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Short descriptive title of the work- Optional subtitle

MyFirstName MyLastName

Optional figure, max 8,0 · 16,0 cmIf not used, the frame must be removed!

DEGREE PROJECT FOR MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH SPECIALIZATION IN MANUFACTURINGDEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY WEST

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TITLE For the main title use style “ThesisTitle” this title is linked automatically to other section such as headers.If an optional subtitle exist use style “ThesisSubtitle” A capital letter at the beginning of the title (The entire title may not be written with capital letters).The title should not end with a period. At any dashes, the text following begins with a capital letter and follow directly on the earlier text, ie. to start a new line.Spaces must be used before and after dash.Please check the spelling carefully the title will be printed on the final degree certificate

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AUTHORThere is usually only one author per thesisUse style “ThesisAuthor” for this

Summary

The student must write a summary with a short background and the major results and conclusions.

Preface

The preface should be short and only contain related work informa-tion but not its contents. For example, give the facts about the re-port's creation which does not affect the technical content. It is ap-

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Date: January 8, 2010Author: MyFirstName MyLastNameExaminer: First name Last nameAdvisor: First Name Last Name, CompanyProgramme: Master Programme in manufacturingMain field of study: ManufacturingCredits: 60 Higher Education credits (see the course syllabus)Keywords Word1, Word2, Word3, Word4, Word5Publisher: University West, Department of Engineering Science,

S-461 86 Trollhättan, SWEDENPhone: + 46 520 22 30 00 Fax: + 46 520 22 32 99 Web: www.hv.se

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INFORMATION BOXDate is the date of printingProgramme Main field of study and credits must be ok see the programme syllabus or ask your examiner/supervisorKeywords 5 – 10 words, separated by commas, describing the contents of the report

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All text section must use the “ThesisNormalText” style.

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For all headlines in the preface (before chapter 1) use the style “ThesisPrefaceHeading”

propriate to acknowledge any substantial contributions from other individuals or organizations. It is not necessary to include a Preface to the report, but often very useful. If not used please remove the en-tire page.

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Affirmation

This master degree report, Short descriptive title of the work, was written as part of the master degree work needed to obtain a Master of Science with specialization in manufacturing degree at University West. All material in this report, that is not my own, is clearly identi-fied and used in an appropriate and correct way. The main part of the work included in this degree project has not previously been pub-lished or used for obtaining another degree.

__________________________________________ __________Signature by the author Date

MyFirstName MyLastName

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It is very easy to copy a text especially from Internet. If you copy text into your own document and use the text as if it were your own it is called plagiarism. This is considered as academic dishonesty and might lead to disciplinary action such as expulsion.Note that also a poorly rewritten text can be plagiarism, if the contents/word is much the same as the original one.Use correct academic references and write with your own word.Citations of sentences is possible with a reference but should be avoided. Citation of sections or chapters is usually not ok.

Amendment RecordRevi-sion

Date Purpose Nature of Change

1 05-01

To super-visor

Initial version – Template V2.3

2 05-10

To opponent Corrected version added chap. 5 Case study

3 05-11

To super-visor

Minor changes + a new background section

4 05-14

To examiner Corrected version

5 05-28

To DIVA Final version

ProcessAction Date Approved by CommentProject de-scription

Supervisor

Must be approved to start the degree work

ExaminerMid time re-port (early draft) andmid time presentation Supervisor or Ex-

aminerApproved presentation

Examiner

A presentation with opponents

Acted as op-ponent

ExaminerApproved re-port

Supervisor

ExaminerPlagiarism

Examiner

A tool to check for pla-giarism such as Urkund must be used.

Public poster Supervisor The poster is presen-ted at a poster session

v

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The process is a fixed table that must be filled in by the supervisor or examiner during the work.

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Examples remove before you start to write.

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Add more lines in the table if necessary

in the end of the pro-ject

Published in DIVA

Examiner

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Degree Report CriteriaSection Statu

sCriteria Comment

Back-ground informa-tion

A broad overall de-scription of the area with some references relevant to industrial applications

Must show good and broad knowledge within the domain of manufacturing.

Must also prove deep knowledge within the selected area of the work (scientific).

Detail description with at least 10 scientific references relevant to the selected area

Aim The project is defined by clear aims and ques-tions.

Must be able to formu-late aims and ques-tions.

Problem descrip-tion

A good structureEasy to follow A good introduction

Able to clearly discuss and write about the problem.

“Work” Investigation, develop-ment and/or simulation of a manufacturing sys-tem

Conclu-sion

A conclusion exist that discus the result in contrast to the aims in a relevant way.

Able to make relevant conclusions based on the material presen-ted.

Work in-dependent

The project description was fulfilled independ-ently when the project ended.

Abel to plan and ac-complish advanced tasks independently with time limits.

Language Good sentences and easy to read with no spelling errors. Under-standable language (“engineering English”).

Status1 Missing, does not exist2 Exist, but not enough3 Level is fulfilled for Master of Science with specialization in manu-facturing.

vii

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The Criteria is a fixed table with ”check points” to help to improve the quality of the written report. It is filled in by the supervisor or examiner.

Contents

PrefaceSUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................... II

PREFACE............................................................................................................................................ III

AFFIRMATION.................................................................................................................................... IV

CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................ VII

SYMBOLS AND GLOSSARY................................................................................................................. VII

Main Chapters1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 NO HEADING HERE.............................................................................................................................71.2 AIM................................................................................................................................................71.3 TEMPLATE........................................................................................................................................71.4 FIGURES...........................................................................................................................................71.5 LANGUAGE.......................................................................................................................................71.6 EQUATIONS......................................................................................................................................71.7 PROGRAM CODE................................................................................................................................71.8 TABLES............................................................................................................................................7

2 RELATED WORK (BACKGROUND)................................................................................................7

3 METHOD.................................................................................................................................... 7

4 “WORK”..................................................................................................................................... 7

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................7

6 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................. 7

6.1 FUTURE WORK AND RESEARCH............................................................................................................76.2 CRITICAL DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................................76.3 GENERALIZATION OF THE RESULT..........................................................................................................7

7 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................... 7

AppendicesA. APPENDIX

B. APPENDIX

viii

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APPENDICES Appendices are enumerated by capital letters e.g. A, B, C etc.If appendices exist all appendix sections must be listed here otherwise remove this

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CONTENTS The different headings and levels shall help the reader to understand the structure of the work. More than three sublevels is not ok (it will only be confusing).Use short and descriptive headingsAvoid abbreviations and other strange wordsRemember to update the table of contents before the report is printed.

Symbols and glossary

[ ] An empty matrix.C↑ The finite set of all physical and logical preconditions. A

task i,j can only be executed if the precondition c i , j↑ ∈C↑is fulfilled, see chapter 7.2 for a full definition.

OPC An open standard for communication of real-time plant data between control devices from different manufactur-ers. Formerly, but no longer, an acronym for Object Link-ing and Embedding for Process Control.

x

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SYMBOLS AND GLOSSARY This section is not necessary to have, but if the report contains symbols, terms or words used in a non-conventional way they can be clarified here It must be a clarification avoid:OPC – OLE for Process ControlIt does not clarify anything for the reader (it is also wrong ..) better:OPC – An open standard for communication of real-time plant data between control devices from different manufacturers.Put it in alphabetic order.Note: even if something is defined in this section it must also be introduced and explained in the text.

Degree Project for Master of Science with specialization in man-ufacturing

Short descriptive title of the work - Method

1 Introduction

1.1 No heading here

1.1.1 Too deep structureIntroduction is a section that must exist. The purpose is to create an interest and understanding of the problem. The introduction should introduce the project, study, or whatever the report is meant to describe. Begin by explaining the area or put the re-search question into context. The introduction should introduce the reader to the area and logically justify the problem that the report treats. The introduction starts broad and describes the area in general and then concludes the specific problem area. The problem area description in a degree project shall be partic-ularly well described, justified and explained. The beginning can be written as a single section, but can also be broken down into sub-sections with sub-headings (e.g. 1.1, 1.2, etc.). A sub-section must not be less than four lines. Whatever structure it should be, for the reader, easy to follow and understand. An introduction less than one page is usually not ok for a degree project.

1.2 AimTo clarify the presentation of the problem the writer must state some aims or objectives of the study. Make sure that the aims are clear, measurable, not too many and not spread out as differ-ent aims all over the report. Be aware of that all aims should be answered in the report. Usually, aims are at different levels, in that case, try to formulate the overall aim and then the specific intermediate aims to reach the overall aim. A subsection of the introduction called aim must exist in the final report.

1.3 TemplateEverything in a Word file such as headings, pictures, tables and all the text are formatted with styles, use them. Don’t invent “your own style”! In this document template all styles begins with “Thesis”. The layout and style used in this template are ex-actly the same, as you should use when writing your report. To utilize the template you must let the template work for you. Don’t try to reformat things on you own.

A common mistake is to add an extra space (“enter” as intention-ally done before this line). This is not ok. Do not use this tech-

1

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Please do not change the paper size and the pre-defined styles.

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TOO MANY AIMSA common mistake is to begin all new section with:The aim is …The reader thinks this is the aim of the entire report. However, it is usually a smaller issue/problem the writer had to solve along the way to fulfil the final aim. Don’t name these issues as aims.

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Avoid too deep structure. The structure is to help the reader to read and understand. If the structure contains to many levels (4 or more is not ok) it’s too hard to follow.It is usually easy to restructure to avoid this.

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Avoid headings after headings without a text section in-between.In general also avoid to small chapters and sections. Sections that only contains two three sentences, can usually be included in another section/chapter.


Short descriptive title of the work - Methodnique to create space between sections or before/after headings, a good template will fix this in the best way automatically.

In this template the style “ThesisNormalText1” shall be used after a heading to make a normal start. For a new section it will automatically switch to style “ThesisNormalText2” to make an indentation for the new section (see the example of this section). However, remember there shall be no extra “enters” line spaces in-between section. If you look in a good text book, you will not find this extra “enter” spaces in-between sections. This automat-ically switch to style “ThesisNormalText2” for a new section sometimes fails during copy/paste etc. If that happens apply “ThesisNormalText2” manually for a new section to create the necessary indentation and to keep the style of your thesis.

Totally avoid colures in text sections and in figures. Depend-ing on the substance and nature of the task follow the writing traditions of the area. If there are many examples from the liter-ature review part of the work, try to filter out the good ones. If you want to start on the next page insert a “page break” (do not add extra “enters”).

1.4 FiguresA figure must always be referenced to in the text and put into a context as, see Error: Reference source not found. Always put figures at the top or bottom of a page (not randomly in the middle somewhere) it looks better and it is easier to format the text. Also try to put the figure as close as possible to the text it belongs to. To add a figure make a new section by pressing enter (once only), then paste the “picture” object in Word. The picture shall now be anchored to the new section. Now select the picture and change the style to “ThesisFigureBottom” or “ThesisFigure-Top” the figure will now be locked to a top/bottom position. A frame is also added that surrounds the picture. Now select the picture again but inside the frame and add a figure caption by “right clicking” on the picture and add figure caption and select style “Figure”. A figure caption is now added within the frame and the picture and caption are now grouped. However, the for-matting changes when you add a picture! Please select the pic-ture and then the caption and change back to center.

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Short descriptive title of the work - MethodNow write your figure caption text, it is in bold and shall be

changed to non-bold but keep the caption Figure x. as bold, see example Error: Reference source not found. Optional, when the caption is ready it is possible to group the picture and caption. In some situations it is safer to do so since the caption is then forced to always follow the picture.

Try to use the space allocated for a figure optimal, avoid “empty white areas” if possible. Also, avoid low-resolution bit-mapped files (e.g. BMP) since they might be hard to read. How-ever, “super-high resolution” pictures will generate Word files that are too big. So please use the “right” quality for the pur-pose. To make your own drawings use vector based formats since the quality usually remains during printouts or PDF translations. Figures are treated in the same way as text, i.e., it is not ok to “cut and paste” a figure from books/internet/lectures into your report, this is plagiarism!

The required figure caption must be descriptive and help the reader to understand to picture. Be aware of that you have most probably spent hours or days to produce the picture the read will interpret it in seconds or minutes. Common mistakes are lack of information such as units, scale, coordinate systems, pur-pose of the picture. Check readability of all text in the figure.

1.5 LanguageUse British English dictionary when you write. For most of us, including supervisors and examiners, English is a second lan-guage which indeed will generate a non-perfect English report. However, do not distribute reports with easy to find errors. Use the built in mechanisms to check for spelling and grammatical errors and follow the template for formatting. The task for the

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Figure 1 Unfiltered (raw) measurement data from experiment setup 1. The equation in the figure describes the trend line.


Short descriptive title of the work - Methodsupervisor or examiner is not to correct misspellings, formats, bad figures, lack of figure texts, non-consistent reference lists etc. At master level this is considered as fundamental knowledge and should be handled without any problem by the student. If such simple mistakes are found in the text it will be immediately returned to the author without any further comments.

A passive voice is considered as mandatory in technical/sci-entific writing. Avoid writing:“I developed an experiment for measuring the effect of manufac-turing process on samples.”Instead use the passive voice:“An experiment was developed for measuring the effect of manu-facturing process on samples.”

1.6 EquationsIf you want to present some equations in the text use the word equation system as far as possible (Insert/Equation). Do not try to make it by “formatting a normal text” to look like an equation. Always introduce your variables used e.g., R is the set of all re-sources and a specific resource r∈R. In this example the equa-tions are part of the “text section” since they fit in a nice way. Avoid subscripting (indexes) on more than one level since it does not look nice. If the equation take much space or is central to for the understanding of the text use a separate line for the equa-tion. But still treat an equations as a word in a sentence e.g. Each single task in sequence si is denoted si , j, where j=1 tom, and is defined by

si , j := ⟨LABE Li , j , sc i , j ,sf i , j , st i , j ⟩.When you use the equation editor do not change the font or formatting but for a single row equation use the style “Thes-isEquationRow”.

1.7 Program codeSome project aims at developing softwares. It is not unusual that the author wish to discuss the contents of the code. However, avoid too detailed code descriptions as far as possible in a re-port. The reader might be unfamiliar with the specific language/syntax used. It is better to write in more general terms such as pseudo code or to show a flow diagram of the solution.

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Short descriptive title of the work - Method1: FUNCTION_BLOCK Filter2: …3: Timer: TON;4: END_VAR5: IF In<>PreviousIn THEN6: PreviousIn:=In;7: RunTimer:=FALSE;8: ELSE9: RunTimer:=TRUE;10: END_IF;11:12: Timer(IN:=RunTimer, PT:=T);13: IF Timer.Q THEN14: OldIn:=In;15: END_IF;16:17: Out:=OldIn;

However, if it is necessary to show program code it must un-derstandable for the reader. If it’s to extensive, more than half a page, it is more suitable for an appendix. Note that extensive program listings are usually not ok even for an appendix. Extens-ive code sections are usually best distribute as files and cannot be part of the degree report. For program listing use style “Thes-isCode” the numbering of lines will help you to refer to a specific line in the code. Observe the … on line 2 in Error: Referencesource not found the purpose is to show only the necessary part of the code and the rest is removed. A program listing shall have a figure text as a normal figure.

1.8 TablesTo add a table insert a new table from the menu ribbon. The table shall be based on the table style “ThesisTable” (default) and the text inside the table on the style “ThesisTableText”. A table is handled almost in the same ways as a figure, i.e., a cap-tion text must exist and the table must be referenced from the text, see Table 1. However, the table caption must be placed be-fore the actual table. Right click on the table and add caption with the style “Table”. A table caption gets the wrong formatting by default, so please change the style to “ThesisTableDescrip-tion”.

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Figure 2. The implemented filter function Filter() in structured text. The filter effect is highly dependent on the selected value

of T and must be specified in mS.


Short descriptive title of the work - MethodTable 1. Measurement values from the three experiments in cell 1. All presented values are average values of the distance in mm to the TCP. A neg-ative value indicates an inverted Z-axis of the TCP and – not measured.

Experiment 1

Experiment 2

Experiment 3

Sensor 1 1.23 5.43 7.00Sensor 2 8.32 11.23 -1.70Sensor 3 - - 0.23

The text after a table is a problem in Word 2007/2010 and it can’t be handled automatically. To solve this please manually ap-ply the text style “ThesisNormalTextAfterATable” to a section after a table (never use extra enters).

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2 Related work (Background)

This section deals with theoretical background for a master de-gree project. This section is important and must exist. It must consist of facts that the project is based on, with references to relevant literature. This is to prove that the writer has enough knowledge to attack the real problem later on and uses a more scientific approach than an ad-hock approach. It must also provide the reader with good background information to under-stand the problem area. The purpose of this section is to deepen the reader's knowledge. It may include formulas, facts about technology or equipment. Any statements, formulas or fact must be supported by a good reference.

Today it is easy to find references that are web based from universities, companies and popular sites such as Wikipedia. Avoid these kinds of references as far as possible. First of all, after two or three years, the reference might be dead and point-less. It is also much harder for the writer and the reader to judge the quality of “free information”. For a degree project at master level, the maximum number of web links should be three (if any). It is much easier and better to refer to peer-reviewed articles [1] and [2]. Peer-reviewed articles and standards have been evalu-ated by qualified persons to determine some kind of quality and suitability before publication [3]. This will help the writer (and the reader) to “trust” the content in a reference.

Try to focus on related work, what others have done in the area before, and how it relates to the current study. In some cases it is not possible to find references about a specific detail. It’s then important to “zoom out” and search broader. Maybe search for a parallel domain that has the same theory base. All degree projects must include good references and it is always possible to find, discuss with your supervisor. A decent level is 10-20 scientific references for a master degree project. A literat-ure study must always be carried out and is usually not ad-dressed as a part of the method.

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3 Method

The method section will guide the reader in how the degree work was carried out. It describes the method step by step and usually in chronological order. As an example of things to mention:

Justify the choice and benefits of your method In what chronological order the operations conducted How data collection and experiments was carried out Development of models Specific tools, equipment or other resources used What are the sources of error and error margins How many experiment where made

A normal mistake is to write this section as a “diary”, avoid this in a report. It is also possible to include the method as a subsec-tion to the introduction. Talk to your supervisor about this.

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4 “Work”

The actual work carried out might be described by many chapters or only one, the structure depends on the actual project and must be decided per work. However, the work described must be focused to address the aims stated in the introduction and be connected to the literature review. The final solution must contain a clear statement to the selected application.

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5 Results and discussion

The results and discussion section presents a detailed and object-ive description of the results. This can be done by showing tables, figures which are numbered and given explanatory figure/table texts. Figure numbering is below the figure while the tables get their numbering above. If tables or figures are too big or too many, the most interesting ones are added in this section and the rest must be placed in the appendix.

Don’t forget to state units in graphs and to use the figure area optimally. Make sure that the numbers and axis titles are shown with proper font size (not smaller than 10pt) in the final report. Avoid strange/hard to read colours and symbols. It must be easy for the reader to understand the graphs. This section must also conclude the results and findings (or if to extensive in a new sec-tion for result discussion). The purpose is to discuss and analyse the meaning of the results related to the theoretical framework, related works and methodology. Sample questions may be “what does the reading say@ and “how likely are they”, “how can they be generalized”, “how significant are the results”, “what are out-liers”, etc. In this part personal reflections are allowed.

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6 Conclusion

The final aim of the study is to make conclusions from what is implemented, tested or measured. Discuss and answer the aims and question formulated in the introduction. The conclusions drawn should refer back to the initial aims, objectives, literature and problems. The validity of the conclusions should also be dis-cussed and evaluated.

6.1 Future Work and ResearchIt is common to conclude with a section on future work, either as part of the conclusion section or as a new chapter. It is some-times important to recognize how the project can move forward in solving future problems.

6.2 Critical DiscussionPersonal reflections and personal experiences during the work.

6.3 Generalization of the resultDiscuss how general the result are and if they can be useful in other areas. How unique is this study?

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7 References

[1]

R. Stryczek, ”A Hybrid Approach for Manufacturablilty Ana-lysis,” Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol. 35 , nr 3, pp. 55-70, 2011.

[2]

N. Xu, H. S. Huang and Y. K. Rong, “Automatic setup plan-ning: current state-of-the-art and future perspective,” Interna-tional Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Managment, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 193-208, 2007.

[3]

International Standard, ”IEC 61131 Programmable controller - Part 3: Programming Languages,” IEC, nr 2nd ed., 2003.

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References are inserted directly in the text as hard brackets with a number inside [1]. The reference should be connected to the source of information later on in this section.There exist many different reference systems, but use only one preferably the one listed here (IEEE 2006). Never mix different styles!There are good tools to maintain references such asCitavi, EndNote, Zotero,.…The latest version of Word has a built in reference management system.

Degree Project for Master of Science with specialization in manufac-turing

Short descriptive title of the work - Appendix

A. Appendix

The appendices gather everything that is not necessary to be able to follow and understand the main part of the report. An appendix might include detailed information such as tables of measured data, calculations, program codes etc. It can also include figures that are too large to insert in the text. An appendix is an independent docu-ment and pages are numbered separately from the rest of the docu-ment or other appendices.

Extensive program listings or measurement sets are usually not ok even for an appendix. It is impossible to read and interpret. These are usually best distributed as files and cannot be part of the degree report.

Appendix B:1

Degree Project for Master of Science with specialization in manufac-turing

Short descriptive title of the work - Appendix

B. Appendix

Delete all appendixes if not needed.

Appendix B:1

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