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Projective Techniques

Verbal, Autobiographical

Memories and Performance Techniques

Projective Techniques

• Projective techniques (objective hypothesis)• These technique are based on the

phenomenon of projection.• In these technique relatively indefinite and

unstructured stimuli are provided to the subject and he or she is asked to structured them in any way they likes

• In doing so they unconsciously projects their own desires, hopes, fears, repressed wishes etc.

Projective Techniques

• Verbal Techniques

• Autobiographical Memories

• Performance Techniques

WORD ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUE

• It is a simple technique devised by Galton in 1879.

• In word association respondents are presented with a list of words one at a time and asked to respond to each with the first word that comes to mind .

• The word of interest called test words usually 55 single words.

Cont.

Responses are analyzed by calculating -

• The frequency with which any word is given as a responses.

• The amount of time that elapses before a responses is given.

• The number of respondents who do not respond at all to a test word within a reasonable period of time.

Sentence completion

• In Sentence completion or unfinished sentences, the respondents are given incomplete sentences and asked to complete them. Generally, they are asked to use the first word or phrase that comes to mind.

Example• My father seldom.......................• Most people don't know that I'm afraid of..............• When I was a child, I.......................• When encountering frustration, I

usually………………

ROTTERS INCOMPLETE SENTENCE BLANK (RISB)

• This includes list of 40 incomplete sentences and there is no specific time limit for the respondent and psychologist.

• The respondent makes such sentences that manifest his unconscious desires, thinking, frustrations, emotions, anxiety, mental state etc.

ASSESSMENT FOR COMPLETING SENTENCE

Five types of attitudes are kept in mind while assessing the personalities from resultant complete sentence.

1) Attitude towards family

2) Social attitude

3) Emotional attitude

4) Sexual attitude

5) Character traits

Drawing Techniques• A well- known early example is the Machover Draw-a-

person test (D-A-P Machover 1949).• In this test the individual is provided with paper and

pencil and is told to “draw a person’’.• Completion of the first drawing he or she is asked to

draw a person of the opposite sex or of a different gender.

• The drawing is usually followed by a series of question to elicit specific information about age , schooling, occupation.

Autobiographical memories• Analysing memories especially those of early life ,

in order to understand recurrent or intractable conflicts in later life.

• In Bruhn’s cognitive – perceptual theory, autobiographical memories are central to the understanding of personality.

• The early memories procedure (EMP Bruhn , 1989) is a self administered paper-and –pencil instrument that samples 21 autobiographical memories from the entire life span , not just childhood.

Cont.

• The first part calls for six general or spontaneous memories delimited primarily by specific timeframes (the five earliest memories and a particularly important life time memory).

• The second part comprises 15 specific or directed memories that explore a diverse set of events and areas that may be clinically relevant (e.g. a traumatic memory, one’s first punishment memory or one’s happiest memory )

Completion

• The subject is given an incomplete sentence, story, argument or conversation, and asked to finish it.

• Brand mapping (Gordon and Langmaid,1988)

Expressive• A subject is asked to role-play, act, draw or paint

a specific concept or situation.• Focus on the manner in which the subject• constructs something, rather than on what it

represents

Choice Ordering

• The subjects have to explain why certain things are most important¨ or least important¨, or to "rank" or order¨ or “categorize” certain factors associated with a product, brand or service

Quantitative Approach

• The content of verbal or pictorial descriptions or sorted information is analyzed by classifying the content into categories that are then given numerical values.

• Specific components of the test protocol are thus tabulated and used systematically to evaluate either a subject's responses or the empirical validity of generalizations about groups.

Qualitative Approach

• There are no systems of scoring or tabulation.

• The description and explanation of the projections by the subjects form the database which then requires ordering and interpretation.

Analysis and Interpretation of Data

“Belief is to believe in something that is intangible and invisible.”

- Napoleon Bonaparte

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