project zephir: through the research of offshore wind power in deep...

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER.

COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY (I)

The first wind turbine was been created in 1887 by Charles F. Brush.

1

Charles F. Brush (1849-1929)

http://guidedtour.windpower.org/res/brush.jpg http:/ /guidedtour.windpower.org/es/pictures/brush.htm

Article in the Scientific American magazine

about Brush’s wind turbine.

20th December, 1890

ht tp: / /guidedtour.windpower.org/res/sciam.jpg

The wind turbine had a power of 12 kW,

17 m of rotor and 144 blades. It worked

for 20 years.




A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY (II)

Catalonia was pioneer in the development of wind energy in Spain. On 10th February

1984, the first wind turbine was inaugurated in Vilopriu, Baix Empordà

The wind turbine that started this project is located in Figuerola del Camp, in the

region of Alt Camp, and is one of the oldest wind turbines in Catalonia (year 1988).

2

Its conservation state is excellent and we think that it

should be considered a valuable machine in the Cata lan

industrial heritage.

This wind turbine doesn’t have the cilindric

structure that most wind turbines have. It

has three cylindrical supports connected by

transverse bars. It preserves the three

blades and it has a windmill in each side to

go according to the wind direction. It has two

anemometers at 7m, and another one at 14

m, to measure the wind speed.

Figuerola del Camp wind turbine (Alt Camp).

Catalunya.Ecotècnia model 12/30

It has three blades, 12 m of rotor diameter

and it has a nominal power of 25 KW.




ECOTECNIA MODEL 12/30

Left: measuring the bedplate; Right: measuring the spoiler (emergency break) mobile part of the blade.

3

HUB

Coupling blade

Gearbox

Generator 2

Generator 1

Lateral

orientation helix

Coupling shock absorber Brake disc

Orientation gears

Bedplate

Ecotecnia was the first Spanish wind

turbine company that was created in

Catalonia.




ECOTECNIA

In our region, we can see the way time goes by for Ecotecnia technology: in

Figuerola, the first technologies of 25 kW, and in Serra de la Voltorera, 16MW, using

10 wind turbines of 1,6 MW.

12/30 Ecotecnia wind turbine,

propiety of Josep Canela, its located

in Figuerola del Camp, in the region

of Alt Camp, at the UTM position:

N 41º 22.236’ E 001º 16.294’

The future seems to be related with offshore wind turbines, in

front of Tarragona’s coasts...

4

ECO-74 Ecotecnia wind turbine at

Serra de la Voltorera’s wind park

(Cabra del Camp).




PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE

5

BLADES

LOW-SPEED SHAFT

HIGH-SPEED SHAFT

TOWER

GEARBOX

GENERATOR

HUB

http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/reoltec2010/3-2-Pep-Prats_ALSTOM-WIND.pdf




HOW A BLADE WORKS

The displacement of the blade is produced in part by the Bernoulli effect: at the top

there is less pressure and more on the bottom, causing an upward force.

6

Air passing through the top of the

blade has to cover more distance,

speed in this area increases and

pressure decreases .

The air passing through the blade at

the bottom has to travel less distance ,

speed in this area is lower and

pressure is higher.

F

Air




SHAPE OF THE BLADE. AERODYNAMICS.

7

Ecotècnia turbine ECO 12/30:

Speed in rpm: 68 rpm

Speed at the tip of the blade : 153.8 km/h

Note the shape of the blade and the attack angle in to the air. The more a point of the blade gets away from the ce nter of rotation, the speed is higher.

Alstom turbine Ecotècnia ECO 100:

Speed in rpm: 14.3 rpm

Speed at the tip of the blade : 269.5 km/h




THE BLADES. MATERIALS

Colladetes wind farm. El Perelló (Tarragona)

8

Light ning conductor

Cable of a lightning conductor in a blade

We can see that the

lightning conductor is

something important

because electricity tends

to go towards the tips.

In the future, the blades will be

built with carbon fiber.

The turbine blades are made of

fiberglass and epoxy resin.




TURN OF THE NACELLE

In a wind turbine as the ECO-100, of 3MW power, the nacelle can turn a maximum of

3 laps in one direction. It if gave more laps, power lines running down the tower

would have problems of torque. The rotation system used is an electric motor.

9

ECO 12/30Ecotècnia turbine

of 25 kW. Figuerola del Camp

Targeting side helixs.

Alstom turbine Ecotècnia ECO 100

of 3MW. Wind Park Collada (El Perello) Rotating electric motor. Model ECO -100

with electronic

control of

position with a

360 ° with

servomotors.




THE SPEED OF THE WIND

10

Knowing the wind speed is very important. Before installing a park you must know perfectly which are the conditions of wind turbine to see how you can install.

With wind over the 100 km/h it must to stop the wind turbine for avoid damage.

Source: TV3 time on the web

The wind farm Serra de la Voltorera. Cabra del Camp (Tarragona)




WIND DIRECTION

A weather fan is needed to know the direction the wind blows from and to register the

data.

http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_dels_vents

The name of the winds and its directions are:

Tramuntana (N)

Gregal (NE)

Llevant (E)

Xaloc (SE)

Migjorn (S)

Garbí o Llebeig (SO)

Ponent (O)

Mestral o Cerç (NO)

11

Gray code to register the data and convert them in a binary system of 4 digits.

The wind farm Serra de la Voltorera. Cabra del Camp (Tarragona)

0010 N 0011 NNE 0001 NE 0000 ENE 1000 E 1001 ESE 1011 SE 1010 SSE 1110 S 1111 SSW 1101 SW 1100 WSW 0100 W 0101 WNW 0111 NW 0110 NNW




WIND MEASUREMENTS ON THE COAST OF

TARRAGONA

Source: http://es.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_boja_de_tarragona.htm

Source:http://www.renewablesmadeinspain.com/noticia/pagid/200/titulo/Catalonia%20plans%20to%20build%20an%20offshore

%20wind%20%22test%20station%22/

Source: http://es.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_boja_de_tarragona.htm

12




WIND MEASUREMENTS BY SATELLITE

13

QuikSCAT satellite It measures the wind speed from 3-20 m/s

Density of power in oceans. Winter (top graphic), summer (bottom graphic).

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2008 -128

http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/seawind s_img.cfm




HIDRAULIC BLADE CONTROL

14

At low speed wind we will place the blades with

low angles, for maximum uptake. When the wind

reaches about 13 m/s wind turbine produces

maximum power, and must be controlled not to

increase the speed above 19 rpm (case of ECO-

74). If it exceeds 25 m/s wind turbine must be

stopped. Source : brochure Alstom ecotècnia ECO -74

The blades can rotate

from 2 degrees

(maximum uptake of

wind) to 86 degrees (no

wind capture,

aerodynamic brake).

The angle of each

blade is independent.

http://motionsystemdesign.com/motors -

drives/electrohydrostatic-actuation-modernizes-0111 /#

http://www.windpowerengineering.com/design/mechanic

al/blades/pitch-control-your-way-hydraulic-or-elect ric/

Hydraulic piston

Pistó hidràulic




CONTROL DE PALA AMB SERVOMOTOR

15

At low speed wind we will place the blades with low angles, for maximum uptake. When the wind reaches about 13 m/s wind turbine produces maximum power, and must be controlled not to increase the speed above 19 rpm (case of ECO-74). If it exceeds 25 m/s wind turbine must be stopped.

Source : Brochure Alstom ecotècnia ECO -74

http://www.windurance.com/motors.html

http://www.windpowerengineering.com/tag/moog/

The blades can rotate

from 2 degrees

(maximum uptake of

wind) to 86 degrees (no

wind capture,

aerodynamic brake).

The angle of each

blade is independent.

Servomotors

Speed turning

control in rpm.

Servomotor




DISTRIBUTION OF WIND TURBINES

In order to locate the turbines, we have to consider that distance between turbines has

to be two and three times the rotor diameter to avoid problems between them.

Using larger turbines involves having less machines maintenance and obtain higher

powers.

16

ECO-74 Serra de la

voltorera

Cabra del Camp

(Alt Camp).

ECO-12/30 wind

parc of Tarifa

“Parque Shico”.

Changed by modern

wind turbines.

Source: ALSTOM -

Ecotecnia.




PROJECT ZEPHIR

The “Catalonia Institute for Energy Research” (IREC) will conduct a pilot test plant,

where offshore wind energy companies involved in the project, will install their

turbines.

The Project has two phases: in a first phase four wind turbines will be installed fixed

to the seabed for about 3.5 km from coast. In a second phase, up to eight floating

wind turbines will be installed, for about 30 km from the coast.

More information : http://www.irec.cat/

PHASE 1 PHASE 2

Depth of sea 40-45 m > 100 m

Distance from the coast 3 km 30 km

Number of wind turbines 4 8

Installed power 20 MW 50 MW

Type Monopile fundation Floating structure

17

http://www.elpunt.cat/noticia/article/1-territori/11-

mediambient/152235-la-mar-de-lebre-tindra-una-plataforma-per-

assajar-parcs-eolics-en-aiguees-profundes.html#comentaris




TYPE OF STRUCTURES (I)

18

http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/reoltec2010/3-1-Antonio-Jose-de-la-Torre_GAMESA.pdf

Source: http://www.fundaciongasnatural.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Actividades/Seminarios/Santander%2016022010/1%20I%C3%B1igo%20losada.pdf

The type of technology used in marine wind farms is due to the depth of the seabed and the cost of different technologies.




PROJECT ZEPHIR PHASE I

SHALLOW WATERS

Zephyr Project Phase I. Four turbines are located and fixed to the seabed at a distance of 3.5 km from coast and at a depth of 35 m. with a power installed of 10 to 20 MW.

19

Gravity foundations

Monopiles

Tripods

Trusses or jacket

Wind direction control

Electronic control direction of the wind turbines with servomotor




PROJECT ZEPHIR PHASE II

DEEP WATER

20

Project HYWIND. Worldwide the only floating

marine wind turbine that is today in deep water is

located in the North Sea to Norway. It is in the

experimental stage with a power of 2.3 MW (March

2011).

Zephyr Project Phase II. Eight floating structure wind turbines will be located at a distance from coast of 30 km at a depth of 100 meters

Source: http://www.gooddeal-hunting.com/blog/worlds-first-floating-

wind-turbine-towed-to-sea/

Source:http://www.gooddeal-hunting.com/blog/worlds-first-floating-

wind-turbine-towed-to-sea/




ELECTRICAL CONNECTION

The center of the electrical connection is proposed to put in Vandellós because is a

strategic place of the electric grid.

21

Mapa of electric grid (REE) transformer station of Vandellòs

The submarine electric cables which connects the wind turbines with the

transformer station have to take care with the environmental impact of the

posidonia.

http://www.ree.es/transporte/mapa_red_transporte.asp

http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/dmah/Home/Ambits%20dactuacio/Educacio

%20i%20sostenibilitat/Educacio%20per%20a%20la%20sostenibilitat/Sup

ort%20educatiu/Recursos%20educatius/Medi%20natural/Els%20prats%2

0submarins%20de%20posidonia/documents/posidonia_geografia.pdf

In the green zones there

are some posidonia.

Remains of posidonia in the beaches

near Vandellós.




WIND TURBINES PROJECT ZEPHIR

22

http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/reoltec2010/3-2-Pep-Prats_ALSTOM-WIND.pdf

WIND TURBINES

WITHOUT GEARBOX?

YES

WIND TURBINES WITH TECHNOLOGY OF

PERMANENT MAGNETS OF 6 MW

http://www.alstom.com/power/news-and-events/press-releases/alstom-and-converteam-team-up-on-the-worlds-largest-direct-drive-permanent-magnet-generator-for-offshore-wind-power/

http://www.alstom.com/power/news-and-events/press-releases/alstom-collaborates-with-belwind-to-test-its-new-6-MW-direct-drive-offshore-wind-turbine-in-begium/




CONCLUSIONS

The energy of the wind is a resource a lot of abundant. To use it correctly

we must use the climatic advantages of the countries to obtain

renewable energies and can reduce the consumption of the fossil

energies.

For reaching the obstacle present on the shores of our country, where the

marine is very narrow and waters are deep a few miles from the coast, it is

necessary to advance research on offshore wind energy in deep waters.

The sea breeze has an air flow strong and constant.

Wind power can save over 2.000 liters of water per MWh of electricity

produced.

23

To mitigate climate change, the energy sector shoul d not only prevent the

emission of polluting gases into the atmosphere, bu t also to drastically

reduce water consumption. The wind energy is a sust ainable solution that

would get these two challenges.