progress towards attainment of eu limit values and pm2.5
TRANSCRIPT
London Air Quality Network Seminar
Progress towards attainment ofEU Limit Values and
PM2.5 measurement in Paris
21st September 2010
Véronique Ghersi, Airparif
Some key figures about the Ile-de-France region
Highly urbanized and densely populated:
- Ile-de-France region : 11 million inhabitants, 12 000 km2,
- Paris Agglomeration : 9.6 million inhabitants, 2600 km2, 4.5 million personal vehicles128 million km/day, 800 km of highways and express roads
⇒ IDF ~ 10 % of the national emissions
Meteorological conditions and landscape:good dispersion
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Urbanized areas and pollutant emissions (example of NOx) …
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Agglomeration of Paris :
High density of :� urbanization
� roads
� very high density in Parisand its agglomeration for all the pollutants
� decreasing density : a factor between 6 and 8 between Paris and the
surrounding rural areas
NOx
PM10
Emission density: specificity of the Paris agglomerati on
Specificity of the emission density in the Paris ag glomeration:
- very high emission density localized on a restrict ed area, - amount of pollutants emitted per inhabitant lower than in most of the French
regions - Situation comparable to London
Nox Emission density (2000)
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Public exposure in Ile-de-France in 2009 :
exposed to an air > EU Limit Value 2010*
about 3.4 million of citizens
= 31% of population ,
= 2000 km (~ 20% of the modelisedroad network)
* 40 µg/m3 annual mean
Urbanized areas and public exposure : NO 2
Limit Value 2010 :40 µg/m 3
Limit Value 2009 :42 µg/m 3
µg/m3
Exceedances mainly in highly populated areas
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Situation towards European standards and trends
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Trend
2000-2009 Limit Value
Target Value
Far from
traffic
Near
traffic
Far from
traffic
Near
traffic
Far from
traffic
Near
traffic
PM10 � � Exceed Exceed
PM2.5 � � Comply Exceed Comply Exceed
NO2 � � Exceed Exceed
O3 � Comply
Benzen � � Comply Comply
Benzene
Situation towards European standards and trends
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
27
33
21
36
42
90
27
22
70
32
42
80
27
52
21
19
21
98
19
81
73
20
1 21
2 22
21
72
14
3 16
11
48
14
61
71
12
21
09
90
76 8
27
66
96
64
1 50
47
43 46
32
25
22 2
82
52
11
91
61
2 14
13
13
10
10
6 8 5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08
µg
/m3
Méthode de mesure :
Acidité forte jusqu'en 1993
Dioxyde de soufre
depuis 1994
sur un échantillon
évolutif de stations
urbaines
� no longer issues
SO2
22
40
0
33
60
0
26
30
0
27
00
0
18
20
0
16
60
0
14
70
0
17
70
0
10
90
0
99
00
79
00
67
00
59
00
49
00
42
00
45
00
48
00
30
00
33
00
24
00
25
00
28
00
29
00
35
00
18
00
27
00
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
µg
/m3
Agglomeration Traffic stations Agglomeration - Background stations
Limit Value since 2002
10000 µg/m3
CO
8
Benzene : an issue near traffic only
3129.8 29.3
26.4
24
20.2
11.810.1
8.5 7.66.3 5.4 4.6 3.8 3.6 3.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
µg
/m3
EU Limit Value 2010 : 5 µg/m3
LV 2001-2005
10 µg/m3
LV 2009
6 µg/m3
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
• End of a long period of decrease
• Compliance with EU Limit Value (6 µg/m3)
• French Quality Objective (2 µg/m3) exceeded
over less than 1000 km of roads, 1 million people con cerned
Ann
ualm
ean
(Bas
chtr
affic
stat
ion)
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
84
10
1
10
3
10
0
10
2
98
97
95
92 94
10
3
10
2
10
4
10
0 10
4
10
5 11
3
62
69
65
62 6
6
64
61
57
53
48
56
46 48
47
47
43 45
18
18 19 21
19
17
13 15
15 16 2
0
16
16
15
14
13
12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
µg
/m3
Agglomeration
Trafic stations
Agglomeration
Background Stations
Out of agglomeration
Background Stations
EU Limit Value
Focus on key pollutants : NO2
� 2010 EU Limit Value exceeded:• Near and far from road traffic(270 km2, ~ 20% of the modelised road network)
• Traffic stations: twice above the EU Limit Value
Max
imum
Ann
ualm
ean
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
• Traffic stations: rather stable levels
Mea
nov
er 3
yea
rs
85 85 84 84 83 84 83 84 83 84 84 85
0
20
40
60
80
100
1996-
1998
1997-
1999
1998-
2000
1999-
2001
2000-
2002
2001-
2003
2002-
2004
2003-
2005
2004-
2006
2005-
2007
2006-
2008
2007-
2009
µg
/m3
Agglomeration Background Stations Agglomeration Traffic stations
Focus on key pollutants : NO2
11
Focus on key pollutants : Particles
Ann
ualM
ean
in P
aris
agg
lom
erat
ion
• General improvement (background + traffic) since 1997: -18% in background and -32% in traffic conditions
• But stable since 2000
4750
4650
24282826
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
µg
/m3
TEOM Traffic FDMS Traffic TEOM Background FDMS Background
Change of monitoring method
EU Limit Value: 40 µg/m3
since 2005
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
236132
9997
9455
3232302826262424232119
16151514
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245
Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis
Boulevard périphérique Auteuil
RN2 Pantin
Place Victor Basch
Avenue des Champs Elysées
RN6 Melun
Gennevilliers
Bobigny
La Défense
Paris 18ème
Issy-les-Moulineaux
Gonesse (P)
Paris 1er les Halles
Nogent-sur-Marne
Vitry-sur-Seine
Melun (P)
Lognes
Cergy-Pontoise
Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de Fontainebleau
Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple
Zone rurale Sud - Bois-Herpin
Nombre de jours
EU Limit Value
35 exceedances
traffic stations urban and suburban (P) rural stations
PM10 in 2009
� Limit value (35 days > 50 µg/m3)widely exceeded near traffic
12
Nb of days > 50 µg/m3
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
220149
11080
3938
3433333333
292727252423
1716
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245
Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis
Boulevard périphérique Auteuil
Place Victor Basch
Avenue des Champs Elysées
La Défense
Gennevilliers
Issy-les-Moulineaux
Paris 1er les Halles
Paris 18ème
Bobigny
Vitry-sur-Seine
Nogent-sur-Marne
Tremblay-en-France (P)
Lognes
Gonesse (P)
Cergy-Pontoise
Melun (P)
Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de
Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple
Nombre de jours
EU Limit Value
35 exceedances
traffic stations urban and suburban (P) rural stations
PM10 in 2007
Nb of days > 50 µg/m3
13
� Limit value (35 days > 50 µg/m3)also exceeded
�on 2 background stations
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Risk of exceedance of the PM10 daily limit value
Risque de dépassement des 35 jours supérieurs ou égaux à
50 µg/m3 en PM10Dépassement certain
Dépassement vraisemblable
Dépassement peuprobable
Aucun risque
Risque de dépassement des 35 jours supérieurs ou égaux à
50 µg/m3 en PM10Dépassement certain
Dépassement vraisemblable
Dépassement peuprobable
Aucun risque No riskNo risk
Unlikelyexceedance
Likelyexceedance
Risk of exceedance of
35 days >= 50 µgm 3
Certain exceedance
14
Public exposure in Ile-de-France :2,8 million of citizens
exposed to an air > limit value (daily mean > 50 µg/m3 more than 35 days a year) in 2009
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
15LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
18
16
14
33
22
21
21
21
30
14
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ring Road Auteuil
Bobigny
Paris 1er les Halles
Gennevilliers
Vitry-sur-Seine
[PM2.5] µg/m3
2008 2007
Traffic station Agglomeration Urban stations
Focus on key pollutants : Particles
PM2.5 Annual Mean
EU Limit Value 2009
EU Limit Value 2015 andEU Target Value 2010
EU Limit Value 2020
US Standard EPA and French target value 2010OMS Guideline
Emissions
Road transport: Major contributor to the pollutants emissions in Il e-de-France
� 50 % of the NOx and CO regional emissions,
� about 25% of the PM10 regional emissions
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
0%
4%
7%
2%
53%
20%
3%
6%
5%
Extraction, transformation anddistribution of EnergyManufacturing Industry
Waste treatment
Residential and tertiary sector
Road traffic (including gasstations)Rail and river transports
Airport platform
Agriculture
Natural emissions
Natural emissions : 0%
2%
1%
2%
0%25%
15%
30%
25%
Traitement des déchets : < 1 %Emissions naturelles : 0 %
NOx PM10
Pollution episodes
Winter pollution Winter pollution episodesepisodes(NO2 and (NO2 and particlesparticles -- 24 dec 2007)24 dec 2007)
AQ Index = 10 AQ Index = 10
ViewView fromfrom the 3rd the 3rd floorfloor of the Eiffel of the Eiffel TowerTower
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Winter pollution episodes in 2007PM10 Site of Gennevilliers (background)
10/0
4/20
07
12/0
4/20
07
14/0
4/20
07
16/0
4/20
07
18/0
4/20
07
20/0
4/20
07
22/0
4/20
07
24/0
4/20
07
26/0
4/20
07
28/0
4/20
07
30/0
4/20
07
02/0
5/20
07
50 µg/m3 = seuil de la valeur limite journalière :35 dépassements maximum par an
April
50
100
150
µg/m 3
15/1
2/20
0716
/12/
2007
17/1
2/20
0718
/12/
2007
19/1
2/20
0720
/12/
2007
21/1
2/20
0722
/12/
2007
23/1
2/20
0724
/12/
2007
25/1
2/20
0726
/12/
2007
27/1
2/20
0728
/12/
2007
29/1
2/20
0730
/12/
2007
31/1
2/20
07
50
100
150
µg/m 3
December
TEOM Data
FDMS – TEOM (semi-volatile PM)
Daily mean PM10 concentrations
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
01/1
2/20
0702
/12/
2007
03/1
2/20
0704
/12/
2007
05/1
2/20
0706
/12/
2007
07/1
2/20
0708
/12/
2007
09/1
2/20
0710
/12/
2007
11/1
2/20
0712
/12/
2007
13/1
2/20
0714
/12/
2007
15/1
2/20
0716
/12/
2007
17/1
2/20
0718
/12/
2007
19/1
2/20
0720
/12/
2007
21/1
2/20
0722
/12/
2007
23/1
2/20
0724
/12/
2007
25/1
2/20
0726
/12/
2007
27/1
2/20
0728
/12/
2007
29/1
2/20
0730
/12/
2007
31/1
2/20
07
µg/m3
50 µg/m3 = seuil de la valeur limite journalière :35 dépassements maximum par an
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
01/1
2/07
03/1
2/07
05/1
2/07
07/1
2/07
09/1
2/07
11/1
2/07
13/1
2/07
15/1
2/07
17/1
2/07
19/1
2/07
21/1
2/07
23/1
2/07
25/1
2/07
27/1
2/07
29/1
2/07
31/1
2/07
ng/m
3
PM10 ; Episode of december 2007
Continental contribution and local sources (combusti on)
Benzo(a)pyren
PM2.5
PM 2.5-10
Daily mean concentrations
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Urban stationTraffic station
Everyone has the right to breath an air which is not harmful to healthImplementation of the air quality monitoring networks and public information in France
French regulation
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
The French air act - 30th December 1996
3 AQ action plans
PRQA PPA PDU
AQ regional plan
Region
Diagnostic +Recommendations
to improve air quality
Atmosphere protection plan
For cities > 250 000 inhab. &Areas that do not respect legislation
From PRQA orientationsMandatory mitigation measures
to limit the emissions (focus on NO2 / O3 / PM10)
Urban mobility plan
For cities > 100 000 inhab.
Urban mobility managementPromote alternative
transportation modes more environmental friendly
2009 2006 � review in 2011 2006 � under review
Regional Council DRIRE (Regional State agency) Municipalities
French regulation
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Grenelle Act
SRCAE Particles Plan ZAPA
Regional plan for Climate, Air and Energy
Replace PRQA
Objective :
Reduce PM2.5 emissions of30% by 2015
Objective : 15 µg/m 3 for PM2.5
Target value since 2010
Limit value since 2015
Priority actions areas for Air
Experimental areasto test mitigation measures
for the reduction ofPM and NOx emissions
Test over 3 years(Municipalities)
Grenelle 1 (2009): overall objectives of the government’s environmental programme
Grenelle 2 (2010): application text over 45 measures
Paris Action plans : PDP (Paris Travel Plan, 2006) ; PLU (Local Plan for Urbanism, 2006) ;
“Grand Paris” Project (2010)
Traffic change in Paris between 2002 and 2007
Traffic change in Paris due to modifications of the road network(traffic restriction, separated bus lanes, tram …):
- Cars : - 15%- Powered 2 Wheels : + 25%- Buses (public transports): + 10%- LDV : + 25%- HDV : - 11%- Buses (tourism) : - 11%
Source of the data: traffic department (Direction de la Voirie)- Municipality of Paris
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
Paris Action Plans
23
Study built on the example of Berlin :Lenshow approach, developped in Berlin in 2001
Improve the knowledge of airborne particles sources in IdF and provideinformation to local authorities to build action plans in order to reduce PM
levels and so public exposure :
1/ assessment of the respective proportions of particules due to
sources located outside the region and those produced and formedlocally (local action plans)
2/ assessment of the contribution of the main sectors to PM levelsat these different scales
PM2.5 Source apportionment
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
24
RURAL BACKGROUND
Rural areas
Urban areas
TRAFFIC & LOCAL SOURCES
Methodology
µgm3
Based on the assumption that :atmospheric PM concentrations = addition of geographical contributions
?
?
?
?
URBAN BACKGROUND
SUBURBAN BACKGROUND
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
25
on different sites representative of
local traffic, urban & regional background levels
Monitoring of PM main chemical components
Paris (urban background)Traffic hot-spot
Rural background North-West
Rural background South
Rural background North-East
Villemomble (suburban background)
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
26
+ 2 stations PM2.5 & PM10+ 4 stations PM2.5
Chemical Analysis - LSCE
QMA filters : EC, OC, BC, WSOC
PTFE filters : PM, IONS, METALS (Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As), SUGARS (Levoglucosan)
24-hours sampling every day during one year (September 2009 � 2010)
Constitution of an exhaustive aerosol data base
Monitoring of PM main chemical components
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
27
2- Average on winter / summer months and the whole year
Methodology
1- Day by day analysis according to meteorological con ditions
LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010
[Rural] representative for outside contribution[Urban] - [Rural] representative for city centre contribution[Traffic] - [Urban] representative for local traffic contribution
3- Source apportionment : coupling with emissions inventori es and PMF
Results expected in June 2011
28
Thank you for your attention !
www.airparif.asso.fr