project on open source software

8/8/2019 Project on Open Source Software

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The Role of Open

Source in

Todays Software

Industry

Project by:-

Pranav Malhotra 8097.BBS 2-C

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I N D E X

What is Open Source ? 3

Open Source vs Free Software. 5

Mandatory Industrial Requirements. 6

Linux and its impact on software industry. 10

The Growing Share of Linux Ecosystem. 16

Apache HTTP Server.19

Comparative Features. 21

The future of open source. 23

Bibliography.

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What is Open Source?

Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to

the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others

consider it a pragmatic methodology. Before the term open source became widely

adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open

source gained hold with the rise of the Internet, and the attendant need for massive

retooling of the computing source code. Opening the source code enabled a self-

enhancing diversity of production models, communication paths, and interactive

communities. Subsequently, a new, three-word phrase "open source software" was born

to describe the environment that the new copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer

issues created.

What is Open Source Software ?

Open-source Software is computer software that is available in source code form forwhich the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are

provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the

software. Open source licenses meet the requirements of the Open Source Definition.

Some open source software is available within the public domain. Open source software

is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open-source software is the

most prominent example of open-source development and often compared to (technically

defined) user-generated content or (legally defined) open content movements. The term

open-source software originated as part of a marketing campaign for free software. A

report by Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has

resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers.

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Open Source viz-a-vi Free Software

Open source is a development methodology; free software is a social movement

Critics have said that the term open source fosters an ambiguity of a different kind

such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use,

modify, and redistribute it. Developers have used the alternative terms Free/open

source Software (FOSS), or Free/Libre/open source Software (FLOSS),

consequently, to describe open source software which is also free software.

The term open source was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the

term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists . The OSI would prefer that

people treat Open Source as if it were a trademark, and use it only to describe

software licensed under an OSI approved license. OSI Certified is a trademark

licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSS


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on the Open Source Initiative's list.

Open source software and free software are different terms for software which

comes with certain rights, or freedoms, for the user. They describe two approaches

andphilosophiestowards free software. Open source and free software (or software

libre) both describe software which is free from onerous licensing restrictions. It

may be used, copied, studied, modified and redistributed without restriction. Free

software is not the same as freeware, software available at zero price.

The definition of open source software was written to be almost identical to the free

software definition. There are very few cases of software that is free software but is

not open source software, and vice versa. The difference in the terms is where they

place the emphasis. Free software is defined in terms of giving the user freedom.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Initiativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Initiativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_definition


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This reflects the goal of the free software movement. Open source highlights that

the source code is viewable to all and proponents of the term usually emphasize the

quality of the software and how this is caused by the development models which are

possible and popular among free and open source software projects.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement


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Mandatory Industrial Requirements to be complied to Qualify

as Open source Software.

Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code.

The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following

criteria:

1. Free Redistribution

The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as

a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from

several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for

such sale.

2. Source Code

The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code

as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with

source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code

for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the

Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a

programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is

not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator

are not allowed.

3. Derived Works

The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to

be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

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4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code

The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only

if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for thepurpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly

permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may

require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the

original software.

5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups

The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor.

The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific

field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in

a business, or from being used for genetic research.

7. Distribution of License

The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is

redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those

parties.

8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product

The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of

a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution

and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to

whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are

granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.

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9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software

The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along

with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all otherprograms distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.

10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral

No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual

technology or style of interface.

Courtesy- http://opensource.org/docs/osd.

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http://opensource.org/docs/osdhttp://opensource.org/docs/osd


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Linux and its Impact on other Operating system Industry.

Today's academics and business professors are constantly reminding us of Schumpeter's

work (Hamel 1998), the need to re-invent your industry or to change the rules of your

game (Markides 1998). These essential strategies for today's competitive and innovative

companies have typically been found in the software manufacturing industry; with such

profit-seeking corporations as Microsoft, IBM, Cisco systems and Sun Microsystems.

However in the early 1990's a new organisational form embracing the open-sourcemovement radically challenged the supremacy of large multinationals; this organisation is

called Linux. The software industry typically sees new organisational forms occurring

quickly and establishing strong market dominance, however Linux went against many of

the traditional concepts typically thought of as the norm in the software industry. This

paper will establish the development of Linux, complexity theory and its relationship to

Linux, the Linux business model, rules governing Linux and the possible lessons that

future managers can learn. Comprehensive ranges of secondary sources have been used to

compile a detailed but accurate picture of this fascinating story of Linux.

The very origins of Linux lie in the open-source model created by Richard Stallman, who

in the early 1980's when working at MIT became extremely unhappy with the proprietary

approach to software development. Stallman found that when he was trying to develop

new software for Xerox printers, Xerox refused to provide the vital source code making

modification extremely difficult. Stallman saw the future of software manufacturing as

taking this very industrialist approach whereby large software manufacturers kept theirvital source code (product knowledge) from their customers/competitors in order to gain

competitive advantage and standardisation. Stallman believed that the source code should

be freely available and soon left his job at MIT and developed his own project called

GNU with a free operating code using a specific variation of Unix. Open-source was born

whereby the source-code would be provided with the operating platform and 'copy-left'

was introduced where 'copyrighting a program and then adding specific distribution terms

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that give everyone the right to use, modify and distribute the code' (Lighthouse case

Study 1999). Stallman saw the development of software as a public utility not one which

is dominated by public companies - who didn't always produce the most functional

software.

Linus Torvalds first discovered a Unix like program called Minix while studying at

University in Helsinki, Finland. Linus posted his new Unix-like kernel on the Internet

and asked for suggestions on what people 'disliked/liked about Minix...and for any

practical solutions' (Moody 2001), whilst maintaining that the operating system was free.

At this stage the Linux community was created and as a result of which actors in the

community could communicate to Linus via the technological infrastructure of the

Internet. Ironically the success of Linux as an open source project was heavily dependenton another open source project for its success the Internet. 'The World Wide Web has

made it possible to implement virtually any conceivable scheme for organising Linux

information' (Browne 1997). The following diagram shows why:

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Traditional companies often have to compromise between the richness

(quality of information) and the reach of information (number of

people reached). However the Internet and most specifically the

proliferation of e-mail ensured that the trade-off between the richness

and reach was minimal as the diagram depicts. Therefore actors in the

Linux community could be in Brazil, America or Europe and still be

exchanging highly detailed information 24 hours a day, seven days a

week and, most importantly, when they felt motivated.

The open source movement within the Linux community supported by

the Internet enabled more and more hackers to contribute to the Linux

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project and ultimately adding more lines of code to the Linux kernel.

As the community grew so did the reliability, functionality, complexity

and commercial suitability of the Linux operating code. However the

open source movement and the social co-ordination of the Linux

project meant that individuals were more interested in personnel

reputation and open source ideologies of the hacker community rather

than personal financial gains. The open source movement is highly

visible and individual hackers are mainly motivated by 'developing a

name for themselves or enhancing a reputation.This led to one of the

main advantages Linux had over contemporary software

manufacturers in that millions of similar like-minded individuals can

add to the community with different perspectives increasing the

probability that any bugs will be fixed through incremental

improvements. The following diagram depicts the virtuous value chain

within Linux from the release of the operating code to evolutionary,

self-organising cycle that makes the Linux open source community so

formidable.

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The Growing Share of Linux Ecosystem as of 2010

Extracts from a report by International Data Corporation (IDC)

Today Linux has clearly earned its stripes as an enterprise solution running infrastructure-

oriented workloads, and over the past few years, it has been making a steady transition

into a solution used as the foundation for business-oriented workloads. In parallel with

this workload transition, the industry has seen a healthy evolution of an ecosystem

consisting of related software, hardware, and support services surrounding Linux. This

ecosystem grew to over $21 billion in 2007 and is expected to more than double in

revenue by 2011.

Figure 1 shows the ecosystem enabled by the Linux SOE. The growth shown in Figure 1

is driven by three major components: software, hardware, and services. IDCs projection

calls for software revenue to grow faster than either hardware or services revenue. This

forecast takes into consideration the shift from infrastructure-oriented workloads to more

mainstream business-oriented workloads.

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IDC believes that systems integration activities represent the largest opportunity for

Linux and open source services, including migration, integration, and deployment. IT

education and training services remain one of the smallest open source opportunities but

are often considered a door opener to more value-added services such as consulting or

systems integration. IDC anticipates that the demand for services related to open source

products will grow above the market average for all IT services because of the relative

early position on the technology adoption curve that open source solutions hold today. Of

particular note, total software revenue on the Linux platform, at $10 billion today,currently accounts for 4% of an overall total of $242 billion. That share is expected to

grow to more than 9% by 2011, or $31 billion in Linux-related software revenue in a total

market that will grow to $330 billion.

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The graphs are sourced from IDC (2010).

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Apache HTTP Server

The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache is web serversoftware

notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. In 2009 it

became the first web server software to surpass the 100 million web site

milestone. Apache was the first viable alternative to the Netscape Communications

Corporation web server (currently known as Oracle iPlanet Web Server), and has since

evolved to rival otherUnix-based web servers in terms of functionality and performance.

The majority of web servers using Apache run a Unix-like operating system.

Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the

auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. The application is available for a wide

variety ofoperating systems, including Unix, GNU, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris,Novell

NetWare, Mac OS X,Microsoft Windows, OS/2,TPF, and eComStation. Released under

the Apache License, Apache is characterized as open-source software.

Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP server software in use. As of

February 2010 Apache served over 54.46% of allwebsites and over 66% of the million

busiest.

Apache is primarily used to serve both static content and dynamic Web pages on

the World Wide Web. Many web applications are designed expecting the

environment and features that Apache provides.

Apache is redistributed as part of various proprietary software packages including

the Oracle Database and the IBM WebSphereapplication server. Mac OS Xintegrates Apache as its built-in web server and as support for

its WebObjects application server. It is also supported in some way by Borland in

the Kylix and Delphi development tools. Apache is included withNovell

NetWare 6.5, where it is the default web server. Apache is included with many

Linux distributions.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_iPlanet_Web_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-likehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Processing_Facilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_WebSpherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebObjectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylix_programming_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland_Delphihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_iPlanet_Web_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-likehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Processing_Facilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_WebSpherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebObjectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylix_programming_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland_Delphihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWare


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Apache is used for many other tasks where content needs to be made available

in a secure and reliable way. One example is sharing files from a personal

computer over the Internet. A user who has Apache installed on their desktop can

put arbitrary files in Apache's document root which can then be shared.

Programmers developing web applications often use a locally installed version of

Apache in order to preview and test code as it is being developed.

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Comparative features

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Apache Vs Microsoft ISS

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The future for open source

Looking forward, I believe that users have an important role to play in creating

and sustaining our grid and cluster technology base. If users are serious about

avoiding vendor lock-in and keeping costs low, then they need to be more

aggressive in supporting grid and cluster standards (and thus encouraging

competition), and/or in adopting and supporting open source solutions (to ensure

a vibrant open source software base).

They should also demand more from open source suppliers in terms of end-to-end solutions. There are success stories out there: in addition, to UniCluster, I

can mention the work of caBIG, the MEDICUS system for sharing medical

images, MPIG for distributed application execution, Taverna and Kepler for

workflow, and the Virtual Data Toolkit and the LHC Computing Grid stacks for

processing high energy physics data (among many others). But we need more

such, so that we can expand the set of user needs addressed by turnkey

solutions and thus reduce barriers to entry.

In science, where commercial solutions do not always meet unique requirements,

more thought is needed on long-term sustainability of open source software.

While there are some bright spots in this regardfor example, the US NSFs

Office of Cyberinfrastructure support of Globus and Condor, and the UK OMIIs

support of OGSA-DAI and Tavernathe overall situation is less than ideal. A lot

of money is being spent, but too much of that funding goes to projects where

code is developed for some specific short-term purpose and then discarded when

a project finishes. Thats too bad. A more sensible strategy would relate all

projects to an overall strategy of building and sustaining a broadly useful grid

computing platform. Perhaps it is time to revisit priorities and plan international

cooperation aimed at meeting application needs.

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Bibliography.

www.opensource.org

en.wikipedia.org

sourceforge.net

www.wikinvest.com

linux-india.org/

www.kernel.org/

www.lpi.org

httpd.apache.org.

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http://www.opensource.org/http://www.opensource.org/http://www.opensource.org/http://www.opensource.org/http://www.wikinvest.com/http://www.lpi.org/http://www.opensource.org/http://www.wikinvest.com/http://www.lpi.org/

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