progressivism takes hold. theodore roosevelt and the modern presidency section 3

Progressivism Takes Progressivism Takes Hold Hold

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern and the Modern

PresidencyPresidency

Section 3Section 3

JP MorganJP Morgan

February 25February 25thth, 1901, 1901

Great day for JP Morgan!Great day for JP Morgan!– Formed the world’s first billion dollar Formed the world’s first billion dollar

corporation (US Steel)corporation (US Steel)– Controlled 60% of nation’s steel-making Controlled 60% of nation’s steel-making

capacitycapacity Frightening day for manyFrightening day for many

– 168,000 steelworkers: 12-hour days, 168,000 steelworkers: 12-hour days, dangerous conditionsdangerous conditionsHow low would wages go?How low would wages go?How high would prices go?How high would prices go?

Who could control Who could control JP Morgan???JP Morgan???

Who was big and powerful enough to Who was big and powerful enough to protect citizens from JP Morgan’s protect citizens from JP Morgan’s growing power?growing power?

The government!The government!

Most people did not expect this to Most people did not expect this to happen, though, based on the past.happen, though, based on the past.

Things are about to change!Things are about to change!

Who was Theodore Roosevelt?Who was Theodore Roosevelt?Early Life/Political CareerEarly Life/Political Career

Graduated from Graduated from Harvard in 1880Harvard in 1880

Friends made fun Friends made fun of him for entering of him for entering politics but he was politics but he was elected to New elected to New York State York State AssemblyAssembly– Reelected twiceReelected twice


T.R.’s wife died in childbirth in 1884 T.R.’s wife died in childbirth in 1884 right after his mother died.right after his mother died.– Left politics, moved out west and ran Left politics, moved out west and ran

cattle ranchescattle ranches 1886: returned East to politics and 1886: returned East to politics and

held various gov’t positionsheld various gov’t positions– Civil service commissioner, assistant Civil service commissioner, assistant

secretary of navysecretary of navy


Remember the Spanish American Remember the Spanish American War?War?– Organized Organized Rough Riders Rough Riders which made which made

him a national herohim a national hero– 1898: became governor of NY1898: became governor of NY– Popular with Popular with ranchers in the West ranchers in the West and and

reformers in the citiesreformers in the citiesMcKinley picked him as VPMcKinley picked him as VP

Roosevelt and McKinleyRoosevelt and McKinley

Considered VP a “do-nothing” Considered VP a “do-nothing” positionposition– New York’s Republican party and New York’s Republican party and

political bosses wanted him out of NYpolitical bosses wanted him out of NY– Never thought he would go further in Never thought he would go further in

politicspolitics

““Don’t any of you realize that there’s only Don’t any of you realize that there’s only one life between that madman and the one life between that madman and the Presidency?”Presidency?”

Roosevelt and McKinleyRoosevelt and McKinley

Roosevelt commanded attention Roosevelt commanded attention wherever he went:wherever he went:

““a steam engine in trousersa steam engine in trousers”” McKinley was reserved and had very McKinley was reserved and had very

moderate policiesmoderate policies

McKinley assassinated on September McKinley assassinated on September 6, 1901…6, 1901…

Roosevelt becomes president!Roosevelt becomes president!

Transformed the presidency:Transformed the presidency:– Energetic speeches – Americans saw Energetic speeches – Americans saw

him as a “take-charge” presidenthim as a “take-charge” president

– He viewed presidency as a “bully pulpit” He viewed presidency as a “bully pulpit” to preach his own ideas.to preach his own ideas.

Roosevelt as PresidentRoosevelt as President

In his speeches, he strongly In his speeches, he strongly supported progressive reforms but….supported progressive reforms but….

In practice, he was more moderate in In practice, he was more moderate in his actions.his actions.

Persuaded the public he was a Persuaded the public he was a reformer while reassuring business reformer while reassuring business that he was conservative.that he was conservative.– Ex: supported progressive labor legislation as Ex: supported progressive labor legislation as

governor but threatened to control strikers governor but threatened to control strikers with armed troops as president!with armed troops as president!


““We Republicans hold the just We Republicans hold the just balance and set our faces as balance and set our faces as resolutely against the improper resolutely against the improper corporate influence on the one hand corporate influence on the one hand as against demagogy and mob rule as against demagogy and mob rule on the other.”on the other.”


Late 1800s: weak Presidents, strong Late 1800s: weak Presidents, strong CongressesCongresses

Roosevelt not weak at all!Roosevelt not weak at all! He will employ full powers of his He will employ full powers of his

office to get around any office to get around any congressional oppositioncongressional opposition, , becoming the “first modern becoming the “first modern president.”president.”

Teddy Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt the Progressivethe Progressive

T.R. will devise the T.R. will devise the Square DealSquare Deal::

Plan for America Plan for America focusing on focusing on conservation of conservation of natural resources, natural resources, regulation of big regulation of big business, and business, and protecting protecting consumers.consumers.

Roosevelt: Roosevelt: Managing Natural ResourcesManaging Natural Resources

This was the area in which he This was the area in which he probably had the greatest impact.probably had the greatest impact.

He viewed America’s minerals, He viewed America’s minerals, animals, and rugged terrain as animals, and rugged terrain as priceless national resourcespriceless national resources– Must be protected from greedy private Must be protected from greedy private

developers!developers!

Roosevelt:Roosevelt:Managing Natural ResourcesManaging Natural Resources

Farmers in dry Western states Farmers in dry Western states needed to expand their irrigation needed to expand their irrigation systems and growing cities like L.A. systems and growing cities like L.A. needed water as well.needed water as well.

Passed Passed Newlands Reclamation Newlands Reclamation ActAct: paid for irrigation and land : paid for irrigation and land development projects out Westdevelopment projects out West


Nation’s forests were in danger from Nation’s forests were in danger from lumbering companies overcuttinglumbering companies overcutting

Created Created U.S. Forest Service U.S. Forest Service to to regulate lumbering on federal regulate lumbering on federal landslands


Other steps to manage use of the Other steps to manage use of the nation’s resourcesnation’s resources– Added 150 million acres to national Added 150 million acres to national

forestsforests– Established 5 new national parksEstablished 5 new national parks– Created 51 federal bird reservationsCreated 51 federal bird reservations– Started 4 national game preserves Started 4 national game preserves

At least the issue of conservation and At least the issue of conservation and resource management earned a place resource management earned a place on national agenda.on national agenda.

Roosevelt:Roosevelt:Supervising Big BusinessSupervising Big Business

We’ve already talked about the We’ve already talked about the power of the trusts and growing power of the trusts and growing wealth concentration as a major wealth concentration as a major issue of the time.issue of the time.– Buyouts, takeovers, and mergers were Buyouts, takeovers, and mergers were

happening like crazy!happening like crazy!– Drove smaller companies out of Drove smaller companies out of

business by lowering prices, then business by lowering prices, then formed monopolies and fixed high formed monopolies and fixed high prices.prices.


Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act had been had been passed in 1890 to prohibit trusts passed in 1890 to prohibit trusts from forming.from forming.– Difficult to enforce, not effectiveDifficult to enforce, not effective– Holding companies Holding companies formed which formed which

bought stock of other, smaller bought stock of other, smaller companies and essentially controlled companies and essentially controlled them, even though on paper they did them, even though on paper they did not “own” them.not “own” them.


Roosevelt in speeches called these Roosevelt in speeches called these companies:companies:– The “criminal rich”The “criminal rich”– ““Malefactors of great wealth”Malefactors of great wealth”– ““A miracle of timid and short-sighted A miracle of timid and short-sighted

selfishness”selfishness”

Yet he avoided breaking up trusts Yet he avoided breaking up trusts whenever he could.whenever he could.

Roosevelt:Roosevelt:Battling MonopoliesBattling Monopolies

T.R. took moderate action in 1902 T.R. took moderate action in 1902 and filed a lawsuit against J.P. and filed a lawsuit against J.P. MorganMorgan– Said the company was in violation of Said the company was in violation of

Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act– Supreme Court sided with RooseveltSupreme Court sided with Roosevelt

– Got the name Got the name “trustbuster”“trustbuster”

Roosevelt:Roosevelt:Battling MonopoliesBattling Monopolies

In reality, did this change much?In reality, did this change much?– The public thought they had a president The public thought they had a president

who would defend them from powerful who would defend them from powerful corporations.corporations.

– But in reality, it didn’t change much.But in reality, it didn’t change much.Railroads west of Chicago still controlled by Railroads west of Chicago still controlled by

a few giant firmsa few giant firmsNo one went to jail or suffered losses but No one went to jail or suffered losses but

remained very powerful.remained very powerful.

Roosevelt:Roosevelt:Settling StrikesSettling Strikes

1902: 1902: UMW (United Mine UMW (United Mine Workers) called a strikeWorkers) called a strike– Wanted 20% increase in pay and 8 hour Wanted 20% increase in pay and 8 hour

workdayworkday– Also wanted to be recognized as a unionAlso wanted to be recognized as a union

Owners of mines refused to negotiateOwners of mines refused to negotiate

A cold winter approached…A cold winter approached…

Roosevelt:Roosevelt:Settling Strikes Settling Strikes

Roosevelt urged Roosevelt urged arbitration – arbitration – settlement imposed by outside partysettlement imposed by outside party– UMW agreed, but owners did not UMW agreed, but owners did not

Owners’ stubbornness infuriated Owners’ stubbornness infuriated Roosevelt Roosevelt – Threatened to send in federal troopsThreatened to send in federal troops– Owners gave in and agreed to Owners gave in and agreed to

arbitrationarbitration


Result of arbitration:Result of arbitration:– 9 hour workday, 10% increase in pay9 hour workday, 10% increase in pay– Consumers then paid higher prices for Consumers then paid higher prices for

coalcoal– Union NOT recognized, thoughUnion NOT recognized, though


Roosevelt: Roosevelt: “I shall see to it that “I shall see to it that every man has a every man has a square dealsquare deal, no , no less and no more.”less and no more.”– Public perceived that they HAD received Public perceived that they HAD received

a square deal even though they were a square deal even though they were paying higher prices.paying higher prices.

– His powerful language gave him the His powerful language gave him the public image of a fighter for their public image of a fighter for their protection.protection.

Roosevelt:Roosevelt:Protecting ConsumersProtecting Consumers

T.R. was president when T.R. was president when The Jungle The Jungle was published.was published.

He pushed the He pushed the Meat Inspection Act Meat Inspection Act through Congress.through Congress.– Outlawed misleading labels and Outlawed misleading labels and

dangerous chemical preservativesdangerous chemical preservatives– He did compromise: government would He did compromise: government would

pay for the inspections and he dropped pay for the inspections and he dropped the requirement that meat be dated.the requirement that meat be dated.

Roosevelt:Roosevelt:Protecting ConsumersProtecting Consumers

What about other foods and What about other foods and medicines?medicines?– Quack doctors sold horrible concoctions Quack doctors sold horrible concoctions

claiming to heal everything.claiming to heal everything.– Many were worthless or addictiveMany were worthless or addictive

Congress passed the Congress passed the Pure Food and Pure Food and Drug ActDrug Act– Banned impure or falsely labeled food and Banned impure or falsely labeled food and

drugsdrugs– Eventually led to the FDA, further protecting Eventually led to the FDA, further protecting

consumers.consumers.

Beyond Roosevelt:Beyond Roosevelt:TaftTaft

After his second term, Roosevelt After his second term, Roosevelt chose chose William Howard Taft William Howard Taft as his as his Republican successor.Republican successor.– Very intelligent, mild-mannered manVery intelligent, mild-mannered man– Won the election thanks to Roosevelt’s Won the election thanks to Roosevelt’s

energetic effortsenergetic efforts

Beyond Roosevelt:Beyond Roosevelt:TaftTaft

Very different from Roosevelt:Very different from Roosevelt:– Did not make fiery speeches or remain Did not make fiery speeches or remain

in public eyein public eye– Calm, quiet, almost unnoticeableCalm, quiet, almost unnoticeable

However, he carried out – and went However, he carried out – and went beyond – Roosevelt’s policies…beyond – Roosevelt’s policies…

Taft on TrustsTaft on Trusts

Instead of accommodating the trusts Instead of accommodating the trusts and bargaining with them, he and bargaining with them, he prosecuted them.prosecuted them.– Twice as many as Roosevelt did in a Twice as many as Roosevelt did in a

much shorter time period!much shorter time period!Standard Oil and American TobaccoStandard Oil and American Tobacco

Taft the ProgressiveTaft the Progressive

Expanded national forestsExpanded national forests Supported laws requiring mine Supported laws requiring mine

owners to improve safetyowners to improve safety Established Children’s BureauEstablished Children’s Bureau

– Federal agency protecting rights of Federal agency protecting rights of childrenchildren

Taft’s Public ImageTaft’s Public Image

Taft never received public adoration Taft never received public adoration the way Roosevelt did.the way Roosevelt did.– Did not view presidency as a “bully Did not view presidency as a “bully

pulpit”pulpit”– Didn’t have the eye for publicity or the Didn’t have the eye for publicity or the

ability to give stirring speeches and rally ability to give stirring speeches and rally the nation.the nation.

Roosevelt was upset over Taft’s Roosevelt was upset over Taft’s failure to lead…should he support failure to lead…should he support him in the next election?him in the next election?

Woodrow Wilson and Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedomthe New Freedom

Section 2Section 2

Bosses Nominate Bosses Nominate Wilson for GovernorWilson for Governor

1910: Political bosses of New Jersey 1910: Political bosses of New Jersey nominate Woodrow Wilson for nominate Woodrow Wilson for governor.governor.

But in his acceptance speech, he But in his acceptance speech, he says:says:““I shall enter upon the duties of the office I shall enter upon the duties of the office of governor, if elected, with absolutely no of governor, if elected, with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent me from pledge of any kind to prevent me from serving the people of the state with serving the people of the state with singleness of purpose.”singleness of purpose.”

Bosses NominateBosses NominateWilson for GovernorWilson for Governor

What do you think this means?What do you think this means? Progressive reformers excitedProgressive reformers excited Political bosses assumed he was just Political bosses assumed he was just

“playing to the crowd,” but…“playing to the crowd,” but…

They were WRONG…he will They were WRONG…he will end up destroying them!end up destroying them!

Wilson’s Rise to PowerWilson’s Rise to Power

No previous government experienceNo previous government experience People thought he was a People thought he was a

conservative b/c:conservative b/c:– He criticized a lot of reformers like the He criticized a lot of reformers like the

Populists and TR for being too radical.Populists and TR for being too radical.– He praised the British system for slow, He praised the British system for slow,

orderly change under strong leadership orderly change under strong leadership from a well-educated elite.from a well-educated elite.

Wilson’s Rise to PowerWilson’s Rise to Power

However, as governor of New Jersey:However, as governor of New Jersey:– Endorsed non-political machine senator, Endorsed non-political machine senator,

causing the New Jersey machine to lose causing the New Jersey machine to lose all power.all power.

– Revamped election lawsRevamped election laws– Established utility regulatory boardsEstablished utility regulatory boards– Allowed cities to change to Allowed cities to change to

commissioner form of governmentcommissioner form of government

The Election of 1912The Election of 1912

Democrats needed fresh new leader Democrats needed fresh new leader and choose and choose WilsonWilson..

Republicans divided between Taft Republicans divided between Taft and bringing back Roosevelt. They and bringing back Roosevelt. They choose choose Taft.Taft.


Roosevelt creates Roosevelt creates Bull Moose Party Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party) (Progressive Party) and runs on and runs on this ticket.this ticket.– Minimum wage law for womenMinimum wage law for women– Prohibiting child laborProhibiting child labor– Workers’ compensation lawsWorkers’ compensation laws– Federal trade commission to regulate Federal trade commission to regulate

businessbusiness– Woman suffrageWoman suffrage– Initiative, referendum, reformInitiative, referendum, reform


Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. Debs runs, too, for the runs, too, for the socialist party:socialist party:– Wanted government ownership of Wanted government ownership of

factories, mines, other businessesfactories, mines, other businesses


Front-runners: Wilson and RooseveltFront-runners: Wilson and Roosevelt– Debs and Taft realize they could not win Debs and Taft realize they could not win

electionelection– Wilson and Roosevelt both believe in Wilson and Roosevelt both believe in

stronger federal government but differ stronger federal government but differ on the issue of trusts.on the issue of trusts.Roosevelt: accept them but regulate them Roosevelt: accept them but regulate them

with commission to oversee their practiceswith commission to oversee their practicesWilson: government should break them up Wilson: government should break them up

so small businesses can competeso small businesses can compete


Wilson said:Wilson said:““What this country needs above What this country needs above everything else is a body of laws which everything else is a body of laws which will look after the men who are on the will look after the men who are on the make rather than the men who are make rather than the men who are already made.”already made.”


Both Roosevelt and Wilson gave Both Roosevelt and Wilson gave great speeches and people listened great speeches and people listened for hours at a time.for hours at a time.

At one event, Roosevelt was shot but At one event, Roosevelt was shot but continued to give his speech: continued to give his speech: ““……it takes more than that to kill a Bull it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose.”Moose.”


Result: Result: – Democrats united behind WilsonDemocrats united behind Wilson– Republicans split vote between Republicans split vote between

Roosevelt and TaftRoosevelt and Taft– Debs got more votes than expectedDebs got more votes than expected

– Wilson won a landslide in electoral vote Wilson won a landslide in electoral vote (although only 42% of popular vote)(although only 42% of popular vote)

The New FreedomThe New Freedomin Operationin Operation

Wilson immediately began holding Wilson immediately began holding regularly scheduled press regularly scheduled press conferencesconferences– Allowed reporters o question him Allowed reporters o question him

directlydirectly– Would make him more powerful leader Would make him more powerful leader

in shaping legislationin shaping legislation

Wilson’s New Freedom:Wilson’s New Freedom:Reducing TariffsReducing Tariffs

Big business benefited from high Big business benefited from high tariffs, protecting them from foreign tariffs, protecting them from foreign competition.competition.– Consumers paid higher pricesConsumers paid higher prices

Wilson lobbied members of Congress Wilson lobbied members of Congress to support tariff reduction bill for the to support tariff reduction bill for the “interests of the public.”“interests of the public.”– Underwood Tariff signed into law, Underwood Tariff signed into law,

reducing tariffs by about 30%.reducing tariffs by about 30%.

Wilson’s New Freedom:Wilson’s New Freedom:Reforming BanksReforming Banks

Created Created Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System– a central bank that would protect banks a central bank that would protect banks

from going bankrupt during economic from going bankrupt during economic downturns (required banks to keep a downturns (required banks to keep a portion of deposits in the system)portion of deposits in the system)

– Meant to restore public confidence in Meant to restore public confidence in the banksthe banks

Wilson’s New Freedom:Wilson’s New Freedom:Regulating TrustsRegulating Trusts

Clayton Antitrust Act Clayton Antitrust Act – Put “teeth” into Sherman Antitrust Act Put “teeth” into Sherman Antitrust Act

Established the FTC (Federal Trade Established the FTC (Federal Trade Commission)Commission)– Stop unfair trading and business Stop unfair trading and business

practicespractices– Prevent companies from working Prevent companies from working

together to keep prices hightogether to keep prices high

Wilson’s New Freedom:Wilson’s New Freedom:Protecting WorkersProtecting Workers

Law regulating use of children in Law regulating use of children in factories and minesfactories and mines– Supreme Court struck it down thoughSupreme Court struck it down though

Supported laws requiring federally Supported laws requiring federally contracted companies to provide contracted companies to provide workers with compensation for workers with compensation for injuries on the jobinjuries on the job

Limits to ProgressivismLimits to Progressivism

Section 3Section 3

Wilson the ProgressiveWilson the Progressive

Like Roosevelt, Wilson used federal Like Roosevelt, Wilson used federal power to protect common citizens.power to protect common citizens.

However…to him common citizens However…to him common citizens were:were:– WhiteWhite– Native-bornNative-born– Capitalists Capitalists

African American Activist African American Activist Challenges WilsonChallenges Wilson

William Monroe Trotter:William Monroe Trotter:– ““Have you a New Freedom for white Have you a New Freedom for white

Americans and a new slavery for ‘your Americans and a new slavery for ‘your Afro-American citizens’? God forbid!”Afro-American citizens’? God forbid!”

Wilson was segregating African Wilson was segregating African American and white workers in American and white workers in federal offices in Washington, D.C.federal offices in Washington, D.C.

Most progressives had deeply Most progressives had deeply negative attitudes toward all negative attitudes toward all minorities.minorities.

African Americans and EqualityAfrican Americans and Equality

About 2/3 of African Americans About 2/3 of African Americans stayed in rural Southstayed in rural South– Most were sharecroppers, barely Most were sharecroppers, barely

covering rent and borrowed $ = covering rent and borrowed $ = constant debt cycleconstant debt cycle


An increasing number headed to An increasing number headed to northern citiesnorthern cities– Hoped to escape racismHoped to escape racism– Found same discrimination and Found same discrimination and

segregationsegregation– Competed with immigrants for jobs Competed with immigrants for jobs

Tension and violence at timesTension and violence at times


Jim Crow laws – laws requiring racial Jim Crow laws – laws requiring racial segregation in the Southsegregation in the South– Trains had to have separate carsTrains had to have separate cars– Required segregation in hotels, Required segregation in hotels,

restaurants, parks, and everything open restaurants, parks, and everything open to publicto public


Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson –Supreme Court –Supreme Court ruled that separate, segregated ruled that separate, segregated facilities were constitutional as long facilities were constitutional as long as they were equalas they were equal

Were they really equal?Were they really equal?– No!No!– School systems spent FAR less money School systems spent FAR less money

per African American student than per per African American student than per white student.white student.

African Americans and Equality:African Americans and Equality:Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

Son of enslaved parents, worked as Son of enslaved parents, worked as janitor to pay his way through school janitor to pay his way through school

At 25 years old, hired to open a At 25 years old, hired to open a vocational school for African vocational school for African Americans in Tuskegee, Alabama.Americans in Tuskegee, Alabama.– Became prominent school where Became prominent school where

students could learn 38 trades and students could learn 38 trades and professions (farming, forestry, plumbing, professions (farming, forestry, plumbing, sewing, nursing)sewing, nursing)


Believed that African Americans Believed that African Americans could achieve economic prosperity, could achieve economic prosperity, independence, and respect of whites independence, and respect of whites through through hard work hard work as farmers, craft as farmers, craft workers, and laborers.workers, and laborers.– Valuable members of communities Valuable members of communities

without posing a threat to whites without posing a threat to whites


Publicly, he urged African Americans Publicly, he urged African Americans to bend to white racism: to bend to white racism: accommodationaccommodation– Accept Jim Crow laws, voting Accept Jim Crow laws, voting

restrictions, less desirable jobsrestrictions, less desirable jobs– Emphasized economic success over Emphasized economic success over

racial equalityracial equality

African Americans and Equality:African Americans and Equality:W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois

Born and raised in a free African Born and raised in a free African American family in MassachusettsAmerican family in Massachusetts

First African American to receive First African American to receive Ph.D. from HarvardPh.D. from Harvard

Taught history and social science at Taught history and social science at Atlanta UniversityAtlanta University

Founded the NAACP (National Founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Association for the Advancement of Colored People)Colored People)

African Americans and Equality:African Americans and Equality:W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois

Opposed Washington’s Opposed Washington’s accommodation and called for accommodation and called for African Americans to demand African Americans to demand equality immediatelyequality immediately– ““The way for a people to gain their The way for a people to gain their

reasonable rights is not by voluntarily reasonable rights is not by voluntarily throwing them away.”throwing them away.”

– Key to winning equality was in voting to Key to winning equality was in voting to end lynchings, provide better schools, end lynchings, provide better schools, and challenge white domination of and challenge white domination of societysociety


Theodore Roosevelt:Theodore Roosevelt:– ““Now as to the Negroes! I entirely Now as to the Negroes! I entirely

agree with you that as a race and in the agree with you that as a race and in the mass (they) are altogether inferior to mass (they) are altogether inferior to the whites.”the whites.”

– This was how most felt at the time.This was how most felt at the time.


Many female progressives did Many female progressives did support African American reformerssupport African American reformers– Jane Addams helped to organize NAACPJane Addams helped to organize NAACP– Identified with their cause because they, Identified with their cause because they,

too, faced discrimination.too, faced discrimination. Washington’s ideas more acceptable Washington’s ideas more acceptable

than Du Bois’than Du Bois’– In private, Washington had similar views In private, Washington had similar views

of Du Boisof Du Bois


Some advancements:Some advancements:– African American illiteracy rate cut in African American illiteracy rate cut in

halfhalf– Number of African Americans owning Number of African Americans owning

land increased by 10%.land increased by 10%.

Immigrants and the Melting PotImmigrants and the Melting Pot

Immigrants made up about 1/3 of Immigrants made up about 1/3 of U.S. population by 1914.U.S. population by 1914.

Melting pot – Melting pot – society in which society in which various racial, ethnic, and cultural various racial, ethnic, and cultural groups were blended togethergroups were blended together


AmericanizationAmericanization– To many it meant stripping away an To many it meant stripping away an

immigrant’s old habits and replacing immigrant’s old habits and replacing them with American onesthem with American ones

– Few progressives valued cultural Few progressives valued cultural diversity brought by immigrantsdiversity brought by immigrants

– Considered cultures inferior Considered cultures inferior


Nativism Nativism – policy favoring native-– policy favoring native-born individuals over foreign-bornborn individuals over foreign-born– many were Protestants opposing the many were Protestants opposing the

other religionsother religions– Others feared that the few radical Others feared that the few radical

immigrants would undermine economic immigrants would undermine economic and government system in U.S.and government system in U.S.

– ““John’s Restaurant. Pure American. No John’s Restaurant. Pure American. No Rats. No Greeks.”Rats. No Greeks.”

– ““No Irish Need Apply.”No Irish Need Apply.”


Eugenics movement Eugenics movement - effort to - effort to improve the human race by improve the human race by controlling breedingcontrolling breeding– Claimed scientific evidence proving Claimed scientific evidence proving

some racial or ethnic groups superior to some racial or ethnic groups superior to others (Anglo-Saxon and Nordic people others (Anglo-Saxon and Nordic people of northern/western Europe were of northern/western Europe were smarter, stronger, more moral than smarter, stronger, more moral than those in southern/eastern Europe. Jews, those in southern/eastern Europe. Jews, African Americans, Asians even more African Americans, Asians even more inferior.)inferior.)


Restrictions on ImmigrationRestrictions on Immigration– Federal govt limited Chinese Federal govt limited Chinese

immigration in 1882immigration in 1882– 1903: individuals “dangerous to the 1903: individuals “dangerous to the

public welfare” (political radicals) public welfare” (political radicals) prohibitedprohibited

– 1907: Roosevelt worked out agreement 1907: Roosevelt worked out agreement with Japan limiting number allowed to with Japan limiting number allowed to leave for U.S.leave for U.S.


Dillingham Commission charged with Dillingham Commission charged with studying how well immigrants were studying how well immigrants were assimilatingassimilating– Concluded new immigrants were not Concluded new immigrants were not

assimilating very wellassimilating very well– Recommended restricting immigration Recommended restricting immigration

from eastern & southern Europefrom eastern & southern Europe


Labor unions sometimes called for Labor unions sometimes called for immigration restrictions, too.immigration restrictions, too.– Less workers = higher wages?Less workers = higher wages?– Irony: many were recent immigrantsIrony: many were recent immigrants


Result: 1917 wide-ranging restriction Result: 1917 wide-ranging restriction on immigrationon immigration– Refused entry to immigrants over 16 Refused entry to immigrants over 16

who couldn’t pass literacy test who couldn’t pass literacy test – More restrictions to come in 1920s.More restrictions to come in 1920s.

Immigrants and the Melting Pot Immigrants and the Melting Pot

Immigrants relied on one anotherImmigrants relied on one another– Formed mutual assistance societies: Formed mutual assistance societies:

provided care for sick and paid for provided care for sick and paid for funerals of membersfunerals of members

– Immigrant groups had own newspapers, Immigrant groups had own newspapers, clubs, theater groupsclubs, theater groups

– Churches and synagogues became Churches and synagogues became centers of social and religious activitycenters of social and religious activity


Ethnic hostilities divided immigrant Ethnic hostilities divided immigrant groups, yet they sometimes joined groups, yet they sometimes joined together for political battles.together for political battles.

Opposed certain progressive ideas:Opposed certain progressive ideas:– Supported political machinesSupported political machines– Poor families relied on labor of their Poor families relied on labor of their

children to buy food and pay rentchildren to buy food and pay rent– Opposed temperanceOpposed temperance

Workers and RadicalsWorkers and Radicals

Progressives had mixed feelings:Progressives had mixed feelings:– On one hand: sympathized with their On one hand: sympathized with their

low wages, dangerous working low wages, dangerous working conditions, threat of unemploymentconditions, threat of unemployment

– On other hand: supported capitalism On other hand: supported capitalism and were horrified by socialists like and were horrified by socialists like Eugene DebsEugene Debs


Settlement house reformers Settlement house reformers supported unions the most supported unions the most

AFL (American Federation of Labor)AFL (American Federation of Labor)– Coalition of unions that represented Coalition of unions that represented

about 1.5 million workersabout 1.5 million workers– Did not trust government as much as Did not trust government as much as

the progressives; strong union waas the progressives; strong union waas best protection against ownersbest protection against owners


Progressives vs. socialistsProgressives vs. socialists– Shared many of the same short-term Shared many of the same short-term

goalsgoals– Progressives: blamed insensitive Progressives: blamed insensitive

owners and supported factory safety owners and supported factory safety lawslaws

– Socialists: blamed capitalist system of Socialists: blamed capitalist system of competition that forced owners to competition that forced owners to require workers to risk their lives to stay require workers to risk their lives to stay in business. Competitive system in business. Competitive system needed to be eliminated to fix the needed to be eliminated to fix the problem.problem.

Workers and Radicals Workers and Radicals

IWW: Industrial Workers of the WorldIWW: Industrial Workers of the World– ““wobblies”wobblies”– Workers should confront owners directly Workers should confront owners directly – Included unskilled workers often ignored Included unskilled workers often ignored

by AFLby AFL

progressivism takes hold. theodore roosevelt and the modern presidency section 3

Documents

teddy roosevelt

hold theodore roosevelt

modern president

jp morganfebruary

jp morgans

early lifepolitical

natural resourcesfarmers

natural resourcesthis