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8/10/2019 Project Report Actual

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INTRODUCTION

The use of structure is human need from the early past but in early days thedesign of structures was a tedious job with lots of calculations. All the design

work, analysis and calculation were done manually by referring to the designcodes. With the passage of time the design of buildings evolved.With the evolution the design of the buildings became more complicated anddifficult

The complexity of concrete structures and fast-track projects makes a simplifiedstructural model desirable during the preliminary design process. Likewise, inthe preliminary design phase, working with the structure in all its complexity

does not prove to be efficient. Instead, a highly simplified conceptual model ofthe basic structural system is sufficient. To be useful, the model should capturethe essentials of the structural behavior and indicate the way the structurechannels the applied loads in to the foundations. Thus, models and numericalresults obtained from computerized preliminary design are most useful inestimating the behavior of structures. And for avoiding enormous calculationsand errors and saving the time, we can rely on design software such asSTAAD -PRO and ETABS. The software can solve typical problem like Static

analysis, Seismic analysis and Natural frequency. This type of problem can besolved by STAAD-PRO and ETABS along with IS-CODE. Moreover, thegreater advantage is, these software gives more accurate and precise result thanthe manual technique.

I considered a 3D RCC frame of dimensions 30 m X 12 m. 30 m span is in Xdirection and 12 m span is in Z direction. The height of the each floor is 3.7 m.The Y axis consists of 6 floors. The structure is subjected to Self weight dead

load, live load and seismic load. Seismic load calculations are done following IS1893-2000. The materials are specified and cross-sections of the beam andcolumn members were assigned. The supports at the base of the structure weretaken as fixed. The codes of practice to be followed were also specified fordesign purpose with other important details. Then STAAD.Pro and ETABSwere used to analyse the structure .


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engine. The STAAD analysis engine is described in this section. The contents ofan input file are read processed and the results are written to an output file. Inaddition, this also creates plot files for further processing by the graphicmodules in this section, only those portions of the software are covered whichwere actually used in analysing and designing the project structure. The ultimatefor Computerized Structural Engineering, STAAD Pro is the next generation ofthe STAAD product line, the most powerful structural engineering software inthe world. With over 150,000 installations, 15,000 clients, design codes for 30countries and NRC/NUPIC certification, STAAD Pro is the choice of

professional engineers around the world. STAAD Pro includes several newexciting features including integrated shear wall and two-way slab design, a full

backup manager, physical members and moment connections for steel designand the ability to write macros inside of STAAD for further customization. Hereare some short descriptions on the new features in STAAD Pro.

Staad is powerful design software licensed by Bentley .Staad stands forstructural analysis and design. Any object which is stable under a given loadingcan be considered as structure. So first find the outline of the structure, where asanalysis is the estimation of what are the type of loads that acts on the beam and

calculation of shear force and bending moment comes under analysis stage.Design phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist theload. This we do after the analysis. To calculate s.f.d and b.m.d of a complexloading beam it takes about an hour. So when it comes into the building withseveral members it will take a week. Staad pro is a very powerful tool whichdoes this job in just an hour s. Staad is a best alternative for high rise buildings.

Now days most of the high rise buildings are designed by staad which makes acompulsion for a civil engineer to know about this software. This software can

be used to carry rcc, steel, bridge, truss etc according to various country codes.

Limitations of Staad pro

1. Huge output data2. Even analysis of a small beam creates large output.3. Unable to show plinth beams .


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1.2.2 Introduction to ETABSETABS is sophisticated software for analysis and design program developedspecifically for building systems. ETABS features an intuitive and powerfulgraphical interface coupled with unmatched modeling, analytical, and design

procedures, all integrated using common database. Although quick and easy forsimple structures, ETABS can also handle the largest and most complex

building models, including a wide range of nonlinear behaviors, making it thetool of choice for structural engineers in the building industry. The innovativeand revolutionary ETABS is the ultimate integrated software package for thestructural analysis and design of buildings. ETABS offers unmatched 3D object

based modelling and visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and nonlinearanalytical power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for awide-range of materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and schematicdrawings that allow users to quickly and easily decipher and understandanalysis and design results.

From the start of design conception through the production of schematicdrawings, ETABS integrates every aspect of the engineering design process.Creation of models has never been easier - intuitive drawing commands allowfor the rapid generation of floor and elevation framing. CAD drawings can be

converted directly into ETABS models or used as templates onto which ETABSobjects may be overlaid. Design of steel and concrete frames (with automatedoptimization), composite beams, composite columns, steel joists, and concreteand masonry shear walls is included, as is the capacity check for steelconnections and base plates. Models may be realistically rendered, and allresults can be shown directly on the structure. Comprehensive and customizablereports are available for all analysis and design output, and schematicconstruction drawings of framing plans, schedules, details, and cross-sections

may be generated for concrete and steel structures. ETABS provides an unequalsuite of tools for structural engineers designing buildings, whether they areworking on one-story industrial structures or the tallest commercial high-rises.


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1.4 Statement of project

Table 1:- Salient features of Buildings

Sr No. Salient features1 Utility of building Office building2 No of stories 53 Shape of the building Rectangular4 No. of rooms 5 halls5 Type of construction R.C.C framed structure6 Types of walls brick wall

Table 2:- Geometric details

Sr No. Geometric details

1 Floor to floor height 4.0m

2 Height of plinth 4.0 m

3 Size of column 0.5 m x 0.5 m

4 Size of beam B1 0.35m x 0.70 m

5 Size of beam B2 0.25m x 0.50m

6 Size of beam B3 0.30m x 0.50m

Table 3:- Material details

Sr No. Material details

1 Concrete grade M252 Steel grade Fe415


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1.5 Design of multi storied residential building

A structure can be defined as a body which can resist the applied loads withoutappreciable deformations. Civil engineering structures are created to serve some

specific functions like human habitation, transportation, bridges, storage etc. ina safe and economical way. A structure is an assemblage of individual elementslike pinned elements (truss elements), beam element, column, shear wall slabcable or arch. Structural engineering is concerned with the planning, designingand the construction of structures.

Structure analysis involves the determination of the forces anddisplacements of the structures or components of a structure. Design process

involves the selection and detailing of the components that make up thestructural system. The main object of reinforced concrete design is to achieve astructure that will result in a safe economical solution. The column and beamdesign is done using limit state method.


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CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW

SukumarBehera, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (May 2012)

studied the behavior of multistory building with and without floating column isstudied under different earthquake excitation. The compatible time history andElcentro earthquake data been considered with PGA scaled to 0.2g and durationof excitation kept same. A finite element model was developed to study thedynamic behavior of multistory frame. The static and free vibration results andthe dynamic analysis of frame is studied by varying the column dimension andconcluded that with increase in ground floor column the maximumdisplacement, inter storey drift values are reduced. The base shear and

overturning moment vary with the change in column dimension

Mr.S.Mahesh, Mr.Dr.B.Panduranga Rao (Department of CivilEngineering/ V R Siddhartha Engineering College, India) performedanalysis and design of regular and irregular configuration of residential G+11multistory building in various seismic zones and various types of soils usingETABS and STAAD Pro V8i. The behavior of G+11 multistory building ofregular and irregular configuration under wind loads assumed to actsimultaneously with earth quake loads. The analysis carried out by consideringdifferent seismic zones and for each zone the behavior is assessed by takingthree different types of soils namely Hard, Medium and Soft. When comparedthe both the regular and irregular configuration, concluded that the base shearvalue is more in the regular configuration as the structure have moresymmetrical dimensions and the story drift value is more in the regularconfiguration as the structure has more dimensions. Finally when compared the

both softwares the STAAD PROV8i has more value. The area of the steel is 5to 10%.

Prashanth.P, Anshuman.S, Pandey.R.K, Arpan Herbert(2012) Compareddesign results of a Structure designed using STAAD and ETABS, regular and a

plan irregular (as per IS 1893) multi storey building structure designed usingSTAAD Pro and ETABS softwares separately and concluded that ETABS gavelesser area of required steel as compared to STAAD Pro. Form the design

results of column; since the required steel for the column forces in this particular problem is less than the minimum steel limit of column (i.e., 0.8%),


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the amount of steel calculated by both the softwares is equal. So comparison ofresults for this case is not possible.

K.Aslam, Sri Venkateshwar college of engineering and technology,

Chennai (Apri, 2012) performed seismic analysis and design of multi storeyhospital building with the earthquake resistant design consideration. Seismicanalysis and design were done by using ETABS software and verified manuallyas per IS 1893-2002 the provision of shear wall in the staircase and lift regionhave the ultimate shear resistance, the total base shear produced by the earthquake for that maximum percentage of the shear resistance produced by theshear wall and the remaining shear resistance produced by the columns.

Ashis Debashish Behera, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (May-2012) performed 3-D analysis and design of building frame using STAAD Proand compared between two 30-storey building taking same beam and columnsize using different load combination and concluded that the top beams of a

building in seismic load combination required more reinforcement than the building under wind load combination but the deflection and shear bending ismore in wind load combination as compared to seismic. But in lower beamsmore reinforcement is required for wind load combination. For column the areaof steel and percentage of steel always greater required for wind loadcombination than the seismic load combination. The deflection value is more inWL combination than the SL combination.

AbhayGuleria, Deptt. Of Civil Engineering, J.N.G.E.C., Sundernagar,India studied structural analysis of a multi-storeyed building using ETABS fordifferent plan configurations, the analysis of the multi-storeyed buildingreflected that the storey overturning moment varies inversely with storey height.Moreover, L-shape, I-shape type buildings give almost similar response againstthe overturning moment. Storey drift displacement increased with storey heightup to 6th storey reaching to maximum value and then started decreasing. Fromdynamic analysis, mode shapes are generated and it can be concluded thatasymmetrical plans undergo more deformation than symmetrical plans.Asymmetrical plans should be adopted considering into gaps and asymmetrical

plans undergo more deformation and hence symmetrical plans must be adheredto.


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CHAPTER-3

LOADINGS

3.1 Load Conditions and Structural System Response

The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of building loadsand their effect on the structural response of typical wood-framed homes.Building loads can be divided into types based on the orientation of thestructural action or forces that they induce: vertical and horizontal (i.e., lateral)loads. Classification of loads are described in the following sections

3.2 Building Loads Categorized by Orientation :

Types of loads

1. Vertical Loads2. Dead (gravity)

3. Live (gravity)4. Snow(gravity)5. Wind(uplift on roof)6. Seismic and wind (overturning)7. Seismic( vertical ground motion)

3.2.1 Horizontal (Lateral) Loads

Direction of loads is horizontal w.r.t to the building.1. Wind2. Seismic (horizontal ground motion)3. Flood (static and dynamic hydraulic forces4. Soil (active lateral pressure)


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3.2.2 Vertical Loads

Gravity loads act in the same direction as gravity (i.e., downward or vertically)and include dead, live, and snow loads. They are generally static in nature andusually considered a uniformly distributed or concentrated load. Thus,determining a gravity load on a beam or column is a relatively simple exercisethat uses the concept of tributary areas to assign loads to structural elements,including the dead load (i.e., weight of the construction) and any appliedloads(i.e., live load).

3.2.3 Lateral Loads

The primary loads that produce lateral forces on buildings are attributable toforces associated with wind, seismic ground motion, floods, and soil. Wind andseismic lateral loads apply to the entire building. Lateral forces from wind aregenerated by positive wind pressures on the windward face of the building and

by negative pressures on the leeward face of the building, creating a combined push and-pull effect. Seismic lateral forces are generated by a structuresresponse to cyclic ground movement. The magnitude of the seismic shear (i.e.,

lateral) load depends on the magnitude of the ground motion, the buildingsmass, and the dynamic structural response characteristics (i.e., dampening,ductility, natural period of vibration, etc).for houses and other similar low risestructures, Lateral loads also produce an overturning moment that must be offset

by the dead load and connections of the building. Therefore, overturning forceson connections designed to restrain components from rotating or the buildingfrom overturning must be considered .

3.3 Design loads for residential buildingsLoads are a primary consideration in any building design because they definethe nature and magnitude of hazards are external forces that a building mustresist to provide a reasonable performance(i.e., safety and serviceability)throughout the structures useful life. The anticipated loads are influenced by a

buildings intended use (occupancy and function), configuration (size andshape) and location(climate and site conditions).Ultimately, the type and

magnitude of design loads affect critical decisions such as material collection,construction details and architectural configuration.


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Thus, to optimize the value (i.e., performance versus economy) of thefinished product, it is essential to apply design loads realistically. While the

buildings considered in this guide are primarily single-family detached and andattached dwellings, the principles and concepts related to building loads alsoapply to other similar types of construction, such as low-rise apartment

buildings.

Since building codes tend to vary in their treatment of design loads the designershould, as a matter of due diligence, identify variances from both local accepted

practice and the applicable code relative to design loads as presented in thisguide, even though the variances may be considered technically sound.Complete design of a home typically requires the evaluation of several differenttypes of materials.

3.3.1 Dead Loads

Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads compressingthe roof, floor, wall, and foundation systems, including claddings, finishes andfixed equipment. Dead load is the total load of all of the components of the

components of the building that generally do not change over time, such as thesteel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc.

3.3.2 Live Loads

Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads includethose from human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and

construction and maintenance activities .

3.3.3 Floor load

Floor load is calculated based on the load on the slabs. Assignment of floor loadis done by creating a load case for floor load.


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3.3.4 Wind loads

In the list of loads we can see wind load is present both in vertical andhorizontal loads. This is because wind load causes uplift of the roof by creatinga negative (suction) pressure on the top of the roof. Wind produces non staticloads on a structure at highly variable magnitudes. The variation in pressures atdifferent locations on a building is complex to the point that pressures may

become too analytically intensive for precise consideration in design. Therefore,wind load specifications attempt to amplify the design problem by considering

basic static pressure zones on a building representative of peak loads that arelikely to be experienced. The peak pressures in one zone for a given winddirection may not, However, occur simultaneously in other zones. For some

pressure zones, the peak pressure depends on an arrow range of wind direction.Therefore, the wind directionality effect must also be factored into determiningrisk consistent wind loads on buildings .

3.3.5 Load combinations

All the load cases are tested by taking load factors and analysing the building in

different load combination as per IS 456 and analysed the building for all theload combinations and results are taken and maximum load combination isselected for the design Load factors as per IS456-2000

There are many structural design softwares available out in the market towork with. All these structural design software have different functions and wayof doing work and performing analysis as well. This structural design softwareare made to design and analysis of a building, bridges, culverts, etc. and thesestructural design software are like Staad-Pro, Etabs, SAP 2000, etc.

The load Combinations are

LOAD 1 Seismic - EQX

LOAD 2 Seismic - EQZ

LOAD 3 Dead - DEAD LOAD

LOAD 4 Live - LIVE LOAD

LOAD COMB 5 1.5(DL+LL)

DL x 1.5 and LL x 1.5


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LOAD COMB 6 1.2(DL +LL)

DL x 1.2, LL x 1.2

LOAD COMB 7 1.2(GL+EQX)

DL x 1.2, LL x 1.2, EQX x 1.2

LOAD COMB 8 1.2(GL+EQZ)

DL x 1.2, LL x 1.2, EQZ x 1.2

LOAD COMB 9 1.2(GL-EQX)

DL x 1.2, LL x 1.2, EQX x(-1.2)

LOAD COMB 10 1.2(GL-EQZ)DL x 1.2 LL x 1.2 EQZ x (-1.2)


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CHAPTER 4METHODOLOGY

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