projects te 3

8/3/2019 Projects Te 3

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Technical English 3

Projects for 1st Semester 20 12

FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS OF YOUR CONTENT TO PRESENT YOUR PROJECT.

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Technical English

Environmental EngineeringTechnica l English 3:

Course:Microbiology

T he me : W a te r T re at me nt

O b je ct ive : K n o w a b o u t t h e W a t e r T re a t me n t P r o c e d ure s an d h o w it se t s f re e

fro m d ang ero us micro o rganism.

A c t ivit y :V is it o r in ve st ig a t e a b o u t a W a st e W a t e r T re a t me n t P l an t

B ib lio g r ap h y :h tt p :/ / www.p re nsa lib re .co m/ p l/ 2 0 0 5 / e ne ro / 1 3 / 1 0 5 4 0 1 .h tml

Description: Visit to a Trea tm ent PlantWrite a description about the water procedure to make it potable. Ask about anymicroorganisms that they eliminate over there and how can they be a menace for thehuman body. Record all your observations, also take pictures with you on them andinclude them on your report.FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS OF YOUR CONTENT TO PRESENT YOUR PROJECT.



Vocabulary:

Microoorganisms - Microorganismos: An organism that is microscopic orsubmicroscopic, which means it is too small to be seen by the unaided humaneye.

Bacteria - Bacteria: microscopic life form: a single-celled, often parasiticmicroorganism without distinct nuclei or organized cell structures.


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Pasteurization - Pasteurizacin: Partial sterilization of foods at a temperaturethat destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry ofthe food.

Pat hogenesis - Pat ognesis: The origin and development of disease.The cause,development, and effects of a disease

Bioremediation -Bioremedio: The use of biological agents, such as bacteria orplants, to remove or neutralize contaminants, as in polluted soil or water.

Toxic Waste - Desecho txico: A slang term referring to securities that areunattractive due to certain underlying provisions or risks making them generallyilliquid with poor pricing schemes and transparency.

Sludge - Fango: Mud, mire, or ooze covering the ground or forming a deposit, ason a riverbed.

Biofilters - Biofiltros: An emission control device that uses microorganisms todestroy volatile organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants.

Greywater - Agua Gris: Wastewater from household baths and washing machinesthat is recycled especially for use in gardening or for flushing toilets.

Aerat ion Aerador: To supply with air or expose to the circulation of air: aeratesoil.

Denitrification - Denitrificacin: is the process of reducing nitrate and nitrite,highly oxidised forms of nitrogen available for consumption by many groups of

organisms, into gaseous nitrogen, which is far less accessible to life forms butmakes up the bulk of our atmosphere.

Trickling filter - Filtro de Escurrimiento: A trickling filter consists of a fixedbed of rocks, gravel, slag, peat moss or plastic media over which sewage or otherwastewater flows downward and is contacted with a layer or film of microbialslime covering the bed media.

Limestone - Piedra caliza: A common sedimentary rock consisting mostly ofcalcium carbonate, CaCO3, used as a building stone and in the manufacture oflime, carbon dioxide, and cement.

Nitrification - Nitrificacin:the chemical process in which a nitro group is added toan organic compound (or substituted for another group in an organic compound)

Lagooning - Laguna:Natural treatment technique that consists in the accumulation ofwastewater in ponds or basins, known as biological or stabilization ponds, where a seriesof biological, biochemical and physical processes take place.

Chlorination - Cloracin: the addition or substitution of chlorine in organiccompounds


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Viruses - Virus:Any of various simple submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals, andbacteria that often cause disease and that consist essentially of a core of RNA or DNAsurrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without a host cell, viruses aretypically not considered living organisms.

Bioreactors - Bioreactores: is a vessel in which is carried out a chemical process

which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from suchorganisms.

Symbiotic Relationship - Relacin Simbitica: A close relationship betweenorganisms living together for the benefit of both.

Legionella - Legionela: A genus of areobic, motile, nonacid fast, nonencapsulated,gram-negative bacilli that have a nonfermentative metabolism. They are water dwelling,airborne spread, and pathogenic for man.

Fungi - Fungi: Nucleated, usually filamentous, sporebearing organisms devoid ofchlorophyll.

Protozoa - Protozoo:Any of a large group of single-celled, usually microscopic,eukaryotic organisms, such as amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans.

Biodegradable - Biodegradable: is the process by which organic substances arebroken down by living organisms.

Microscopic - Microscpico: An optical instrument that uses a lens or acombination of lenses to produce magnified images of small objects, especially ofobjects too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

Filter Filt ro o Filt rar:Paso del agua, en este caso en un proceso de separacin

de agentes extraos a la composicin fsica de la misma.

Technical English

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Technical English 3:

1. Debate about the benefits of using different types of towers in mass transferoperations.


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Subject: IQ-5 Transferencia de masa

Topic: Basic Operations in Chemical Engineering

Objective: To draw attention to the principal mass transfer operations.

Description:

The students will investigate about distinct kinds of towers used in mass transferoperations.

Find out the advantages and disadvantages of each kind of tower.

Procedure:

The students, will investigate about towers used in mass transfer operations: packed bedcolumn, plates column, fluidized bed column; one type of column.

Conclusions will be drawn.

Oral evaluation will be implemented by the teacher.




BASIC OPERATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

1. A chemical process is a series of unit operations used to produce a material inlarge quantities.

2. A fractionating column or fractionation column is an essential item used in thedistillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts, orfractions, based on the differences in their volatilities.

3. A piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing (P&ID) is defined by the Instituteof Instrumentation and Control as follows: A diagram which shows the interconnection ofprocess equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process; The primaryschematic drawing used for laying out a process control installation.

4. A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical andprocess engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. ThePFD displays the relationship between majorequipment of a plant facility and does not


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show minor details such as piping details and designations. Another commonly-usedterm for a PFD is a flowsheet.

5. A process is a set of transformations of input elements into products with specificproperties, characterized by transformation parameters

6. A separation process is used to transform a mixture of substances into two ormore distinct products. The separated products could differ in chemical properties orsome physical property, such as size, or crystal modification or other.

7. A unit operation is a basic step in a process.

8. Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on thesurface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent), forming a film of molecules or atoms (theadsorbate). It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid orsolid to form a solution. The term sorption encompasses both processes, whiledesorption is the reverse process.

9. Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for theseparation of mixtures, used in industry and in laboratory settings. More-densecomponents of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while less-densecomponents of the mixture migrate towards the axis.

10. Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the applicationof physical science (e.g. chemistry and physics), with mathematics, to the process ofconverting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.

11. Condensation is the change of the physical state of aggregation (or simply state) ofmatter from gaseous phase into liquid phase. When the transition happens from the

gaseous phase into the solid phase directly, bypassing the liquid phase the change iscalled deposition, which is the opposite of sublimation.

12. Cooling refers generally to any natural or artificial process by which heat isdissipated.

13. Cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperatures (below 150 C,238 F or 123 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. The process ofartificially producing extreme cold temperatures

14. Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in theirvolatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical

separation process, and not a chemical reaction.

15. Drying is a mass transfer process resulting in the removal of water moisture ormoisture from another solvent, by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid (hereafterproduct) to end in a solid state. To achieve this, there must be a source of heat, and asink of the vapor thus produced.

16. Evaporation is the process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g. water)spontaneously become gaseous (e.g. water vapor). It is the opposite of condensation.


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Generally, evaporation can be seen by the gradual disappearance of a liquid whenexposed to a significant volume of gas.

17. Filtration is a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation ofsolids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium to fluid flow through whichthe fluid can pass, but the solids (or at least part of the solids) in the fluid are retained.

18. Heat transfer is the passage of thermal energy from a hot to a colder body. When aphysical body, e.g. an object or fluid, is at a different temperature than its surroundings oranother body, transfer of thermal energy, also known as heat transfer, or heat exchange,occurs in such a way that the body and the surroundings reach thermal equilibrium. Heattransfer always occurs from a hot body to a cold one, a result of the second law ofthermodynamics.

19. Leaching is known as extraction. In a typical leaching operation, the solid mixtureto be separated consists of particles, inert insoluble carrier A and solute B. The solvent,C, is added to the mixture to selectively dissolve B. The overflow from the stage is free ofsolids and consists of only solvent C and dissolved B. The underflow consists of slurry ofliquid of similar composition in the liquid overflow and solid carrier A. In an ideal leachingequilibrium stage, all the solute is dissolved by the solvent; none of the carrier isdissolved.

20. Liofilization or freeze drying is a special kind of sublimation in vacuum. If we wantto separate water from materials which are sensitive to higher temperatures, it has to bedone at lower temperatures. It is possible to separate water from materials attemperatures that are lower than freezing point of water that is below 273K. In this casethe evaporation of water vapour from solid state - ice is called sublimation. Since vapourpressure of ice is relatively low it is inevitable that process is carried out at loweredpressure.

21. Liquefaction of gases includes a number of phases used to convert a gas into aliquid state.

22. Lixiviation is the process of separating soluble from insoluble substances bydissolving the former in water or some other solvent.

23. Mass transfer is the phrase commonly used in engineering for physical processesthat involve molecular and convective transport of atoms and molecules within physicalsystems. Mass transfer includes both fluid flow and separation unit operations. Definition:Transfer of mass from high concentration to low concentration

24. Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from asubstance, and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable. The primary purpose ofrefrigeration is lowering the temperature of the enclosed space or substance and thenmaintaining that lower temperature.

25. Unit processing is the basic processing in chemical engineering. Together withunit operations it forms the main principle of the varied chemical industries. Each genreof unit processing follows the same chemical law much as each genre of unit operationsfollows the same physical law.


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Technical English

Civil Engineering


Subject:

Sanita ry Eng ineering

Topic:

Wastewa ter Trea tm ent

Objective:

To a cquire the b asic knowled ge of how sew ag e treatme nt are d one and the

implications in the environment.

Description:

This p rojec t consists in visiting or investiga ting about a w astewa ter trea tment

ind ustry tha t uses chemicals and physica l ma terials to remove contaminants.

The p rojec t ma y also include the desc ription o f ea ch type trea tme nt, expla ining

the importance and o bjec tive of ea ch stag e. The industry ca n be selec ted b y the

stud ents, some suggestions are:

ERIS USAC

Nueva Aurora (Z.13)

Procedure:

They will have to shoo t a video o f the p roc ess of trea tme nt, expla ining the

d ifferent stages.

The purpo se o f the video is to desc rib e the p roc ess in Eng lish in orde r to

eva luate the oral presen tation on how to express ab out Wastew a ter Trea tme nt.

Likewise the students must write a report describing the steps of the process

they have c hosen using the voc abula ry attached . It must co nta in the follow ing

aspects:


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1) Index

2) Introduction3) Ob jec tive s (1 General and 3 spec ifics)4) Applied Content

5) Grap hical Content6) Conclusions (coinciding with the objectives)7) Annexes

8) Bibliography

Joined to the written essay , the students must include a video taped in a

Windows Live compatible program and the document in Microsoft Word with the

me ntioned comp osition.




Vocabulary:

Microoorganisms - Microorganismos: An organism that is microscopic orsubmicroscopic, which means it is too small to be seen by the unaided human

eye.

Bacteria - Bacteria: microscopic life form: a single-celled, often parasiticmicroorganism without distinct nuclei or organized cell structures.

Pasteurization - Pasteurizacin: Partial sterilization of foods at a temperaturethat destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry ofthe food.

Pat hogenesis - Pat ognesis: The origin and development of disease.The cause,development, and effects of a disease

Bioremediation -Bioremedio: The use of biological agents, such as bacteria orplants, to remove or neutralize contaminants, as in polluted soil or water.

Toxic Waste - Desecho txico: A slang term referring to securities that areunattractive due to certain underlying provisions or risks making them generallyilliquid with poor pricing schemes and transparency.

Sludge - Fango: Mud, mire, or ooze covering the ground or forming a deposit, ason a riverbed.


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Biofilters - Biofiltros: An emission control device that uses microorganisms todestroy volatile organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants.

Greywater - Agua Gris: Wastewater from household baths and washing machines

that is recycled especially for use in gardening or for flushing toilets.

Aerat ion Aerador: To supply with air or expose to the circulation of air: aeratesoil.

Denitrification - Denitrificacin: is the process of reducing nitrate and nitrite,highly oxidised forms of nitrogen available for consumption by many groups oforganisms, into gaseous nitrogen, which is far less accessible to life forms butmakes up the bulk of our atmosphere.

Trickling filter - Filtro de Escurrimiento: A trickling filter consists of a fixed

bed of rocks, gravel, slag, peat moss or plastic media over which sewage or otherwastewater flows downward and is contacted with a layer or film of microbialslime covering the bed media.

Limestone - Piedra caliza: A common sedimentary rock consisting mostly ofcalcium carbonate, CaCO3, used as a building stone and in the manufacture oflime, carbon dioxide, and cement.

Nitrification - Nitrificacin:the chemical process in which a nitro group is added toan organic compound (or substituted for another group in an organic compound)

Lagooning - Laguna:Natural treatment technique that consists in the accumulation of

wastewater in ponds or basins, known as biological or stabilization ponds, where a seriesof biological, biochemical and physical processes take place.

Chlorination - Cloracin: the addition or substitution of chlorine in organiccompounds

Viruses - Virus:Any of various simple submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals, andbacteria that often cause disease and that consist essentially of a core of RNA or DNAsurrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without a host cell, viruses aretypically not considered living organisms.

Bioreactors - Bioreactores: is a vessel in which is carried out a chemical processwhich involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such

organisms.

Symbiotic Relationship - Relacin Simbitica: A close relationship betweenorganisms living together for the benefit of both.

Legionella - Legionela: A genus of areobic, motile, nonacid fast, nonencapsulated,gram-negative bacilli that have a nonfermentative metabolism. They are water dwelling,airborne spread, and pathogenic for man.


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Fungi - Fungi: Nucleated, usually filamentous, sporebearing organisms devoid ofchlorophyll.

Protozoa - Protozoo:Any of a large group of single-celled, usually microscopic,eukaryotic organisms, such as amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans.

Biodegradable - Biodegradable: is the process by which organic substances arebroken down by living organisms.

Microscopic - Microscpico: An optical instrument that uses a lens or acombination of lenses to produce magnified images of small objects, especially ofobjects too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

Filter Filt ro o Filt rar:Paso del agua, en este caso en un proceso de separacinde agentes extraos a la composicin fsica de la misma.

Technical English

Industrial Engineering


1. Recruitment process

Subject: Administracin de PersonalTopic: Recruitment process for new jobs in different areas of a company

Objective: Make students acknowledge the process it takes to hire a person in a companyand the aspects they require depending on the job that person is going to make.Description of the ProjectThe project consists on elaborating all the steps for the recruitment process. The profile ofthe job has to be according to their career. They are going to recruit a person for a job thatcan be General Manager, Financial Manager, Technical Assistant, Software Manager, etc.The Recruitment process consists on making the profile for the job, putting an ad on thenewspaper announcing the vacancy, receiving all the curriculums, filling forms, pre-selection, interviews, final selection.Students will have to design the profiles, the ads for the newspaper, t.v., or radio, theforms and anything else that the process might require. They will present this project totheir classmates and turn in a written report about everything they did.Creativity in the forms and the correct elaboration of the profile and forms are going to beevaluated.

ProcedureStudents will investigate about the recruiting process, the steps it takes and the essentialaspects that must be considered.Students must elaborate the profile of the job they are recruiting for. Then they willelaborate an ad announcing the requirement of people for the job. Following this they willhave to elaborate the forms that the possible employees will have to fill. Finally they will


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state all the steps they are going to take to do the pre-selection. Then what are they goingto ask in the interview. Finally they are going to state the aspects to consider in the finalselection.The written work must include Introduction and Conclusions.The teacher will evaluate the speaking abilities and their creative skills.

Technical English

Mechanical-Industrial EngineeringTechnical English 3:

METAL URGY AND METALOGRAPHY

Course Definition: It studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallicelements, their intermetallic compounds, and theircompounds (alloys). It is also the technology of metals:the way in which science is applied to their practical use.Metallurgy is commonly used in the craft ofmetalworking.

Topic: Sand CastingTechnical English 3

Application: Sand Casting has been always used in Mechanical IndustrialEngineering processes. Automobile factories are one example ofthe application of this method. As there have beenimprovements made in molding speed, molding sandpreparation, sand mixing and manufacturing processes, theindustry has used it more frequently. Therefore, it is importantfor students to be familiarized with this procedures since isgoing to be of great help in their working field.

Procedure: The students need to visit the metallurgy laboratory located inbuilding T-7.With the permission of the laboratory teacher, they will need torecord a video of the process of sand casting to producealuminum pieces.Attached with the video the students need to present a reportincluding the steps that were followed in the process of sand

castingAbrasive wheel cutting Mquina de cortar de muela Sectioning device used inmetallographic laboratories.They are thin-sectioningmachines that employ abrasiveor diamond-rimmed wheels ofapproximately 4in.

Alumina Almina It is the polishing abrasive mostwidely used for generalmetallographic polishing.


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Casting Flask Molde metlico para arena. A flask is a type of tooling usedto contain a mold in metalcasting. A flask has only sides,and no top or bottom, andforms a frame around the mold,which is typically made ofmolding sand. The shape of aflask may be square,rectangular, round or anyconvenient shape.

Clamp Mounting Montaje en secciones metlicas Its a mounting method used tomount thin sheets of metalwhen preparatingmetallographic cross sections.

Cold Mounting Mounting method that requires no pressure and little heat. It ameans of mounting large numbers of specimens more rapidly thanby compression mounting.

Cold-shortness Large quantities of phosphorus (in excess of 0.12%P) reduces theductility, thereby increasing the tendency of the steel to crackwhen cold worked. This brittle condition at temperatures below

the recrystallization temperature is called cold-shortness.Compression Mounting Montaje a compresin. Mounting method that involves

molding around the specimenby heat and pressure.

Conductive Mounting Montaje por conductividad. It is the method used forspecimens that requiremetallographic preparation byelectrolytic techniques, anelectrically conductive mountaffords a convenient mean s ofcompleting the electrical circuitthrough the specimen.

Cope and Drag This term refers respectively to the upper and lower parts of a two-

part casting flask, used in sand casting. The flask is a wood or metalframe, which contains the molding sand, providing support to thesand as the metal is poured into the mold. In flaskless molding, thesame terms are used, cope for the top or upper piece and drag forthe bottom or lower piece.

Chills To control the solidification and metallurgical structure of the metal,it is possible to place metal plates in the mold.

Epoxy resins They are the most widely used cold mounting materials. Epoxy resinsare hard and adhere tenaciously to most metallurgical, mineral andceramic specimen.

Etching the art or process of creating cut designs or making prints frometched surfaces.

Foundry is a factory which produces metal castings from either ferrous ornon-ferrous alloys. Metals are turned into parts by melting the metalinto a liquid, pouring the metal in a mold, and then removing themold material or casting.

Green sand Arena para fundicin. It is a mixture of silica sand, clay,moisture and other additives.

Grinding Lijar It is the most importantoperation in specimenpreparation. In this process the


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operator has the opportunity ofminimizing mechanical surfacedamage that must be removedby subsequent polishingoperations.

Hardenability Capacidad de Temple(Templabilidad)

Property that determines thedepth and distribution ofhardness induced by quenching.

Hot-shortness quebradizo en caliente Brittleness at high temperaturesis called hot-shortness which isusually caused by sulfur. Whensulfur is present, iron and sulfurform iron sulfide (FeS) that isusually concentrated at thegrain boundaries and melts attemperatures below themelting point of steel.

mold Molde. A mold or mould is a hollowed-out block that is filled with aliquid like plastic, glass, metal,

or ceramic raw materials. Theliquid hardens or sets inside themold, adopting its shape.

Molding Sand Molde de arena. is sand that when moistened oroiled tends to pack well andhold its shape. It is used in theprocess of sand casting.


IF YOU HAVE PROBLEMS BY SENDING THE VIDEO, YOU CAN UPLOAD YOURVIDEO TO YOUTUBE AND SEND THE LINK OF YOUR VIDEO.

Technical English

Systems and Science Engineering


Course: Sistemas de Bases de Datos 1

Theme: Basic concepts and applications of Relational Data Bases.

Objective:

Show to other students which are the basic concepts of the Relational DataBases and how useful they are in todays companies. All companies need to


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have a database of their customers, their sales, their providers and so on.

Relational Data Bases are a useful tool to make easier the way companieshandle all that information. Students will need to explain why they are so

important and which way they can improve the incomes of a company.

Teaching Activity

The students will need to make a presentation where they will explain thebasic concepts and terms related to Relational Data Bases, like the elements

that conform a database, the operations that can be perform and the different

software packages that are available at the market. They will need to bring

charts and graphics explaining their meaning and also do a comparison

between the different relational databases that exists.

Vocabulary:


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Projects for 2nd Semester 2011

Data

Rows

Columns

Relational Model

Network Model

Hierarchical Model

DBMS

RDBMS

tuples

Cardinality

query

join

SQL

Index

Primary key

Foreign key

Tables

Data types

Records

Technical English

Mechanical EngineeringTechnical English 3:


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Projects for 2nd Semester 2011

THERMODYNAMI CS 2Course Definition: Thermodynamics is the study of the relationships

between Heat(thermos) and work(dynamics). It dealswith energy interactions in physical systems. The laws of

thermodynamics are empirical since they are deducedfrom experience, and supported by a large body ofexperimental evidence.In the Thermodynamics 2 course, the specific sciencethat deals with transfer of heat and work is studied.

Topic: Thermodynamic CyclesTechnical English 3

Application: Mechanical Engineers use thermodynamics to calculatefuel efficiency of engines, and to find ways to make moreefficient systems like rockets, refineries, or nuclearreactors, automobiles or any kind of motors. If the cycles

are inverted, it can also be used for air conditioned andrefrigeration.There are even applications which are tailored to specificareas which will give answers for common designsituations. Being these, exam attributions for the futureengineers in their working fields.

Procedure: The students need to describe the process of thefollowing thermodynamic cycles:1. Carnot cycle2. Ideal cycle3. Otto cycle

4. Diesel cycle5. Dual Cycle

For each cycle the students need to give an example ofwhich combustion or pressure motors use it for itscorrect operation.The report must include diagrams and graphics.


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Proficiency

Adiabatic process ProcesoAdiabtico

Also known as isocaloric process is a thermodynamicprocess in which no heat is transferred to or from theworking fluid.

Enthalpy Entalpia It can also be called heat content (denoted as H, h, or

rarely as ) is a quotient or description of thermodynamicpotential of a system, which can be used to calculate the"useful" work obtainable from a closed thermodynamicsystem under constant pressure and entropy.

Entropy Entropa It is a measure of the unavailability of a systems energyto do work. It is a measure of the randomness ofmolecules in a system and is central to the second law ofthermodynamics and the fundamental thermodynamicrelation, which deal with physical processes and whetherthey occur spontaneously.

Gas Turbines Turbinas de Gas A gas turbine is a rotary machine, similar in principle to asteam turbine. It consists of three main components - acompressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine. The air

after being compressed into the compressor is heatedeither by directly burning fuel in it or by burning fuelexternally in a heat exchanger. The heated air with orwithout products of combustion is expanded in a turbineresulting in work output, a substantial part, about two-thirds, of which is used to drive the compressor. The rest,about one-third, is available as useful work output.

Heat Calor Is energy transferred from one body or system to anotherdue to a difference in temperature.

Heat engine Is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanicaloutput. The mechanical output is called work, and the thermal energy input iscalled heat. Heat engines typically run on a specific thermodynamic cycle.

Heat Pump Is a machine or device that moves heat from one location (the 'source') to

another location (the 'sink' or 'heat sink'), using work. Most heat pumptechnology moves heat from a low temperature 'heat source to a highertemperature heat sink.

Isenthalpic Process In a steady-state, steady-flow process, significant changes in pressure andtemperature can occur to the fluid and yet the process will be isenthalpic ifthere is no transfer of heat to or from the surroundings, no work done on or bythe surroundings, and no change in the kinetic energy of the fluid. Proceedswithout any change in enthalpy.

Isobaric Process Proceso Isobrico Is a thermodynamic process inwhich the pressure staysconstant:p = 0 The termderives from the Greek isos,"equal," and barus, "heavy."The heat transferred to the

system does work but alsochanges the internal energy ofthe system.

Isochoric Process Also called an isovolumetric process, is a processduring which volume remains constant. Thename is derived from the Greek isos, "equal", andkhora, "place."

Isothermal process Proceso Isotrmico Is a thermodynamic process inwhich the temperature of thesystem stays constant. This


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Proficiency

typically occurs when a systemis in contact with an outsidethermal reservoir (heat bath),and processes occur slowly

enough to allow the system tocontinually adjust to thetemperature of the reservoirthrough heat exchange.

Liquefaction of gases It is used for analyzing the fundamental properties of gas molecules(intermolecular forces), for storage of gases, for example: LPG, and inrefrigeration and air conditioning. There the gas is liquefied in thecondenser, where the heat of vaporization is released, and evaporatedin the evaporator, where the heat of vaporization is absorbed.

Mechanical Work Trabajo Mecnico Is the amount of energytransferred by a force. Likeenergy, it is a scalar quantity,with SI units of joules. The term

work was first coined in the1830s by the Frenchmathematician Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis.

Power Cycles They are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical workoutput, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to hightemperatures using mechanical work input.

Quasitastic Process Is a thermodynamic process that happens infinitely slowly. In practice,such processes can be approximated by performing them "very slowly".

Refrigerant Refrigerante Is a compound used in a heatcycle that undergoes a phasechange from a gas to a liquidand back. The two main uses

VOOCCAABBUULLAARRYYAdiabatic process

Proceso Adiabtico Also known as isocaloricprocess is a thermodynamicprocess in which no heat istransferred to or from theworking fluid.

Enthalpy Entalpia It can also be called heatcontent (denoted as H, h, orrarely as ) is a quotient ordescription of thermodynamicpotential of a system, which canbe used to calculate the"useful" work obtainable from aclosed thermodynamic systemunder constant pressure and

entropy.Entropy Entropa It is a measure of the

unavailability of a systemsenergy to do work. It is ameasure of the randomness ofmolecules in a system and iscentral to the second law ofthermodynamics and thefundamental thermodynamicrelation, which deal with


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Proficiency

physical processes and whetherthey occur spontaneously.

Gas Turbines Turbinas de Gas A gas turbine is a rotary

machine, similar in principle to asteam turbine. It consists ofthree main components - acompressor, a combustionchamber and a turbine. The airafter being compressed into thecompressor is heated either bydirectly burning fuel in it or byburning fuel externally in a heatexchanger. The heated air withor without products ofcombustion is expanded in aturbine resulting in work

output, a substantial part,about two-thirds, of which isused to drive the compressor.The rest, about one-third, isavailable as useful work output.

Heat Calor Is energy transferred from onebody or system to another dueto a difference in temperature.

Heat engine Is a physical or theoretical device that convertsthermal energy to mechanical output. Themechanical output is called work, and thethermal energy input is called heat. Heat enginestypically run on a specific thermodynamic cycle.

Heat Pump Is a machine or device that moves heat from onelocation (the 'source') to another location (the'sink' or 'heat sink'), using work. Most heat pumptechnology moves heat from a low temperature'heat source to a higher temperature heat sink.

Isenthalpic Process In a steady-state, steady-flow process, significantchanges in pressure and temperature can occurto the fluid and yet the process will be isenthalpicif there is no transfer of heat to or from thesurroundings, no work done on or by thesurroundings, and no change in the kineticenergy of the fluid. Proceeds without any changein enthalpy.

Isobaric Process Proceso Isobrico Is a thermodynamic process in

which the pressure staysconstant:p = 0 The termderives from the Greek isos,"equal," and barus, "heavy."The heat transferred to thesystem does work but alsochanges the internal energy ofthe system.

Isochoric Process Also called an isovolumetric process, is a processduring which volume remains constant. The


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name is derived from the Greek isos, "equal", andkhora, "place."

Isothermal process Proceso Isotrmico Is a thermodynamic process inwhich the temperature of the

system stays constant. Thistypically occurs when a systemis in contact with an outsidethermal reservoir (heat bath),and processes occur slowlyenough to allow the system tocontinually adjust to thetemperature of the reservoirthrough heat exchange.

Liquefaction of gases It is used for analyzing the fundamentalproperties of gas molecules (intermolecularforces), for storage of gases, for example: LPG,and in refrigeration and air conditioning. There

the gas is liquefied in the condenser, where theheat of vaporization is released, and evaporatedin the evaporator, where the heat of vaporizationis absorbed.

Mechanical Work Trabajo Mecnico Is the amount of energytransferred by a force. Likeenergy, it is a scalar quantity,with SI units of joules. The termwork was first coined in the1830s by the Frenchmathematician Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis.

Power Cycles They are cycles which convert some heat input

into a mechanical work output, while heat pumpcycles transfer heat from low to hightemperatures using mechanical work input.

Quasitastic Process Is a thermodynamic process that happensinfinitely slowly. In practice, such processes canbe approximated by performing them "veryslowly".

Refrigerant Refrigerante Is a compound used in a heatcycle that undergoes a phasechange from a gas to a liquidand back. The two main uses ofrefrigerants arerefrigerators/freezers and airconditioners.


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Technical English

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGTechnical English 3:

Name: Different Modulation Systems

Objective: To know the different modulation systems used intelecomunications.

Activity: Explain the different types of analog modulationsystems.

Description: In groups of 3 students will present a completeinvestigation about the most known analog modulation

systems.

Materials: No specific material needed

Procedure:

a) Investigate the electromagnetic spectrum including

a. Concept

b. Chart o drawing of the spectrum

c. Radiofrecuency Chart with names of the band and frecuencies)b) Investigate

a. Amplitude Modulation

b. Frecuency Modulation

c. Phase Modulation

d. Pulse Modulation

c) Include the following for each modulation

a. Concepts, definitions or short explanations.

b. Types

c. Waveforms

d. Block diagrams

d) Investigate the definitions of the glossary words.

AmplitudeAntennaBandwidthBroadcastCarrier


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DemodulatorDistortion

Electromagnetic spectrum

FrecuencyFull duplex

Half duplexInterferenceMixer

Modulation

Modulator SignalNoise

Phase

ReceiverRF

SignalSimplexTransmisorTunning

WaveformMultiplexing


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Technical English

Physics EngineeringTechnical English 3:

Technical English 3 and 4 Book of Definitions:

o Write the definitions that appear in the books of some of the following

courses:

Analysis of real variable

Functional analysis

Analysis of complex variable

Differential geometry Optimization

Book of Theorems

o Write the theorems that appear in the books of some of the following

courses:

Analysis of real variable

Functional analysis

Analysis of complex variable

Differential geometry

Optimization

Article

o To translate an article written previous mind for the person (own).

Manual of LaTex

To Translate a LaTex manual with the most important and most used of

LaTex or write a little introductory LaTeXmanual that helps the student

to start with LaTeX.

Olympiads problems:

Write and provide problems that have been given in Olympics maths in

previous years, according to the different kinds of Olympics mathIMO (International Math Olympiad)

IMO (International Math Olympiad)

IOM (Iberoamerican Mathematical Olympiad)

OMCC (Mathematical Olympiad of Central America and the Caribbean)


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Vocabulary Venn diagrams Diagrama de Venn Definition: Venn diagrams or set

diagrams are diagrams that show all hypothetically possible logicalrelations between a finite collection of sets (groups of things).

Union Unin Definition: The term Union (denoted as )refers to a set operation used in the convergence of set elements toform a resultant set containing the elements of both sets. As a simpleexample, a union of two disjoint sets, which do not have elements incommon results in a set containing only elements from both sets

Sub Set Sub conjunto Definition: Is a mathematical set in which

every element in the set is also contained in a larger set or in an equalset the even numbers are a subset of the whole numbers, sub set isdenoted by A B,

A set A is a subset of a set Bif and only if everything in A is alsoin B. For example {1, 2} {3,2,1}

Empty set Conjunto Vacio Definition: The empty set is theunique set which contains no elements, is denoted by either one of the

symbols " " or " ",

Intersection Set Conjunto Interseccion Definition: Inmathematics, the intersection of two setsA and Bis the set that containsall elements of A that also belong to B(or equivalently, all elements of Bthat also belong to A), but no other elements. The intersection is denotedby "A B".

Cardinality. Cardinalidad Definition: Inmathematics, the cardinality of a set is a measure of the "number ofelements of the set". For example, the set A = {1, 2, 3} contains 3elements, and therefore A has a cardinality of 3. There are twoapproaches to cardinality one which compares sets directly usingbijections and injections, and another which uses cardinal numbers.The cardinality of a set A is denoted |A|, with a vertical bar on each side;this is the same notation as absolute value and the meaning depends oncontext.Example If X= {a, b, c} and Y= {apples, oranges, peaches}, then |X| =|Y| because {(a, apples), (b, oranges), (c, peaches)} is a bijectionbetween the sets Xand Y. The cardinality of each of Xand Yis 3.If |X| < |Y|, then there exists Zsuch that |X| = |Z| and ZY


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Difference Set Conjunto Diferencia Definition: Is thereforeequivalent to the complement set, and is implemented in MathematicaasComplement[A, B]. The set difference is defined by

Complement Set. Conjunto Complemento Definition: In discretemathematics and predominantly in set theory, a complement is a conceptused in comparisons of sets to refer to the unique values of one set inrelation to another. A universe U is defined, then the relative complementof A in U is called the absolute complement (or simply complement) of A,and is denoted by AC or sometimes A, also the same set often is

denoted by or if U is fixed), that is: AC = U A.

Finite Set Conjunto Finito Definition. In mathematics, aset is called finite if there is a bijection between the set and some set ofthe form {1, 2, ..., n} where n is a natural number. (The value n= 0 isallowed; that is, the empty set is finite.) An infinite set is a set which is notfinite.A set Sis finiteif it has the same cardinality as some natural number n

.

Sis countable, i.e. there exists an injective function

o .Either Sis empty or there exists a surjective function

o .

Uncountable set (infinite Set) Conjunto Infinito definition: Inmathematics, an is an infinite set which is too big to be countable. Theuncountability of a set is closely related to its cardinal number: a set isuncountable if its cardinal number is larger than that of the naturalnumbers. The related term non denumerable set is used by someauthors as a synonym for "uncountable set" while other authors define aset to be non enumerable if it is not an infinite countable set

Universal set Conjunto Universo Definition: a universal

set is a set which contains all objects, including itself

Product set Conjunto producto Definition: Inmathematics, the Cartesian product (or) is a direct product of sets TheCartesian product can be generalized to the n-ary Cartesian product overnsets X1, ..., Xn:

Indeed, it can be identified to (X1 ... Xn-1) Xn. It is a set of n-tuples


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Cartesian square Conjunto Potencia Definition : Of a set Xisthe Cartesian product X2 = X X. An example is the 2-dimensional plane

R2

= R R where R is the set of real numbers - all points (x,y) where xand yare real numbers (see the Cartesian coordinate system).The cartesian power of a setXcan be defined as:

An example of this is R3 = R R R, with R again the set of realnumbers, and more generally Rn.

Relative complement set Complemento Relativo de un conjuntoDefinition: If A and Bare sets, then the relative complement of A in B,also known as the set-theoretic difference of B and A, is the set ofelements in B, but not in A.

The relative complement of A in B is denoted BA (sometimes writtenBA, but this notation is ambiguous, as in some contexts it can beinterpreted as the set of all ba, where bis taken from Band afrom A).

Formally:Examples:

{1,2,3} {2,3,4} = {1}

{2,3,4} {1,2,3} = {4}

Symmetric difference Diferencia Simetrica Definition: Inmathematics, the symmetric difference of two sets is the set of elementswhich are in one of the sets, but not in both. This operation is the set-

theoretic kin of the exclusive disjunction (XOR operation) in Booleanlogic. The symmetric difference of the sets A and Bis commonly denotedbyThe symmetric difference is equivalent to the union of both relativecomplements, that is:and it can also be expressed asthe union of the two sets,minus their intersection:

Natural numbers Numeros Naturales Definition: Natural number (alsocalled counting number) can mean either an element of the set {1, 2, 3,

...} (the positiveintegers) or an element of the set {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} (the non-negative integers). The latter is especially preferred in mathematicallogic, set theory, and computer science.

Real number Numeros Reales Definition In mathematics, thereal numbers may be described informally in several different ways. Thereal numbers include both rational numbers, such as 42 and 23/129,and irrational numbers, such as pi and the square root of two; or, a real


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number can be given by an infinite decimal representation, such as2.4871773339...., where the digits continue in some way; or, the realnumbers may be thought of as points on an infinitely long number line.

Relations Relaciones Definition: In natural language relationsarea kind of links existing between objects. Examples: mother of, neighborof, part of, is older than, is an ancestor of, is a subset of, etc.

Domain Dominio Definition: In mathematics, the domain (orreplacement set) of a given function is the set of "input" values for whichthe function is defined

Range Rango Definiton: In mathematics, the rangeof a function is the set of all "output" values produced by that function.Sometimes it is called the image, or more precisely, the image ofthe domain of the function

Reflexive Reation Relacion Reflexiva Definition: If arelation is reflexive, all elements in the set are related to themselves. Forexample, the relations "is not greater than" and "is equal to" are reflexiveover the set of all real numbers. Since no real number is greater thanitself, if you compare any number to itself, you will find "is not greaterthan" to be true. Since every real number is equal to itself, if youcompare any number to itself, you will find "is equal to" to be trueExamples of reflexive relations:"is equal to" (equality)"is a subset of" (set inclusion)"divides" (divisibility)"is greater/less than or equal to

Symmetric relation Relacion Reflexiva Definition Inmathematics, a binary relation Rover a set Xis symmetric if it holds forall a and b in X that if a is related to b then b is related to a.In mathematical notation, this is:

o

Function Funcion Definition: Function, as understood inmathematics, is a procedure, a rule, assigning to any object a from thedomain of the function a unique object b, the value of the function at a. Afunction, therefore, represents a special type of relation, a relation whereevery object a from the domain is related to precisely one object in therange, namely, to the value of the function at a.


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A relation Ffrom A to Bis a function from A to Bif and only if it meetsbothof the following conditions:

Each element in the domain of F is paired with just one element in therange, Fand Ffollows that b= c.The domain of Fis equal to A, domF= A.

Bijective function Funcion Buyectiva Definition: In mathematicsa bijective function is a function f from a set X to a set Y with theproperty that, for every y in Y, there is exactly one x in X such that

f(x) = y

Injective function Funcion Inyectiva Definition: In mathematics,an injective function is a function which associates distinct argumentswith distinct values.An injective function is called an injection, and is also said to be aninformation-preserving or one-to-one function (the latter is not to beconfused with one-to-one correspondence,Let fbe a function whose domain is a set A. The function fis injective if,for all aand bin A, if f(a) = f(b) then a= b.

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