

bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)

EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20

02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc

bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf

etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical

Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Information Sources

bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Information Sources

ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom

ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom

ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds

ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection

safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS

bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical

and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University

bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary

bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网

bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical

name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information

bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner

bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced

bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Labeling of Chemical

Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English

bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

化學品安全標籤軟件

職業安全健康局

httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

化學品安全標籤軟件

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

化學品安全標籤軟件

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters

ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit

hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety

EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002

EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers

bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work

bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical

bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other

bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets

bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges

bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷

bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Compatibility

bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp

bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm

bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Emergency Preparedness

bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城

市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Safety Showers and Eyewashes

bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations

bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible

within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of

obstructions

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Spills in the Laboratories

bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies

bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Spills

bull Spill response procedures

bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal

Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

WebWISER

httpwebwisernlmnihgov

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

WebWISER

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

WebWISER

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards

bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work

environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural

displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with

uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling

bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory Ventilation

bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible

bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is

constantndash Face velocity varies

with sash openingndash Testing is done at a

specific sash opening usually maximum

ndash Face velocity is very high near closing

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory Fumehood

bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume

airflow with face velocity

ndash With opening above and below the sash

ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood

bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood

bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood

Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards

bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway

bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood

bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Certification Records

bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule

bull Certification and maintenance records should be available

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Certification Records

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Administrative Controls

bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous

chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health

procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly

hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and

operation reschedule

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training

ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area

ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers

ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job

with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science

ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses

ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance

ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation

system etcbull 5S Technique

ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment

ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and

Self-discipline

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Administrative Controls

bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals

bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Eye and Face Protective Devices

Spectacles

Vented GogglesFaceshield

Non-vented Goggles

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Respiratory Protective Equipment

bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a

filter to remove contaminants

Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves

bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

wwwcoleparmercom

Compatibility Rating

A ndash Very Good or

Excellent

B ndash Good

C ndash Fair

D ndash Not

recommended

No data

available

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when

ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack

bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

References

bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139

Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -

Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm

entexe

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Waste Management

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Definition of Chemical Waste

bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Definition of Chemical Waste

Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams

bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Registration of Waste Producers

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Trip Ticket System1 Collection

Chemical Waste Producer

2 TransportationLicensed Contractor

3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility

Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy

Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation

Waste producer to produce copies on request

Disposal point manager retains original

Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD

Environmental Protection Department

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Packaging of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes

bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Waste Generator name and phone number

Waste stream name

Hazardous Warning label

Standard Chemical Waste Label

Risk Phrase

Safety Precaution

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels

Classification Symbol Classification Symbol

Explosive

Flammable

Oxidizing

Irritant

Toxic

Harmful

Corrosive

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Storage of Chemical Waste

bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L

waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any

cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL

WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high

ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure

ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Waste Sign

CHEMICAL WASTE

化 學 廢 物

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Standard Chemical Waste Container

Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Storage of Chemical Waste

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chemical Waste Treatment Center

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB

Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9

8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht

mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)

ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv

bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_

chemicalswmv

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

References

A Guide to the Registration of

Chemical Waste Producers

A Guide to the Chemical

Waste Control Scheme

Packaging Labelling and

Storage of Chemical Waste

httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Biological Safety

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Biohazard

bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness

bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard

symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease

bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen

Portal of escape

Transmission

Route of entry Infectious dose

Susceptible host

Incubation Period

Practices Equipment

PPE

Immunization

Surveillance

RISK ASSESSMENT

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Routes of infection

bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill

sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory-Associated Infection

bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick

injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms

bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers

Culture stirrers shakers agitators

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Control of Contamination

bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge

bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms

bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level

bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Safety Equipment

bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the

immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents

bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Facility Design

bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to

the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before

disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and

application of cosmetics

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laboratory Practices and Technique

bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

1 2 3

4 5 6 7洗擦手腕

洗手技巧

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Standard Precautions

bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings

bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in

laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in

disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination

ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use

bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to

destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection

ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects

bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue

for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants

Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf

bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm

bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml

bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Working with Animals

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Working with Animals

bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease

transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Working with Animals

bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses

bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state

bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Working with Animals - Precautions

bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques

bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

References

bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-

techppt

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Laser Safety

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Beam Hazards

bull Target organs Eyes

Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis

315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract

400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina

780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina

1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass

(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Beam Hazards

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Beam Hazards

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Principles of Laser Safety

bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which

exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser

equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Standards

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD

ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml

bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother

slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH

ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf

bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Radiation Safety

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Ionizing Radiation

bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation

bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation

ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Principles of Radiological Protection

bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of

ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection

ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures

bull Dose Limit

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological

Protection (ICRP)

Application Dose Limit

Occupational Public

Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year

(average over defined

periods of 5 years)

Annual equivalent dose in

Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv

Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv

Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---

Foetus 1 mSv ---

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets

httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Ionizing Radiation

bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics

bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding

ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time

basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits

bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by

ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Distancendash Inverse square law

bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source

I1 D1

I2 D2

= ( )2

I1 = Intensity at original distance from source

I2 = Intensity at new distance from source

D1= original distance from source

D2= new distance from source

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Inverse Square Law

Io1m

2m

4m

Io

Io

14

3mIo

19

116

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing

materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Criteria for Radiological Protection

bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness

bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity

ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be

I = Io e -μx

I = Intensity after shielding

I0 = Original Intensity

μ= linear absorption coefficient

x = shield thickness

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Detection of Radioactivity

Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Summary of Radiation Units

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Safety Measures

bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health

ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against

Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf

ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools

bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

References

ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf

ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB

bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml

Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US

Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov

bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation

bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht

mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides

Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml