prokaryotes vs eukaryotes. but first it’s quiz time!! copier is down – deal with it 1.write the...
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Prokaryotes vsEukaryotes
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But first it’s QUIZ TIME!!Copier is down – deal with it
1. Write the correct mRNA transcript based on the gene sequence below:
GTA GTA GGT
2. Use your codon chart to determine the sequence of amino acids dictated by the gene sequence above.
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mRNA Amino Acid AGA arginine GGA glycine AGC serine GCA alanine CAG glutamine
3. Which mRNA would code for both amino acid sequences shown, simply by a shift in the reading frame?
…glutamine…glutamine…glutamine …serine… serine… serine
A. AGUAGUAGUAGU C. GCUGCUGCUGCUB. AGCAGCAGCAGC D. GCAAGCGCAAGC
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Use the amino acid chart from question #3
…glycine…serine…glycine…
4. Which of the following DNA strands would code for the amino acid sequence shown above?
A. ACTCCTTCT C. CCGTCGACT
B. TCTCCGTCG D. CCTTCGCCT
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#5 and #6
5. An incoming tRNA would attach to which site on the ribosome?
6. If the tRNA anticodon is UUU, what amino acid will it bring to the growing peptide chain?
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#7 and #8
7. Spliceosomes cut out ______ and splice together ________ which get expressed.
8. Modifications to the ends of the mRNA transcript are required before leaving the nucleus. Which end (3’ or 5’) is modified with a Poly- A tail?
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II. RNA modification
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5’ cap chemically speaknig
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The movie – yes there is a movie
• http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/mrnaprocessing/movie.htm
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Why Cap and Poly- A tail?
• Protect the messenger!
• exonucleases – protect but destroy
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5'_cap
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III Bacteria genetics
• Binary fission
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Prokaryotic variation in genetic make-up
• Mutations
• Genetic recombination– Transformation– Transduction– Conjugation
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Transformation
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Transduction
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Conjugation
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IV. Control of metabolic pathways
A. Two ways1. Vary the activity of the enzymes (inhibit
them or promote their ability) – feedback inhibition pathways
2. Vary the # of enzymes present – regulate enzyme production at the gene expression level
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B. Gene regulation in bacteria
• OPERONS!– Need to know that an operon is a section of
DNA that contains genes for a protein– Need to know the parts and players
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Ex 1 – Lac Operon
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Ex 2 Tryptophan operon
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A closer look at the parts
• A) promoter – site on DNA where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription
• B) operator – the “on/off” switch, located between promoter and structural genes
• C) structural genes – genes that code for a protein
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Important players
• Repressor – a protein that when active will bind to the operator thus blocking transcription
• Regulatory gene – the DNA sequence that codes for the repressor protein
• Co-repressor – a molecule that attaches to an inactive repressor and makes it active
• Inducer – a molecule that attaches to an active repressor and makes it inactive
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How they work together
• Negative regulation
• Positive regulation
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Negative regulation
• Two examples– Lac operon– Tryptophan operon – best animation link ever
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