promoting automotive fuel efficiency policies in tanzania

Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency Policies in Tanzania

Introduction• Transportation sector has rapidly expanded over the past

years• Growth in population and urban areas has led to

massive increase in number of vehicles and private vehicle in particular.

• This has led to increased fuel consumption and hence environmental pollution (air, water, soil)

• Major vehicle emission pollutants are nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate matter (PM).

• Extent of exhaust emissions depends on the vehicle production technology, fuel quality, fuel delivery system, age of the vehicle and maintenance patterns.

Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania

2

Fuel Consumption in Tanzania


3

-

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,600,000,000

1,800,000,000

2,000,000,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Fu

el C

on

sum

pti

on

[L

itre

s]

Year

Automotive Gasoil (Diesel)

Petroleum Motor Spirit (Petrol)

Objectives & Outputs

• Carry out a baseline vehicle inventory to establish the fuel efficiency status and trends in Tanzania.

• Assess and propose policy options for the country to improve vehicle fuel efficiency.

Expected results/outputs

– Report on Vehicle Inventory and Trends in Tanzania

– Vehicle fuel efficiency and registration data entry tool

– Proposed policy options and draft policies for Tanzania to be submitted to the Government

– Dissemination of the vehicle inventory baseline report and policy options to stakeholder in Tanzania.


4

Data Required

1. Number of vehicles imported in 2005, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2018 (used and new);

2. Vehicle composition (passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles);

3. Age distribution of existing cars;4. Purchase cost and associated duties/levies etc.;5. Vehicle make, model and engine emission

technology, e.g. Euro 1 etc. (depending on year of manufacture and origin); and

6. Fuel efficiency of the newly registered vehicle stock (used and new) in 2005, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2018.


5

Toxic Emission Standards for Passenger Vehicles (Delphi 2018/2019)


6

India Emission StandardsPositive Ignition Engines

Stage Vehicle CO THC NOx

Category Class Reference Mass (RM)(kg)

g/km

BS IV(Euro4)2017

M (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg or less than 6 seaters)

- All 1.00 0.10 0.08

N1 & M (GVW > 2,500 kg or more than 6 seaters)

I RM≤1,305 1.00 0.10 0.08

II 1305<RM≤1760 1.81 0.13 0.10

III RM>1760 2.27 0.16 0.11

Compression Ignition Engines

Stage Vehicle CO THC+NOx NOx PM

BS IV(Euro4)2017

M (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg or less than 6 seaters)

- All 0.50 0.30 0.25 0.025

N1 & M (GVW > 2,500 kg or more than 6 seaters)

I RM≤1305 0.50 0.30 0.25 0.025

II 1305<RM≤1760 0.63 0.39 0.33 0.040

III RM>1760 0.74 0.46 0.39 0.060Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania

7

Other Countries Emission StandardsCountry Standard Effective Dates

Mexico Tier II (Euro 4 option) phase-in

New Zealand

M1≤ 3,500 kg Euro 5 (US and Japanese standards are alternatives

Philippines 1/2016 onwards: All new passenger cars and LD vehicles: Euro 4 emission standards subject to 50 ppm Sulphur fuel availability (Administrative Order No. 2010-23)

Russia Euro 3 (ECE R83.05 Stage III) 2008

Euro 4 (ECE R83.05 Stage IV) 2014

Euro 5 2016

Saudi Arabia

Euro 2 May 2004

Euro 3 (proposal) (UN ECE Reg B3/05) TBD

South Africa Euro 1 2/2005 (new models)

Euro 2 2006 (new models), 2008 (all models)

Switzerland Has harmonized national requirements on EU requirementsPromoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania

8

Japan Emission Standards

In-use Vehicle Emission Limit

PC: Idle CO : 1%, Idle HC: 300 ppmSmall car (K-car): Idle CO: 2%, Idle HC: 500 ppmDiesel smoke: Non-load acceleration limit 25%/max PM : 0.8/m3

Durability PC, truck and bus GVW <3.5 t: 80000 km

Evaporative Emissions –Gasoline and LPG

Test similar EC 2000 Evaporative test: Test limit: 2.0 g/test1 h hot soak at 27±4oC: HSL test + 48 diurnal (20-35oC) DBL test. Preparation driving cycle for EVAP: JC08 mode

OBD – Gasoline and LPG

J-ODB II obligation: Enhanced OBD: detect any malfunctions causing excessive emissions on the test cycle

Fuel Quality Gasoline Lead: Not detected (JIS K2255-4.5), MTBE: max 7vol%, Sulphur: max 0.001 mass%, Oxygen: max 1.3 vol% (JIS K2536-2.4.6), Benzene: max 1vol%

Diesel Sulphur: max 0.001 mass%, Distillation at 90%: max 360oC (JIS K2254)


9

Tanzania Emission Standards

• Standard under review

• Euro 4 recommended – conforms with East African petroleum fuel standard;

o EAS 158:2018 (Gasoline)

Sulphur content, max – 50 ppm

RON 93

Lead, max - 5 mg/L, and

Manganese, max –2 ppm

o EAS 177:2018 (Diesel)

Sulphur content, max – 50 ppm


10

Alternative Fuel - Tanzania• Tanzania has Natural Gas resource• Its use in vehicles will benefit the

country:– energy security– reduced energy costs– reduced air pollution and– increased employment opportunities.

• Bi-fuel CNG vehicles are already in Dar but few due to challenges in CNGinfrastructure. BICO has been very active NGV program in Tanzania


11

Benefits of Natural Gas Vehicles (vs conventional)

• Cheaper

• Increased Safety

• Reduced GHG emission

• Reduced air pollution

-cleaner combustion

-No SO2

-No evaporative emissions

Low C/H ratio

In most countries NG is cheaper than conventional fuels (energy basis)

-narrow flammability limit (5–15%)

-High Tign

-Lighter than air


12

Effect of mileage on NOx emissions for passenger cars (Carslaw, 2018)

• For Euro 5 and 6 vehicles there is very little evidence that the emissions worsen with higher mileages

• For Euro 2 to Euro 4 vehicles there is a clear increase in emissions as vehicle mileage increases.


13

Effect of age-mileage interaction on NOxemissions for passenger cars (Carslaw, 2018)

Petrol Vehicles• less than 5 years old show very little

effect of vehicle mileage on emissions and emissions are low.

• between 5 and 15 years old show evidence that the emissions increase with increasing mileage

Diesel Vehicles• Show higher emissions over 15 years old.• Show substantially lower emissions for

few years old vehicles, i.e. Euro 6 • Emissions increase with increasing

mileage for vehicles between 4 and 15 years old, but the effects are not strong


14

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

An

nu

al im

po

rts

Year

All Vehicles

Motorcycles

How are Tanzanian Imports?


15

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

An

nu

al Im

po

rts

Year

Heavy duty vehicles (> 12 passenger)

Light passenger vehicles (<12 passenger)

Tractor and Construction Equipment

Light Trucks (<3500 kg)

Heavy Trucks (>3500 kg)

Tanzanian Imports – Excluding Motorcycles


16

Tanzania Vehicle ImportsYear Number of All Vehicles Maximum Age of Vehicles Mean Age of Vehicles

Petrol Diesel Petrol Diesel Petrol Diesel

2003 1,403 629 15 10 2.1 0.9

2004 7,544 915 22 20 10.9 10.6

2005 6,647 292 17 21 9 10.2

2006 6,433 4 16 - 3.6 -

2007 12,459 1 17 - 0.9 -

2008 29,018 129 16 - 2 -

2009 63,191 364 17 1 1.6 0.2

2010 95,418 353 26 4 1.3 1.4

2011 120,194 490 27 1 1.4 0.6

2012 100,241 313 25 1 1.1 0.5

2013 133,866 762 24 6 2.5 1.7

2014 174,874 743 16 4 1.6 1.2

2015 157,249 1 16 - 1.2 -

2016 167,023 464 17 2 1.7 0.75

2017 100,972 579 1 1 0.4 0.5

2018 116,422 146 17 0 1.75 0Promoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in Tanzania

17

Vehicle make and possible sources

S/N Vehicle make Source

1 Toyota Japan / Europe

2 Tata India

3 Yutong China

4 KIA South Korea

5 Volkswagen South Africa/Europe/Brazil

6 Peugeot Europe

7 Mercedes Benz Japan/Europe

8 Nissan Japan

9 Land Rover/Range Rover Europe/Japan

10 Mitsubishi Japan

11 Bajaj India

12 Honda Japan

ETCPromoting Automotive Fuel Efficiency in

Tanzania18

Emission Certificate & Old Age Surcharge• All imported vehicles have road worthiness certificate, which include

Exhaust emission:– CO (%)– HC (ppm)– DS (%/m)

• 8+ years old vehicles are subject to 18.75% of CIF as Exercise Duty due to Age. Does the surcharge save the environment?


19

9 year Rav 4, 88500 km, 2400cc17 year Suzuki Carry, 87050 km, 650cc

In-use vehicle emission limit (Japan): PC, idle: CO 1%, HC 300ppmSmall car (K-car) Idle: CO 2%, HC 500ppm

Potential Policy Options

• Restrict imports (new or used) from some countries (allow only imports from Euro 4+ countries)

• Mandatory use of Natural gas in city commuter buses (starting with UDART)

• Safety Week to include emission test

• Combine age and mileage in restricting import of used cars (instead of the flat 18.75%CIF)

• Institute environment tax for non-compliance to emission standard


20

Thank you for Listening


21

promoting automotive fuel efficiency policies in tanzania

Documents