project on london city

7/25/2019 Project on London city.

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Hist

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History


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The 18th century was a period of rapid growth for London,reecting an increasing national population, the early stirringsof the Industrial Revolution, and London's role at the centre ofthe evolving British Empire.In 1!, an "ct of #nion was passed merging the $arliament of%cotland and the $arliament of England, thus esta&lishing he

(ingdom of )reat Britain.London entered the 20th century at the height of itsinuence as the capital of one of the largest empires in history,&ut the new century was to &ring many challenges.London's population continued to grow rapidly in the early

decades of the century, and pu&lic transport was greatlye*panded. " large tram networ+ was constructed &y theLondon ounty ouncil, through the L ramways.


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$eople produced the &ul+ of their own food, clothing,furniture and tools. -ost manufacturing was done inhomes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simplemachines. " num&er of factors contri&uted to Britains

role as the &irthplace of the Industrial Revolution. /orone, it had great deposits of coal and iron ore, whichproved essential for industriali0ation. "dditionally,Britain was a politically sta&le society, as well as the

worlds leading colonial power, which meant its coloniescould serve as a source for raw materials, as well as amar+etplace for manufactured goods.


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Industriali0ation mar+ed a shift

to powered, specialpurposemachinery, factories and massproduction. he iron and te*tileindustries, along with thedevelopment of the steamengine, played central roles in

the Industrial Revolution, whichalso saw improved systems oftransportation, communicationand &an+ing. 2hileindustriali0ation &rought a&outan increased volume and variety

of manufactured goods and animproved standard of living.

London's changing role as a

world city in the twentiethcentury is reected in thechanging nature of employmentin the capital. In 13!! it was thelargest and wealthiest city theworld had ever +nown, con4dent

in its role as the governing,trading and commercial heart ofthe British Empire. It was alsoBritain's &iggest industrial city,with a wide range ofmanufacturing trades and agrowing consumer mar+et.


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he te*tile industry, inparticular, was transformed&y industriali0ation. Beforemechani0ation and factories,

te*tiles were made mainly inpeoples homes 5giving riseto the term cottage industry6,with merchants oftenproviding the raw materials

and &asic e7uipment, andthen pic+ing up the 4nishedproduct. In the 1!!s, aseries of innovations led toeverincreasing productivity,while re7uiring less humanenergy.

$eople's e*pectations of wor+have changed. %taying withthe same employer for manyyears is much less common,

and despite reductions in thewor+ing wee+ surveys showthat most Londoners in factwor+ longer hours now thanthey would have done 4ftyyears ago. -ost people earn

more &ut feel they have towor+ harder.


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In the midnineteenth

century, 8enry -ayhewwrote several volumes onthe London la&our, andcompiled long lists of thosewho made a living from

crime. -any of whom helisted as 9criminals were infact poor people who lived&y stealing lead from roofs,food from shops, lumps ofcoal, and clothes drying onhedges. here were otherswho were more s+illed attheir trade, e*pert at their:o&s.

2ith the development

and &etter :o&opportunities the no.of people who earnedtheir living &y stealing

declined .


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"s London grew, crime ourished. 2e are toldthat ;!,!!! criminals were living in London in the1


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he Industrial Revolution &rought a&out agreater volume and variety of factoryproducedgoods and raised the standard of living formany people, particularly for the middle and

upper classes. 8owever, life for the poor andwor+ing classes continued to &e 4lled withchallenges. "dditionally, ur&an, industriali0edareas were una&le to +eep pace with the ow ofarriving wor+ers from the countryside, resultingin inade7uate, overcrowded housing andpolluted, unsanitary living conditions in whichdisease was rampant.


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=uring the 1evertheless most towns stillhad populations of less than1!,!!!. 8owever in the late1orth of Englandmushroomed. -eanwhile thepopulation of London grew tonearly 1 million &y the end ofthe century.

In the starting of the ;!th

century wor+ing class homeshad two rooms downstairs.he front room and the &ac+room. he front room was+ept for &est and childrenwere not allowed to play

there. In the front room thefamily +ept their &estfurniture and ornaments.he &ac+ room was the+itchen and it was where thefamily spent most of their

time. -ost families coo+edon a coal4red stove called arange, which also heated theroom.


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"t the end of the seventeenth century most Londonerstravelled to wor+ and to their shops and mar+ets on foot. Bythe &eginning of the twentieth century there were still largenum&ers of pedestrians &ut the e*pansion of the metropolismeant that thousands commuted daily from the su&ur&s &y

omni&us, tram, railway and even steam&oat.he transportation industryalso underwent signi4canttransformation during theIndustrial Revolution. Beforethe advent of the steamengine, raw materials and4nished goods were hauledand distri&uted via horsedrawn wagons, and &y &oatsalong canals and rivers. Inthe early 1


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he 1


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In 1


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"t the &eginning of the nineteenth century London

was the largest city in Europe. "s the centre ofgovernment of a massive empire, London continuedto grow at a phenomenal rateG in geographical si0e,in the num&ers of souls it contained, and in its

economic prosperity. But for all its wealth and&rightly lit palaces, there remained districts ofe*treme poverty and s7ualor. )overned &y theLondon ounty ouncil, the city entered thetwentieth century facing new challenges, including

the dangers posed &y motorised traHc and thedirect action committed &y the %uragettes.


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In 1

damage was caused to atholic churches and homes,and ;


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#p until1@!, London

Bridge was the onlycrossing overthe hames, &ut inthat year 2estminsterBridge was opened

and, for the 4rst timein history, LondonBridge, in a sense,had a rival.

%ome, such as treasonor murder, were seriouscrimes. he death

sentence could &epassed for pic+ingpoc+ets, stealing &reador cutting down a tree.

-inor crime waspunished &y &eing sentto prisons, sometimestransported a&road fortheft, whipped in pu&lic.


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he ;!th century will &e remem&eredfor the impact of its technologicaldevelopments. $rogress was already

under way with new technologyemerging in factories and oHces.

hese developments helped

transform clerical and manual wor+.he automation of these tas+sreduced the amount of la&our andtime needed and made the results

more accurate.


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he 4rst mail coach runs from

Bristol to London in 1orwich,=over, $ortsmouth, 8ereford,%wansea and 8olyhead.Edin&urgh is added in 1


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project on london city

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