project report compiled at the college of...
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PROJECT REPORT COMPILED AT THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND VETERINARY SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCE
AND CROP PROTECTION
A PROJECT REPORT PRESENTED BY:
BIWOTT KIPKEMBOI ELIAS
A22/1768/2010
TO THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBIPROJECT BOARD IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
FOR THE ACACEMIC AWARD OF A BACHALORS DEGREE IN AGRICULTURE
EFFECTS OF SEED QUALITY ON EMERGENCE, GROWTH VIGOR
AND YIELD ON COMMON BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris)
SUPERVISED BY: PROF. PATRICK AYIECHO OLWENY
DATE 12TH
NOV 2013- 4TH
APRIL 2014
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report is my own original work and has not been presented for a degree course
in any other university.
BIWOTT KIPKEMBOI ELIAS
DATE……………………………………………………SIGNATURE……………………………….
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION
NAME:………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
SIGNATURE…………………………………………………………………DATE………………………
………………………..
CHAIRPERSON PROJECT BOARD DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCE AND CROP
PROTECTION UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
NAME:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
SIGNATURE……………………………………………………………………
DATE………………………………………………………
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor PROF PATRICK AYIECHO OLWENY, the project board
and the CAVS field station that enabled me the successful completion of my project.
My special acknowledgement also goes to my friends for their moral support and advice which enabled
me complete my report successfully.
May the God bless you all and do you good.
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DEDICATION
It gives me particular pleasure to dedicate this report to my family, friends, mentor and my parents Mr.
Daniel Yego and Mrs. Mary Yego.
Your support, encouragement, motivation always believing in me has been profound. I thank God for
bringing you into my life and I will be ever grateful to you.
May God bless you and give you long life daddy and mummy
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Table of Contents
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 3
DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS ......................................................................................................... 9
1.2 PROBLEM AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ....................................................................... 10
1.3 OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.1 Broad objective .................................................................................................................................. 11
1.3.2 Main objective ................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.3 Hypothesis.......................................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 12
2.0 LITRETURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Production requirements ....................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 16
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Experimental site .................................................................................................................................. 16
3.1.2 Objective: .......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.3 Experimental design ........................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 METHOD ............................................................................................................................................. 17
3.2.1 Field layout ........................................................................................................................................ 17
3.3 DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................................................... 18
3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA .............................................................................................. 19
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... 19
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 19
4.1 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................ 24
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 24
REFERENCESES ....................................................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................. 26
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the five cultivated species from the
genusPhaseolusand is a major grain legume crop, third in importance after soybeans and
peanuts, but first in direct human consumption(Broughton et al.,2003). Legumes are an important
component in the diets of humans and animals through out the world and are cultivated under a
wide range of environmental conditions. Total world production exceeds 17 million tones with
China, Indonesia, India and Turkey among the largest producers and consumers of this
crop.(FAOSTAT, 2010)
Major producing countries for national consumption are Brazil, and Mexico, while in the United
States, Canada, Argentina and China are all exporting countries. The crop is also important in a
range of developing countries of Central America, of the Andean region of SouthAmerica and
eastern and southern Africa. (Singh, 1999)
In the year 2008 Kenya’s annual bean production was approximately 215000MT, which barely
met half the annual consumption of 450,000MT. Thenit mend that deficit must be met from
imports. The average production per hector is 500 kg or less compared to 1800to
2000kgperhector potential. (Africa Agriculture,2008). Kenya’s current bean stock are 2,564,000
bags of 90kgs with most farmers in Nyanza,Western, North Rift, Central province and Eastern
province still holding stock for home consumption. There was 14% achieved production
increase in beans in the year 2012 compared to 2011 with a production of 7,358,225 and
6,418,596 of 90kgs bags in 2012 and 2011 respectively under a total area of 1,065,180Ha and
1,036,738 Ha in the same order(MOA,2013)
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High yielding varieties require heavy rains and high soil fertility to yield well; these varieties
have been loosing area because of increased problem of soil fertility and associated diseases and
are being replaced by varieties that are well adapted to poor soil conditions. (P.M Kimani, 2001).
In these regions beans are grown both for subsistence agriculture and for regional market and
thus plays important role in food security and income generation by providing employment
opportunities (MOA, 2003)
Common beans are important for nutritional well being as well as poverty alleviation among
consumers and farmers with few other food or crop options. Much of the world’s bean
production is under smallholder farm ranging from 1-10 hectors in size. Per capita consumption
varies with each producing and consuming country and also among regions within a country
depending on consumer preference, bur can be as high as 66kgs/capita/year in Rwanda and parts
of western Kenya(Broughton et al, 2003)
Averages in the Americas are from 4-5kg/capita/year in the United States, to more than
10kgs/capita/year in Brazil to as much as 35kgs/capita/yea in Nicaragua.
Beans providesubstantial amounts of both protein and calories in the diet. In nutritional terms,
beans are often referred to as ‘’poor man’s meat’’ for their inexpensive price as protein source
compared to animal products and their rich content of minerals like zinc and iron and vitamins
(Beebe et al,2000). Beans are high in lysine, which is relatively deficient in maize, cassava and
rice making it a good compliment of the staples in the diet. Beans are also containing essential
nutrients such as ascorbic acid, vitamins A and B and calcium. They help in reducing cholesterol
and sugar levels in blood which prevent or alleviate certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular diseases. (Leterme, 2002 in Leterme and Munoz, 2002). In humans, Iron
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isessential for preventing anemia and for the proper functioning of many metabolic processes
while Zinc is essential for adequate growth and sexual maturation and for the resistance to
gastro-enteric and respiratory infections especially in children (Bouis, 2003). Research also
shows that these minerals can delay the onset of breast cancer, colon cancer and AIDS and as
such HIV positive patients are encouraged to include beans in their meals.
Dry beans grown for the seed requires between 80-105 days depending upon variety and planting
season. An important first step in the production of high yielding beans is the selection of
appropriate varieties, since some varieties are more suited for other climates and soil conditions.
By cultivating the appropriate varieties local farmers canbecome leading producers of beans
leading to self sufficient food and increased income. The evaluation and selection of high
yielding, disease and pest tolerant verities with quality characteristics acceptable to the local
consumers and market are essential to the improvement of local production.
Most bean varieties thrive well in warm climate. It grows optimally at a temperature of 18-240C
during the day, with the maximum temperature during flowering that should not exceed 300C.
Higher temperatures during flowering stage lead to abscission of flower and a low pod set
resulting in low yields or yield loss. Day temperature below 200C will delay maturity and cause
empty pod development. Ideal rainfall in rain fed conditions is between 400-500mm of rain
during the growing season. Production in Kenya is concentrated in the warm, high altitude areas
with well distributed rainfall. The most suitable elevation is between 1,100m and 2,100m above
sea levelTemperature especially during the night determines the length of the growing season of
cultivar.
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The crop grows well under deep soils of at least 90cm depth that have no deficiencies and well
drained, sandy loam. With sandy soils, problem of low fertility or nematodes damage may occur.
Optimum soil pH of 5.8-6.5 and are very sensitive to acidic pH of, 5.2 soils(acidic saturation
above 10%). They grow well in soils that are not compacted.
1.1 PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS
Bean production in Kenya is faced with numerous challenges that need urgent solutions and
policies in order to increase its yield and quality. Some of these factors include;
1) Low seed availability, inaccessibility and lack of information about market, regional
suitability and adaptability, qualities for adoption. This makes the adoption of new
high yielding varieties slow and thus most farmers resort to obtain seeds from other
sources that are adaptable to their region and preferred by many consumers.
2) Declining soil fertility and high fertilizer costs. This problems have lead to replacement
of high yielding varieties with relatively tolerant variety to poor soil for instance
Rosecoco GLP2 replaced by Small Haricots and Mwitemania.
3) Drought caused by inadequate total rainfall, erratic rainfall distribution, long dry spells
and delayed onset and or cessation of rains as a result of climatic change. This delays
planting time, drying of crops, abscission of flowers and poor pod and seed setting
resulting to low yield.
4) Pests and diseases. They are the most destructive and cause damage to seeds, leaves, pods
and roots. New diseases and pests come up due to flood transmission or even
mutation.These diseases have made some susceptible varieties to be abandoned or
neglected. This makes management and control costly and difficult to poor farmers. Some
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of the diseases include; chocolate spot, leaf spot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, rust,
sclerotinia,foot and root rots, halo blight, anthracnoseand bean common mosaic
virus(BCMV). Some of the pestsare bean weevil, black bean aphids, thrips, white fly,
bean fly, and stem nematodes
5) Socio- economic and institutional constraints. This include declining terms of trade,
lack of capital, poor market access, land tenure systems, lack or low extension services.
This affects farmer’s purchasing power and awareness about production and marketing
related issues.
1.2 PROBLEM AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Lack of good quality seeds, low seed availability, accessibility and lack of information on seed
quality among the farmers is a major problem adversely affecting the expansion of common bean
production in many rural smallholder farmers in Kenya.
Lack of knowledge amongthe farmersabout seed quality of the right bean variety seed quality to
be planted has led to low yields in bean production. Many farmers tend to use very poor bean
seed quality and adjust the seed sowing rates to cover a wide area during the planting which lead
to low plant population density per unit area and thus low yield.
This problem arises because most farmers keep their own seeds or buy them from an open air
markets and end up with the seed of low varietal purity or seed quality. This means quality
aspects like seed health, varietal and physical purity, germination,viability,vigor, size or weight,
age and seed deterioration and effects on final yield are not considered.
Also some farmers harvest their seeds when the crop is not fully mature, poor handling during
and after harvesting and poor storage facilities and conditions that lead to infection by diseases
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and other vectors leading to low viability and quality planting seeds in the following planting
season.
If the farmers therefore acquire good knowledge about the right bean seed quality, access the
seed and are made available to them at the right time of planting season, these would result to
increased emergence and growth vigorthus increased yield.
Adjustment of sowing rates by farmers in order to economize in terms of costs and also cover a
larger area of land has led to increased costs in terms of inputs like fertilizer and labor costs but
farmers still get low yields. Then, if the seed quality did not have some potential to influence
crop yield, there would be no need for all these lot of seed certification
This study plans to investigate the effects of seed quality on emergence, growth vigor and yield
on common beans.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 Broad objective
The broad objective is to improve bean production by use of quality bean seed that is high
yielding, disease and pest tolerant or free, tolerant or adaptable to most adverse climatic
conditions leading to improved productivity, profitability and sustainability for food security and
market readiness. This also contributes to alleviation of malnutrition, food insecurity and poverty
among resources poor farmers in the rural.
1.3.2 Main objective
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To determine the affects of seed quality on emergence, growth vigor and yield on common beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris L)
1.3.3 Hypothesis
Quality bean seeds have no effect on emergence, growth vigor and yield of common beans.
CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITRETURE REVIEW
2.1 Origin and botanical description
Common beans have originated in Latin America and have two primary centers of origin in the
Mesoamerica and Andean regions and occur in different types, colors, shapes and sizes. (Singh,
1999)
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) isan annual leguminous plant that belongs to the
genusPhaseolus withpinnately compounded trifoliate large leaves. It is largely self pollinated
plant but though cross pollination is possible if the stigma contacts with pollen coated bee when
extended. Seeds are non endospermic and varygreatly in size and color from the small black, or
mottled seeds to the large brown , white, red, black or mottled seeds of different cultivars, which
are 7-16 mm long (Cobley and Steele, 1976). They show variations in growth habits from
determinate bush to indeterminate, extreme climbing types.
Seed germination, vigor and size have direct or indirect effects on percentage germination,
emergence and time from sowing to emergence. This influence yields by altering plant
population density, spatial arrangement and crop production. Seed vigor is the sum total of those
properties of the seeds which determine the potential level of activity and performance of the
seed or seed lot during germination and seedling emergence.
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If seed quality only affected the percentage emergence the growers could overcome such effects
by adjusting the seed sowing rates. (Ellis R.H., et al.,1992).However, if a seed lot is sown in a
number of occasions and locations emergence will be vary due to different environmental
conditions. Seedling emergence therefore results from a complex interaction of seed quality and
the seedbed environment.
In general, poorer quality seeds will show symptoms typical of seed aging, such as low viability,
reduced germination and emergence rates, poor tolerance to sub optimal conditions and low
seedling growth rates. Seedborne pathogens can adversely affect germination and early seedling
growth to reduce and delay seedling growth. If seedling emergence is inadequate, crop yield will
be reduced and in most situations no amount of efforts and expenses later on crop development
can be compensated for these effects.
There is a clear relationship existing between crop density and yield with yield increasing
asymptotically as the density increases. Therefore the number of seedlings emerging does not
only affect total crop yield, but the size of individual plant and the graded yields, time taken to
reach maturity and uniformity of the plant at maturity ( Finch-Sevege WE, 2010).
Grain weight influences germination, seed vigor, seedling establishment and yield.Seed quality
determines the optimum growth and yield production in the farm which is influenced by many
factors such as genetic characteristics, viability, germination percentage, vigor, moisture content,
storage conditions, survival ability and seed health ( Akbaret al., 2004) . Seedling growing
requires a lot of food reserves to provide energy for dependent growing seedlings on seed
reserves. High seed weights depending on embryo size and seed storages for germination and
emergence increases germination percentage,tillering, density and yields.
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Khan (2003) documented that with increasing in seed weight of Artocarposheterophylus L from
4-6g to 12-14g, the germination percentage increased from about 15% to about 85%. Thus there
is a positive correlation between seed weights and percentage seed germination. Seeds attain
there vigor at the end of seed filling and retain their high quality for some time and thereafter
begin to deteriorate on the mother plant or during storage, loosing viability and vigor. This is
related positively to the ambient temperature, relative humidity and seed moisture content.
When deterioration is advanced, rate and uniformity of germination and seedling emergence and
tolerance to environmental stress decreases (GhassemiGolezaniet al., 2008).
Timely harvesting is crucial for maximum seed viability and vigor. Harvesting too early and or
too late results in seed of reduced quality. The optimum harvest time should be determined very
carefully to maximize both the quality and quantity of seed production with least damage by
observing various indicators of maturity like seed moisture content, morphology traits(color of
seed, pod and fruit), maximum dry weight and growing degree days as used by researchers.
Seed size is a physical indicator of seed quality that affects vegetative growth and is frequently
related to yield, market grade factors and harvest efficiency. Higher vigor that occurs in larger
seeds is due to the larger food storage reserves in the seeds.
2.2 Production requirements
2.2.1 Climatic requirements
Beans are warm season crop and grow in Western, Nyanza, Rift Valley and Central Kenya. In
requires an optimum altitude range between 1000-2100m above sea level. Beans requirea
medium rainfall of 750-4000mm annually as too much rainfall and longer drought spells lead to
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reduced yields. Grows optimally at temperature of 180
-240 C and maximum temperature should
not exceed 300 C especially during flowering as this causes flower abscission, poor pod set, drop
and low yield. Day temperatures below 200
C delay maturity, empty pods and reduced yields.
Beans does well in soil pH of 5.8-6.5 and very sensitive to pH <5.2 soils
Land preparation
Land is cultivated early enough to free it from weeds and ready for planting before rain onset.
Fine soil tilthseedbed is done during secondary cultivation a week before planting.
Planting and fertilizer application
Seed rate is one seed per hole. The rows are spaced at 50cm apart and seeds planted 10cm apart
within the rows for single stand
Done at the onset of rains, as delayed planting lowers yield or crop while late planting lead to
moisture stress in cycle of growth. Sow seeds at a planting depth of 3-6cm deep.
Organic fertilizer (FYM) or inorganic fertilizer is recommended for use during planting. They
are used to supply nitrogen, phosphorous potassium and other essential nutrients for beans since
the soils are low in fertility in most regions of Kenya. FYM at the rate of 15- 20 tones is highly
accepted in areas with low organic matter, applied one week before planting. Inorganic fertilizer
like DAP, TSP and NPK are applied at a rate of about 5g or one bottle top per plant. It is
thoroughly mixed with soil to avoid seed scorching problem.
Weed control -Perform two weeding, the fist one during 2-3 weeks after planting and the second
one two weeks after or before flowering to avoid flower abortion.
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Harvesting and storage- Hand harvest when pods have turned brown and not very dry to avoid
shuttering if the field. Dry, thresh, winnow, sort outbroken and disease/ pest damaged seeds and
dress with insecticides and fungicides.
CHAPTER THREE 3.0MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental site
The study was carried out at Kabete Campus field station, University of Nairobi. The field
station farm lies 1015
’S and 36
044’E and is at an altitude of 1940m. The soils are well drained,
very deep(>180cm), dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay (Gachene,1989). The soil is
classified as a humicNitisols (FAO, 1990, WRB, 2006). There is no surface sealing or crusting
and the profile has clay cutans throughout the B-horizon (Gachene, 1999).
The climate of the study area can be characterized is semi-humid. The ration of annual average rainfall to
annual potential evaporation is 58%. The site experiences a bimodal rainfall distribution with long rains in
mid March- May and the short rains in mid October-December. The mean annual rainfall is 1006mm. the
land is cultivated for horticultural crops such as kales(Brassica oleracea), tomatoes
(Lycopersicumesculatum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), carrots (Daucuscarrota), onions (Allium
fistulosum), fruits tress such as avocados (Persea Americana) and coffee (Coffea Arabica) as cash crops.
3.1.2 Objective: To determine the effects of seed quality on emergence, growth vigor and yield
oncommon beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
3.1.3 Experimental design
The research was carried out using one bean varietyRose coco GLP2of varying seed qualities
which were certified seed, farmer’s saved seed and market bought seed. The experiment was laid
on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments each replicated three
times.
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3.1.4 Planting materials
a) Certified seeds. The bean variety was obtained from recognized seed stockistfrom the
market. These are true to type and are free from pests and diseases. These seeds are
preferred by farmers in the regions because they are tolerant to rust common bacterial
blight (CBB), halo blight, angular leaf spots (ALS), and anthracnose and bean common
mosaic virus (BCMV). It is high yielding potential of 1320-2300Kgs per hector, short
maturity period (80-85 days) and upright growth habit.
b) Market bought and farmer’s saved seed. The seeds were obtained from identified
farmer in the area and other bought from open air market in the area.
3.2 METHOD 3.2.1 Field layout
The three treatments were replicated three times thus making up a total of 9 plots with
experimental plot dimensions of 2.0m × 1.0m. Path width of 0.5m to allow free movement within
all plots and half a meter path left all round the field. The total experimental field dimension was
4.5m by 7.5m making a total area of 33.5m2.
Each plot had 4 rows 50cm apart and seeds planted
at spacing of 10cm apart within the row. Each row then had 10plants making up 40 plants per
plot.The treatments were assigned to each plot randomly through use of CRD method.
Chemical fungicides and insecticides were used in the trial to ensure high-performance of the
bean qualities under optimal condition but this was done after one month after data collection on
white fly infestation. The crops were sprayed after one month using fungicide Milras and the
insecticide Danadim (Dimethoate) in separate application as a preventive measure against insect
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pests and disease. Insecticide delayed to check on effects of bean fly insect infestation. Weeds
were controlled by hand pulling/ weeding.
The usual cultural practices like weeding, pests and disease scouting were observed to ensure
that an even stands of plots. The plants were planted with DAP 18:46:0 (Diammonium
phosphate) fertilizer at the rate of about 5g per plant or one bottle top per plant, applied in one
application during planting.
3.3 DATA COLLECTION
Data was collected on the following parameters;
1. Percentage germination- Percentage germination was recorded by randomly picking
300 seeds and divided into three replications of 100 seeds on a bed of germination paper
in plastic dishes placed in room temperature and germinated seeds counted after 7 days.
2. Percentage emergence- Emergence percentage was recorded by counting the number of
plants after 14 days from planting date from each plot and finding percentage.
3. Number of pods and seeds- Total number of pods per plot were counted and recorded
during harvesting. The seed were counted from each pod with at least one seedin each
plot at harvesting.
4. Plant vigor- Plant vigor was recorded based on a score of 1-4. 1= Poor (small seedling,
weak stems and stunted growth), 2= Moderate, 3=Good and 4= Excellent (tall seedlings,
strong stems and several pods). This data was recorded 60 days after planting by visual
observation.
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5. Cultivar/ genetic purity- This was achieved by randomly selecting three samples of 100
seeds from each treatment and counting the off types and finding the percentage in
planting materials.
6. Seed weight/ size- This was done by randomly selecting 3 samples of 100 seeds from
each seed samples and taking their weights then find the averages.
7. Weight of yield- This was recorded at the time of harvest upon maturation of beans. The
beans were harvested by hand when pods have lost more moisture but not very dry to
avoid shuttering. Each plot was harvested separately and the pods threshed the seeds
dried and weighted. Mean weights then expressed as grams per plot.
An account of range of maturity dates, disease and pest levels are examinedand shape of the pods
determined by visual examination.
3.4 STATISTICALANALYSIS OF DATA
Data was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Genstat package to investigate
the treatment effects. Group / Means comparisons were made using the LSD at 5% level of
significance to test the significant difference between certified, market and farmer seeds.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Seed quality significantly influenced percentage emergence (<0.05) in the field. Seedling
percentage emergence was higher in market seed. However, the difference in emergence
percentage between certified and farmer seeds lots were not statistically significant. (Table 1).
Since there is a strong relationship between the plant density and yield ( GhassemiGolezani,
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1992); optimum stand establishment can potentially improve crop yield under different
environmental conditions
Table 1: Means of the % germination, % emergence, % genetic purity and bean fly
infection.
Seed Quality %
germination
%
emergence
%genetic
purity
% bean fly
infestation
Vigor
Certified Seed 91.67 86.67 100.00 10.58 Good
Farmer Seed 88.33 89.17 82.67 42.99 Poor
Market Seed 92.67 98.33 85.67 11.40 Good
Table 2: Means of 100 seed weight, Number of seeds, Number of pods and yield (g)
Seed Quality 100 seed weight Number of pods Number of seed Yield (g)
Certified Seed 40.873 g 193 616.67 185.23
Farmer Seed 38.451g 164 318.67 70.816
Market Seed. 47.481g 216 644.00 190.38
While the highest final germination percentage was obtained from large and heavier seeds, the
final germination percentage was obtained from small seeds or lighter seeds. This indicates that
heavier seed with larger endosperm enhanced emergence ability and larger bean seeds had
greater supply of stored energy to support early seed growth and consequently its plant status.
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100 grain seed weight for plants from market seed lots was higher than that from high quality
seeds lots. However, the highest grain yield per unit area was recorded for plant market bought
seeds followed by those from certified seeds then farmer saved seeds. (Table 2).
These results clearly indicate the reduction of grain yield per unit area was mainly influenced by
poor stand establishment of plants from farmer saved seeds lots that were highly damaged
bybeanfly (Table 1)
Tabular representation of results
0
50
100
150
200
250
BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3
CERTIFIED SEED
FARMER SEED
MARKET SEED
Means for BLOCKS at different levels of TREATMENT
2
175
150
125
100
75
3
225
1
50
200
BLOCKS
CERTIFIED
FARMER SEED
MARKET SEED
Graph 1: Yield comparisons Graph 2: yield comparisons
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
block 1 block 2 block 3
CERTIFIED
FARMER
MARKET
Number of pods
0
200
400
600
800
1000
BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3
CERTIFIED
FARMER
MARKET
Comparisons of number of seeds per block
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
series 1 series 2 series 3
CERTIFIED
FARMER
MARKET
100 seed weight
Graph 4 :There is increased yield down slope of the field
We
igh
t in
gra
ms
Graph5: Comparisons of 100 seed weights.
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Decreasing grain yield per unit area due to cultivation of low quality seeds were also reported for
soybeans (Saha and Sultan, 2008) and maize (GhassemiGolezani and Dalil, 2011)
It was observed that there is a strong relationship between vigor, seed weight, number of seeds
and number of seeds as they all increased with increase of the other factor leading to increase in
yield. There was no significance difference at (p< 0.05) for yields of market and certified seeds.
The farmer seed aside from having lowest yield also had the least percentage germination and
vigor compared. However, the farmer and market seeds were discolored, different sizes and
varieties, contain inert substances, weeds and damaged by pests. This implies that there is a
challenge to use the farmer saved seed.
These advantages in individual plant performance were not sufficient to compensate for low
stand establishment. Consequently, grain yield per unit area significantly improved with
increasing seed vigor, even within the range of acceptable germination.
4.1 CONCLUSION
It may be concluded from this experiment that positive relation was found between heavier seeds
lot and germination and seedling growth in all the tested parameters. However, standard
germination values can’t be directly used to predict field emergence. This investigation has
revealed that heavier seeds especially from certified seeds have high seedling survival, growth
and establishment under favorable conditions like drought and disease conditions.
Certified seeds showed uniformity in grain size and varietal purity whereas market and farmer
seed showed mixed colors and varied sizes that does not support market appeal and high prices.
Means for BLOCKS at different levels of TREATMENT
2
175
150
125
100
75
3
225
1
50
200
BLOCKS
CERTIFIED
FARMER SEED
MARKET SEED
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Therefore cultivation of high quality seeds is essential for satisfactory high yield production.
Poor stand establishment caused by low seed quality and consequently yield loss in beans.
4.2 RECOMMENDATION
It may be concluded from this experiment that positive relation was found between large seed
that are of high quality and germination, emergence, growth vigor and yield in all the tested
parameters. However, standard germination values can not be directly used to predict field
emergence. The results have revealed that high quality seeds have high seedling survival, growth
and establishment underunfavorable conditions. The result also suggests that the seed vigor
differed among the three seed qualities.
Further studies or research should be conducted over different market samples and information
gathered in different seasons to find seasons that bean seeds from certified seeds can be replanted
by low income rural farmers before yield drops
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CHAPTER 5
REFERENCESES
1. FAOSTAT (2010) : Food and Agricultural Organization at www.fao.org
2. Cobley L.S and W.M. Steele (1976). An Introduction to the botany of tropical crops,
Longman group Limited, London.
3. Leterme,P. and C. Monoz (2000). Factors influencing Pulse Consumption in Latin
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APPENDIX
Variate yield Grams
Source of variation df ss mss v.r Fpr
Blocks 2 6408.4 3204.2 4.52 0.094
Treatment 2 27413.8 13706.9 19.36 0.009
Residual 4 2832.6 708.2 ………. ………
totals 8 36654.8 ………….. ………. ………
LSD= 60.32 ande.s.e 15.36