PROJECTIVE AND SELF REPORT

MEASURES

Psychological tests

■ Psychological tests: Standard measures devised to assess behavior

objectively; used by psychologists to help people make decisions

about their lives and understand more about themselves.

■ Properties of a Psychological test

Reliability

Validity

Norms

■ Reliability refers to the measurement consistency of a test.

If a test is reliable, it yields the same result each time it is

administered to a specific person or group.

■ Tests have validity when they actually measure what they

are designed to measure.

■ Norms, standards of test performance that permit the

comparison of one person’s score on a test with the scores

of others who have taken the same test.

SELF REPORT MEASURES

■ A method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior.

■ Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

■ Myers Briggs Type Indictor

■ NEO Five Factor Inventory

■ 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

■ Edward Personal Preference Schedule

The Life Orientation Test–Revised■ Use the following scale to answer the items below:

0 1 2 3 4

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree

■ 1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best.

■ 2. It’s easy for me to relax.

■ 3. If something can go wrong for me, it will.

■ 4. I’m always optimistic about my future.

■ 5. I enjoy my friends a lot.

■ 6. It’s important for me to keep busy.

■ 7. I hardly ever expect things to go my way.

■ 8. I don’t get upset too easily.

■ 9. I rarely count on good things happening to

me.

■ 10. Overall, I expect more good things to

happen to me than bad

■ Scoring.

■ Questions 3,7 9 reverse scoring

■ Questions 1,4,10 scoring as it is

■ Ignore questions 2, 5, 6, and 8, which are filler items

■ Sum the total for 1, 3, 4,7,9,10

■ Interpretation: The higher your scores, the more positive and hopeful

you generally are about life.

■ For comparison purposes the average score for college students is

14.3

MMPI

■ Developed by Starke Hathaway and J C McKinley in 1943

■ Consisted originally 567 statements and in the revised

versions, items are reduced (478)

■ Mainly used for Clinical purpose – 10 clinical scales and 3

validity scales

■ Revised 4 times recently in 2008

MBTI

■ Constructed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers in 1943

■ Inventory is mainly based on Jung’s theory

■ Functions: Judging (thinking, feeling)

Perceiving (sensation, and

intuition)

■ Attitudes :Extraversion &Introversion

■ Thus we get 16 personality type

NEO-FFI

■ Published in 1990 by Costa and McCrae

■ Recently revised in 2010 consists of 60 items

■ Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience.

■ Additionally, the inventory assesses six subordinate dimensions (known as facets) of each of the main personality factors.

■ Administration of the full version takes between 30 and 40 minutes.

■ Costa and McCrae reported that an individual should not be evaluated if more than 40 items are missing.

16PF ■ Published 1949 by Cattell

■ Revised 5 times and consists 185 multiple choice items

■ Administration of the test takes about 35–50 minutes

■ Measures primary source traits and secondary traits

■ Mainly administered to adults above 16 and older there are versions for children also

EPPS

■ Developed by Allen L Edwards based on Murray’s need

theory

■ The inventory consists of 225 pairs of statements and

measures 15 needs

■ 15 items are repeated to measure consistency score thus

finally total items will be 210

■ The target audience in between the ages of 16-85 and

takes about 45 minutes to complete

Projective tests

■ A test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it.

■ Rorschach test

■ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

■ Draw –A- Person test

■ Sentence completion test

■ Rosenzweig Picture frustration test

What do you see in the picture?

Rorschach test

■ A test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to

people, who then are asked what the figures represent to them

■ Developed by Hermann Rorschach 1921

■ 10 cards with ink blots are shown one at a time hand drawn by

Rorschach.

■ Each of the blots has near perfect bilateral symmetry. Five inkblots are of

black ink, two are of black and red ink and three are multicolored, on a

white background

■ The subject is usually asked to hold the cards and may rotate them and

give responses even to the parts of the picture

■ Responses are noted down by the examiner who usually sits behind the

subject and scored on content, location and determinants

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

■ A test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a

story.

■ Test was developed by Christiana D. Morgan and Henry A. Murray

■ There are 31 cards shown one at a time . Its mainly based on the fact that

respondents see themselves in the card and write their own story

■ It evaluate a person's patterns of thought, attitudes, observational capacity, and

emotional responses to ambiguous test materials.

■ The subject is asked to tell as

dramatic a story as they can for

each picture presented,

including the following:

■ what has led up to the event

shown

■ what is happening at the

moment

■ what the characters are feeling

and thinking

■ what the outcome of the story

was

■ The Children version of TAT is called CAT developed by Leopold Bellak and Sonya Sorel Bellak in 1949 .

■ Administered for children 3 to 10 years consisting of 10 cards shown one at a time

■ CAT- A ( pictures with animals since children get attracted to animal pics)

■ CAT-H (Human figures for little older children)

■ The CAT takes 20–45 minutes to administer

Draw - A – Person test ■ The Draw-A-Person test was originally developed by Florence

Goodenough in 1926

■ Goodenough originally called it the Draw-A-Man test, but later realized

that the gendered description made it harder for young girls.

■ There is no right or wrong type of drawing, although the child must

make a drawing of a whole person

■ The test has no time limit; however, children rarely take longer than

about 10 or 15 minutes to complete the drawings

■ Children are given a paper, pencil and eraser and asked to draw a

person, after which child is asked about the gender and later asked to

draw the opposite gender. Picture is scored based on the details

drawn extra scoring is given for clothes, shoes, ties, hair tied up etc

Sentence Completion test

■ Sentence completion tests typically provide respondents

with beginnings of sentences, referred to as “stems,” and

respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are

meaningful to them.

■ Usually the respondent have to respond the first response

that comes to their mind

Ex: I am very -------------------------------------------

I want to know-----------------------------------

When I was a child----------------------------

Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test ■ Developed by Saul Rosenzweig in

1978

■ A projective test administered to assess personality characteristics, in which the subject is shown scenes depicting moderately frustrating situations and asked what the frustrated person would probably reply

■ The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test consists of 24 cartoon pictures.

■ Each picture contains two "speech balloons,“ one filled by "frustrator" or antagonist, and a blank one for the frustrated person, or protagonist.