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United States History and Geography SS0903Progressivism and Reform Lesson 4

Progressivism Packet – Total 30 ptsSocial Issues and Reformers Chart: 1895-1915 (Complete Chart- 8 pts)

Identify and describe the

problem

Describe Progressive Reform/Reformers and how they sought to address the problem

African American Rights

Abandonment or Abuse of Women

Child Labor

Dangerous Working Conditions

Political Corruption

Poor Sanitation

Trusts/Economic Concentration

Women’s Rights


Background Material

Interstate Commerce Act (Highlight Key Ideas – 2 pts)

As the United States continued to industrialize in the second half of the nineteenth century, Americans became more and more concerned about the unfair competition created by monopolies. In particular, railroads were able to control their markets and manipulate rates to their own advantage. A number of states, including Ohio, had unsuccessfully attempted to regulate railroads before 1887. Ohio had created a state commission to report on railroad and telegraph rates as early as 1867, but this commission did not have any authority to change rates or to order the railroad companies to change their policies. Early efforts to bring some form of regulation to the giants were made at the state level, but those measures were later struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court.

As a result of the failure of states to regulate railroads, the United States Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887. The Interstate Commerce Act created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first true federal regulatory agency. It was designed to address the issues of railroad abuse and discrimination and required the following:

Shipping rates had to be "reasonable and just" Rates had to be published Secret rebates were outlawed Price discrimination against small markets was made illegal.

Unfortunately, the Interstate Commerce Commission also faced limitations during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The commission was only authorized to investigate companies whose business crossed over state lines. If the railroad only operated within one state, the Interstate Commerce Commission did not have any authority over it. The commission also found that the courts usually ruled in favor of the companies when cases were prosecuted. A total of sixteen cases made their way before the United States Supreme Court between 1887 and 1906, and the court only upheld the commission's decision in one of those cases.

From:Interstate Commerce Act. U.S. History.com. 6 April 2009 <http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h743.html>.Interstate Commerce Act. Ohio History Central. 6 April 2009 <http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1477>.

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1477

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h743.html


The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 (2 pts)

Original Text In My Own WordsSec. 1. Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise; or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.Sec. 2. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.Sec. 3. Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in any Territory of the United States or of the District of Columbia, or in restraint of trade or commerce between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory or Territories and any State or States or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia and any States or States or foreign nations, is hereby declared illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.


The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890(continued)

Original Text In My Own WordsSec. 4. The several circuit courts of the United States are hereby invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this act; and it shall be the duty of the several district attorneys of the United States, in their institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations. Such proceedings may be by way of petition setting forth the case and praying that such violation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. When the parties complained of shall have been duly notified of such petition the courts shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case; and pending such petition and before final decrees, the court many at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises.Sec. 5. Whenever it shall appear to the court before which any proceeding under Section four of this act may be pending, that the ends of justice require that other parties should be brought before the court, the court may cause them to be summoned, whether they reside in the district in which the court is held or not; and subpoenas to that end may be served in any district by the marshal thereof.

Sec. 6. Any property owned under any contract or by any combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy (and being the subject thereof) mentioned in section one of this act, and being in the course of transportation from one State to another, or to a foreign country, shall be forfeited to the United States, and may be seized and condemned by like proceedings as those provided by law for the forfeiture, seizure, and condemnation of property imported into the United States contrary to law.


The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890(continued)

Sec. 7. Any person who shall be injured in his business or property by any other person or corporation by reason of anything forbidden or declared to be unlawful by this act, may sue therefore in any circuit court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the costs of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee.

Sec. 8. That the word "person," or "persons," wherever used in this act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, and the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country.


The Pullman Strike

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Americans witnessed many strikes. Their causes varied. Sometimes economic grievances--low pay, and, especially, long hours--led to strikes. Sometimes the conflicts were more subtle, as managers tried to increase their control over the work process. Usually, the basic issue was the right of workers to have unions and to engage in collective bargaining. Typically, strikes ended when the government applied its power against the unions. One strike in particular, the Pullman strike of 1894, was especially important in American perceptions of "the labor problem" of the time. The Pullman strike brought Eugene Debs national attention, and it led directly to his conversion to socialism. The events of the strike led other Americans to begin a quest for achieving more harmonious relations between capital and labor while protecting the public interest.

The company's manufacturing plants were in a company-owned town on the outskirts of Chicago. Pullman publicized his company town as a model community filled with contented, well-paid workers. The Pullman workers, however disagreed, especially after the onset of the economic depression that began in 1893. During that depression, Pullman sought to preserve profits by lowering labor costs. When the firm slashed its work force from 5,500 to 3,300 and cut wages by an average of 25 percent, the Pullman workers struck. The American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene Debs, was trying to organize rail workers all across the country. The Pullman workers joined the ARU, and Debs became the leader of the Pullman strike.

The ARU enjoyed wide influence among the workers who operated trains. To bring pressure on Pullman, the union asked trainmen to refuse to run trains on which Pullman sleeping cars were attached. The union told the railroads that their trains could operate without the Pullman cars, but the railroads insisted that they had contracts with the Pullman Company requiring them to haul the sleeping cars. The result was an impasse, with railroad workers in and around Chicago refusing to operate passenger trains. The conflict was deep and bitter, and it seriously disrupted American railroad service.

“The strike ended with the intervention of the United States Army. The passenger trains also hauled mail cars, and although the workers promised to operate mail trains so long as Pullman cars were not attached, the railroads refused. Pullman and the carriers informed federal officials that violence was occurring and that the mail was not going through. Attorney General Richard Olney, who disliked unions, heard their claims of violence (but not the assurances of local authorities that there was no uncontrolled violence) and arranged to send federal troops to insure the delivery of the mail and to suppress the strike. The union leader, Debs, was jailed for not obeying an injunction that a judge had issued against the strikers." [Quoted from Mansel G. Blackford and K. Austin Kerr, Business Enterprise in American History (3rd. ed.; Boston: Houghton Miflin, 1994):183-84]

Source: The Pullman Strike. Multimedia Histories. Ohio State University. 6 April 2009 <http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/1912/content/pullman.cfm>.

http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/1912/content/pullman.cfm


Reading Guide (2 pts)

1. What did the defendants do? List the facts of the case. Use your textbook and the handout on the Pullman Strike to assist in your description.

2. How exactly did they break the law? Refer to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

3. What flaws are there in the prosecutor’s case?

4. Were the actions of the defendants justifiable? Make an argument to support your side.


Sources - Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Source #1

At the corner of Greene Street and Washington Place, onlookers saw fire fighters struggling to control the blaze while young men and women, escaping the fire in the only way they thought possible, jumped from the windows to their deaths. Photographer unknown. The Triangle Factory Fire. International Ladies Garment Workers Union Archives, Kheel Center, Cornell University, IRL School. 13 May 2009 <http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/>.

http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/


Source #2

The 240 employees sewing shirtwaists on the ninth floor had their escape blocked by back-to-back chairs and work baskets in the aisles. Walking space was so limited that many were forced to climb over the 75-foot long tables to get to the windows, stairs, and elevators that might lead to safety. Photographer unknown. The Triangle Factory Fire. International Ladies Garment Workers Union Archives, Kheel Center, Cornell University, IRL School. 13 May 2009 <http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/>.

Source #3

"This Is One of a Hundred Murdered. Is any one to be punished for this?" Artist Thomas Aloysius Dorgan (TAD)

The Triangle Factory Fire. International Ladies Garment Workers Union Archives, Kheel Center, Cornell University, IRL School. 13 May 2009 <http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/>.




Source #4"William Gunn Shepherd, a young reporter for the New York World, happened to be at the scene of the fire when it began. From a phone across the street, he gave a minute-by-minute account of the unfolding events to his city editor. The World published them the following day."

Minute by Minute: The World's Account of the Triangle FireNew York WorldMarch 26, 1911

At 4:35 o’clock yesterday afternoon, fire, springing from a source that may never be positively identified, was discovered in the rear of the eighth floor of the ten-story building at the northwest corner of Washington Place and Greene Street, the first of three floors occupied as a factory by the Triangle Waist Company. At two o’clock this morning Chief Croker estimated the total dead as 154…

…Every available ambulance in Manhattan was called upon to cart the dead to the morgue bodies charred to unrecognizable blackness or reddened to a sickly hue—as was to be seen by shoulders or limbs protruding through flame-eaten clothing. Men and women, boys and girls were of the dead that littered the street; that is actually the condition—the streets were littered.

…The first signs that persons in the street knew that these three top stories had turned into red furnaces in which human creatures were being caught and incinerated was when screaming men and women and boys and girls crowded out on the many window ledges and threw themselves into the streets far below. They jumped with their clothing ablaze. The hair of some of the girls streamed up aflame as they leaped. Thud after thud sounded on the pavements. It is a ghastly fact that on both the Greene Street and Washington Place sides of the building there grew mounds of the dead and dying. And the worst horror of all was that in this heap of the dead now and then there stirred a limb or sounded a moan.

Within the three flaming floors it was as frightful. There flames enveloped many so that they died instantly. When Fire Chief Croker could make his way into these three floors, he found sights that utterly staggered him, that sent him, a man used to viewing horrors, back and down into the street with quivering lips. The floors were black with smoke. And then he saw as the smoke drifted away bodies burned to bare bones. There were skeletons bending over sewing machines.

…Some, about seventy, chose a successful avenue of escape. They clambered up a ladder to the roof. A few remembered the fire escape. Many may have thought of it but only as they uttered cries of dismay… [T]he single fire escape leading into the blind court that was to be reached from the upper floors by clambering over a window sill! On all of the three floors, at a narrow window, a crowd met death trying to get out to that one slender fire escape ladder.

It was a fireproof building in which this enormous tragedy occurred. Save for the three stories of blackened windows at the top, you would scarcely have been able to tell where the fire had happened… On the ledge of a ninth-story window two girls stood silently watching the arrival of the first fire apparatus. Twice one of the girls made a move to jump. The other restrained her, tottering in her foothold as she did so. They watched firemen rig the ladders up against the wall. They saw


the last ladder lifted and pushed into place. They saw that it reached only the seventh floor. For the third time, the more frightened girl tried to leap. The bells of arriving fire wagons must have risen to them. The other girl gesticulated in the direction of the sounds. But she talked to ears that could no longer hear. Scarcely turning, her companion dived head first into the street. The other girl drew herself erect. The crowds in the street were stretching their arms up at her shouting and imploring her not to leap. She made a steady gesture, looking down as if to assure them she would remain brave. But a thin flame shot out of the window at her back and touched her hair. In an instant her head was aflame. She tore at her burning hair, lost her balance, and came shooting down upon the mound of bodies below. From opposite windows spectators saw again and again pitiable companionships formed in the instant of death—girls who placed their arms around each other as they leaped. In many cases their clothing was flaming or their hair flaring as they fell.

By eight o’clock the available supply of coffins had been exhausted, and those that had already been used began to come back from the morgue. By that time bodies were lowered at the rate of one a minute, and the number of patrol wagons became inadequate, so that four, sometimes six, coffins were loaded upon each. At intervals throughout the night the very horror of their task overcame the most experienced of the policemen and morgue attendants at work under the moving finger of the searchlight. The crews were completely changed no less than three times.

Source: New York World, 26 March 1911. Reprinted in Allon Schoener, Portal to America: The Lower East Side, 1870–1925 (New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston, 1967), 171–172. History matters: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5481/


Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire -- Source Analysis (3 pts)

1. Pictures or Cartoon Written Document

Describe what you see? List three things the author says that you think are important?

2. What evidence in the document helps you know why it was written? Quote from the document.

3. What emotion do the sources invoke?

4. How is the author trying to portray the fire?

5. What do you think the author is trying to accomplish?

6. Would you consider this piece of evidence “muckraking?” Why or why not? (What is Muckraking?)


Timeline of Women’s Rights Movement1776 Abigail Adams writes to her husband, John, who is attending the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, asking that he and the other men--who were at work on the Declaration of Independence--"Remember the Ladies." John responds with humor. The Declaration's wording specifies that "all men are created equal."

1820 to 1880 Evidence from a variety of printed sources published during this period--advice manuals, poetry and literature, sermons, medical texts--reveals that Americans, in general, held highly stereotypical notions about women's and men's roles in society. Historians would later term this phenomenon "The Cult of Domesticity." 1837 The first National Female Anti-Slavery Society convention meets in New York City. Eighty-one delegates from twelve states attend. 1844 Female textile workers in Massachusetts organize the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association (LFLRA) and demand a 10-hour workday. This was one of the first permanent labor associations for working women in the United States.

1848 The first women's rights convention in the United States is held in Seneca Falls, New York. Many participants sign a "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" that outlines the main issues and goals for the emerging women's movement. Thereafter, women's rights meetings are held on a regular basis.

1851 Former slave Sojourner Truth delivers her "Ain't I a Woman?" speech before a spellbound audience at a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio.

1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin, which rapidly becomes a bestseller.

1859 The successful vulcanization of rubber provides reliable condoms for the first time. The birth rate in the United States continues its downward, century-long spiral. By the late 1900s, women will raise an average of only two to three children, in contrast to the five or six children they raised at the beginning of the century.

1861 to 1865 The American Civil War disrupts suffrage activity as women, North and South, divert their energies to "war work." The War itself, however, serves as a "training ground," as women gain important organizational and occupational skills they will later use in their organizational efforts.


1866 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony form the American Equal Rights Association, an organization for white and black women and men dedicated to the goal of universal suffrage.

1868 The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified, which extends to all citizens the protections of the Constitution against unjust state laws. This Amendment was the first to define "citizens" and "voters" as "male."

1870 to 1875 Several women--including Virginia Louisa Minor, Victoria Woodhull, and Myra Bradwell--attempt to use the Fourteenth Amendment in the courts to secure the vote (Minor and Woodhull) or the right to practice law (Bradwell). They all are unsuccessful.

1872 Susan B. Anthony is arrested and brought to trial in Rochester, New York, for attempting to vote for Ulysses S. Grant in the presidential election. At the same time, Sojourner Truth appears at a polling booth in Battle Creek, Michigan, demanding a ballot; she is turned away.

1874 The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is founded by Annie Wittenmyer. With Frances Willard at its head (1876), the WCTU became an important force in the fight for women’s suffrage. Not surprisingly, one of the most vehement opponents to women's enfranchisement was the liquor lobby, which feared women might use the franchise to prohibit the sale of liquor.

1878 A Woman Suffrage Amendment is introduced in the United States Congress. The wording is unchanged in 1919, when the amendment finally passes both houses.

1891 Ida B. Wells launches her nation-wide anti-lynching campaign after the murder of three black businessmen in Memphis, Tennessee.

1893 Hannah Greenbaum Solomon founds the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW) after a meeting of the Jewish Women's Congress at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. In that same year, Colorado becomes the first state to adopt a state amendment enfranchising women.

1903 Mary Dreier, Rheta Childe Dorr, Leonora O'Reilly, and others form the Women's Trade Union League of New York, an organization of middle- and working-class women dedicated to unionization for working women and to woman suffrage. This group later became a nucleus of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU).


1911 The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) is organized. Led by Mrs. Arthur Dodge, its members included wealthy, influential women and some Catholic clergymen--including Cardinal Gibbons who, in 1916, sent an address to NAOWS's convention in Washington, D.C. In addition to the distillers and brewers, who worked largely behind the scenes, the "antis" also drew support from urban political machines, Southern congressmen, and corporate capitalists--like railroad magnates and meatpackers--who supported the "antis" by contributing to their "war chests."

1912 Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive (Bull Moose/Republican) Party becomes the first national political party to adopt a women’s suffrage plank.

1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Burns organize the Congressional Union, later known as the National Women's Party (1916). Borrowing the tactics of the radical, militant Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in England, members of the Woman's Party participate in hunger strikes, picket the White House, and engage in other forms of civil disobedience to publicize the suffrage cause.

1914 The National Federation of Women's Clubs--which by this time included more than two million white women and women of color throughout the United States--formally endorses the suffrage campaign.

1916 Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first American woman elected to represent her state in the U.S. House of Representatives.

1918 to 1920 The Great War (World War I) intervenes to slow down the suffrage campaign as some--but not all--suffragists decide to shelve their suffrage activism in favor of "war work." In the long run, however, this decision proves to be a prudent one as it adds yet another reason to why women deserve the vote.

August 26, 1920 The Nineteenth Amendment is ratified. Its victory accomplished, NAWSA ceases to exist, but its organization becomes the nucleus of the League of Women Voters.

1923 The National Woman's Party first proposes the Equal Rights Amendment to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender. It has never been ratified.

Barber, E. Susan. “One Hundred Years toward Suffrage: An Overview.” National American Women Suffrage Association Collection. Library of Congress. 1 April 2009 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawstime.html>

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawstime.html


Women’s Suffrage Movement - Discussion Questions (3 pts)

Different Techniques Used:

Five Most Significant Events of the Women’s Suffrage Movement:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


Progressives Reforming Government (10 pts)

Local Government

City Reforms Problems Sought to Address

CityCommissioner

Plan

Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal.

City ManagerPlan

A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council.

State Government

Democratic Reform Description Problems Sought to AddressSecret Ballot Privacy at the ballot box ensures that

citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.

Initiative Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.

Referendum Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed.

Recall Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.

DirectPrimary

Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.

Federal Government Reforms


Constitutional Amendment

Description Problems Sought to Address

16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1913)





Progressive Era Federal RegulationFederal Legislation Description of Act Problem It Sought to Address

Newlands Reclamation Act(1902)

Elkins Act(1903)

Pure Food and Drug Act(1906/1911)

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Hepburn Act(1906)

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Federal Trade Act(1914)

Summary - Evaluation of Progressivism


PROGRESSIVE RESULTS

1. Trust busting forced industrialists to notice public opinion.

2. Legislation gave federal and state governments the tools to protect consumers.

3. Income tax helped build government revenues and redistribute wealth.

4. Progressives successfully challenged traditional institutions andapproaches to domestic problems.

WEAKNESSES OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

1. Material progress of Americans weakened zeal of reformers.

2. Different Progressive goals were often confusing and contradictory.

3. Opposition to Progressivism became apparent as initiatives failed and courts struck down Progressive legislation.

2. Government remained mainly under the influence of business andindustry.

3. Outbreak of World War I dampened enthusiasm of attempts to use governments to create just societies on earth.

4. American Indian and African American issues were largely ignored.

Potential Consideration for your Project - Reformers and Reform Organizations


Jane Addams http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1931/addams-bio.html Carrie Chapman Catthttp://womenshistory.about.com/od/cattcarriec/p/carrie_catt.htm W.E.B. DuBoishttp://www.duboislc.org/html/DuBoisBio.html Samuel Gompers http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/history/gompers.cfmFlorence Kelleyhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWkelley.htm Mary Kenneyhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWkenney.htm John Muirhttp://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/Frank Norrishttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/books/review/01hanson.html?pagewanted=all NAACPhttp://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/262.html David Graham Phillips http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/biography/38/David_Graham_Phillips/ Jacob Riis http://www.richmondhillhistory.org/jriis.html Margaret Sanger http://womenshistory.about.com/od/sangermargaret/p/margaret_sanger.htm Rose Schneiderman http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/schneiderman-rose.htm Lincoln Steffens http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5733/ The Temperance Movement or Woman’s Christian Temperance Unionhttp://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1054.html

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1054.html

http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5733/

http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/schneiderman-rose.htm

http://womenshistory.about.com/od/sangermargaret/p/margaret_sanger.htm

http://www.richmondhillhistory.org/jriis.html

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/biography/38/David_Graham_Phillips/

http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/262.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/books/review/01hanson.html?pagewanted=all

http://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWkenney.htm

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWkelley.htm

http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/history/gompers.cfm

http://www.duboislc.org/html/DuBoisBio.html

http://womenshistory.about.com/od/cattcarriec/p/carrie_catt.htm

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1931/addams-bio.html


Potential Additional Questions to Consider for your Project - Reformer/Reform Research Guide (not mandatory)

1. What were the primary reform goals of the person or group?

2. How did the person or group attempt to attain their objectives?

3. What were the main obstacles encountered by the person or group?

4. Was the person or group mainly successful or unsuccessful? Explain.

Potential Resources to Investigate Contemporary Problems in American Society for Project


Note: Some of these sources reflect partisan perspectives while others are non-partisan.

Brookings Institute. 6 April 2009 <http://www.brookings.edu/>.

The Cato Institute. 6 April 2009 http://www.cato.org

Center for American Progress. 6 April 2009 <http://www.americanprogress.org>.

Center for Media and Democracy. 6 April 2009 <http://www.prwatch.org/>.

The Concord Coalition. 6 April 2009 <http://www.concordcoalition.org/about-us>.

Facing Up to the Nation’s Finances. 6 April 2009 <http://www.facingup.org/>.

The Heritage Foundation. 6 April 2009 <http://www.heritage.org/>.

Public Agenda. 6 April 2009 <http://www.publicagenda.org/>.

Teixeira, Ruy. “Twenty Years of Demographic, Geographic, and Attitudinal Changes Across the Country Herald a New Progressive Majority.” Center for American Progress. March 2009. 6 April 2009 <http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pdf/progressive_america.pdf>.

Viewpoint Learning. 6 April 2009 <http://www.viewpointlearning.com/>.

http://www.viewpointlearning.com/

http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pdf/progressive_america.pdf

http://www.publicagenda.org/

http://www.heritage.org/

http://www.facingup.org/

http://www.concordcoalition.org/about-us

http://www.prwatch.org/

http://www.americanprogress.org/

http://www.cato.org/

http://www.brookings.edu/

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