progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2010 update
DESCRIPTION
World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2010 This report describes the status and trends with respect to the use of safe drinking-water and basic sanitation, and progress made towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) drinking-water and sanitation target. It indicates the striking divide between urban and rural populations in terms of water and sanitation services provided.TRANSCRIPT
2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation
Although 1.3 billion people have gained access • to improved sanitation since 1990, the world is likely to miss the MDG sanitation target by a billion people.
Open defecation rates have decreased from • 25% in 1990 to 17% in 2008. Worldwide, 1.1 billion people practise open defecation, a decline of 167 million since 1990.
With only 45% of the rural population using • improved sanitation, rural areas lag far behind urban areas, where the rate is 76%.
Seven out of ten people without improved • sanitation live in rural areas, but the number of people in urban areas without improved sanitation is increasing because of rapid growth in urban populations.
WITH ONLY FIVE YEARS TO GO UNTIL THE MDG TARGET DATE
884 million people do not use an improved source of drinking-water
The world is on track to meet the MDG • drinking-water target. In developing regions, 84% of the population uses an improved source of drinking-water.
In urban areas the use of improved sources • of drinking-water has been maintained at 96% since 2000, with over 1 billion more people now using such a source than in 1990. However, this increase is barely keeping up with urban population growth.
The number of people living in rural areas who • do not use an improved source of drinking-water is over five times the number living in urban areas.
Worldwide, 37% of people not using an • improved source of drinking-water live in Sub-Saharan Africa.
World Health OrganizationAvenue Appia 201211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
United Nation Children’s Fund3 UN PlazaNew York, NY 10017 USA
5 5
ANNEX C GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DRINKING-WATER LADDERS: URBAN AND RURAL
© World Health Organization and UNICEF 2010
All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]).
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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization or UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
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Photo credit: Cover: iStockphoto/Klaas Lingbeek-van Kranen, WaterAid/Abir Abdullah, WaterAid/Juthika Howlader; pIV: fotolia/TMAX; p3: Rifat Hossain; pp4-5: iStockphoto/Claudia Dewald; p10: iStockphoto/Anantha Vardhan; p11: WaterAid/Abir Abdullah; pp14-15: iStockphoto/Britta Kasholm-Tengve; pp20-21: iStockphoto/Raido Väljamaa; p24: iStockphoto/Gabriela Schaufelberger; pp26-27: iStockphoto/Christoph Achenbach; p29: WHO; p30: iStockphoto/Sean Warren; pp32-33: iStockphoto/Tjui Tjioe; p35: fotolia/Garrett Hoffman; p37: iStockphoto/Bart Coenders; Back cover: Thierry Helsens.
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update.
1. Drinking-water supply. 2. Sanitation. 3. Millennium Development Goals. 4. MDG monitoring. 5. Open defecation.
I. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. ISBN 978 92 4 156395 6 (NLM classification: WA 670)
Figure C Urban and rural proportion of the population using a piped water connection, other improved drinking-water sources or an unimproved source, by MDG region, in 1990 and 2008
4335
4048
17 17
4 5
32
42
6453
71 73
22 21
7
2131
39
45
40
24
80 79
15 17
5 4
2734
37
44
36
22
5551
36 44
9 11
60
72
3117
9 56
102
8796
44
18
14
9
42
73
8 8
5140
4152
37
19
57
65
616
4 43 3
93 93
3022
1517
5561
6 5
84
8691
2213
45
19
33
68
3 2
4335
4048
17 17
4 5
32
42
6453
71 73
22 21
7
2131
39
45
40
24
80 79
15 17
5 4
2734
37
44
36
22
5551
36 44
9 11
60
72
3117
9 56
102
8796
44
18
14
9
42
73
8 8
5140
4152
37
19
57
65
616
4 43 3
93 93
3022
1517
5561
6 5
84
8691
2213
45
19
33
68
3 2
Unimproved Other improved Piped into dwelling, plot or yard
CONTENTS
introduction .......................................................................................................................................2
stAtus And Progress towArds the Mdg tArget
Billions without improved sanitation ............................................................................................................6Millions without improved sources of drinking-water ....................................................................................7Sanitation: world off track for MDG target ...................................................................................................8Drinking-water: world on track for MDG target .............................................................................................9Sanitation ladder: global and regional trends .............................................................................................12Drinking-water ladder: global and regional trends .......................................................................................13
urBAn-rurAl disPArities
Sanitation: urban-rural disparities ...............................................................................................................16Drinking-water: urban-rural disparities ........................................................................................................18
A closer looK At the lAdders
Open defecation ...........................................................................................................................................22Shared and unimproved sanitation facilities ..................................................................................................23Piped water on premises and other improved sources of drinking-water ........................................................25
AdditionAl PersPectiVes
Time to collect drinking-water ........................................................................................................................28Collection of drinking-water: gender disparities ..............................................................................................29Socioeconomic disparities: Sub-Saharan Africa ...............................................................................................30
JMP Method
JMP method explained ....................................................................................................................................34
stAtisticAl tABle
Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: country, regional and global estimates for 1990, 2000 and 2008 .......................................................................................................38
AnneXes
Annex A Millennium Development Goals: regional groupings..............................................................................53Annex B Global and regional sanitation ladders: urban and rural .......................................................................54Annex C Global and regional drinking-water ladders: urban and rural .................................................................55
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate2
A new strAtegy for JMP
A new JMP strategy was formulated by WHO and UNICEF, with support from a newly created Strategic Advisory Group to better position JMP to address the monitoring challenges in the run up to the MDG target year of 2015 and beyond.
The JMP vision contained in this strategy is to accelerate progress towards universal sustainable access to safe water and basic sanitation by 2025, including the achievement of the MDG target by 2015 as a key milestone.
The four strategic priority areas of activity proposed for the 2010-2015 period are:• maintaining the integrity of the JMP database
and ensuring accurate global estimates;• disseminating data to stakeholders;• fulfilling JMP’s normative role in developing and
validating target indicators;• enhancing interaction between countries and
JMP.
With this strategy, JMP is well placed to provide a platform for developing post-2015 targets and associated meaningful and measurable indicators.
future chAllenges
We all recognize the vital importance of sanitation and water to human health and well-being, and their role as an engine of development. The question is how to accelerate progress towards achieving the MDG target, and how to go beyond it in order to ultimately achieve the vision of universal access.
The estimates that JMP publishes every two years help policy-makers, donors, governmental and nongovernmental agencies decide what needs to be done and where to focus their efforts. With each successive report, a clearer picture emerges of the current use of improved sanitation facilities and improved sources of drinking-water throughout the world.
Data collection and analysis are, however, not ends in themselves. The estimates and trends must be an impetus for action. With this in mind, JMP constantly seeks to provide more accurate and detailed information, to see where there is most catching-up to be done, where there are vulnerabilities, or where progress is starting to falter.
This report by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) confirms that advances continue to be made towards greater access to safe drinking-water. Progress in relation to access to basic sanitation is however insufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation.
PurPose And scoPe of this rePort
This report describes the status and trends with respect to the use of safe drinking-water and basic sanitation, and progress made towards the MDG drinking-water and sanitation target.
As the world approaches 2015, it becomes increasingly important to identify who are being left behind and to focus on the challenges of addressing their needs. This report presents some striking disparities: the gap between progress in providing access to drinking-water versus sanitation; the divide between urban and rural populations in terms of the services provided; differences in the way different regions are performing, bearing in mind that they started from different baselines; and disparities between different socioeconomic strata in society.
Each JMP report assesses the situation and trends anew and so this JMP report supersedes previous reports. The information presented in this report includes data from household surveys and censuses completed during the period 2007-2008. It also incorporates datasets from earlier surveys and censuses that have become available to JMP since the publication of the previous JMP report in 2008. In total, data from around 300 surveys and censuses covering the period 1985 - 2008, has been added to the JMP database.
The updated estimates for 2008, 2000 and 1990 are given in the statistical table starting on page 38. This table for the first time shows the number of people who gained access to improved sanitation and drinking-water sources in the period 1990-2008.
It is important to note that the data in this report do not yet reflect the efforts of the International Year of Sanitation 2008, which mobilized renewed support around the world to stop the practice of opendefecation and to promote the use of latrines and toilets.
introduction
3
The present report documents how much the world has changed in terms of the use of improved sanitation facilities and improved sources of drinking-water. The practice of open defecation is declining, but still too many people have no access to any kind of sanitation facilities. Piped water is reaching ever more households, but not yet all and often not reliably so. The challenge of assessing the safety of drinking-water from improved sources also needs to be addressed.
Better decision-making to speed progress requires a greater disaggregation and a higher resolution in the datasets. JMP faces methodological challenges of analysing data from over 200 different countries and territories, of adhering to common indicators so that estimates are comparable globally, and of accommodating new or previously unavailable data.
introduction
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate6
BiLLionS WitHout iMProVEd SAnitAtion2.6 Billion PeoPle do not use iMProVed sAnitAtion
Improved sanitation facilities are used by less than two thirds of the world population. The global picture masks great disparities between regions. Virtually the entire population of the developed regions uses improved facilities, but in developing regions only around half the population uses improved sanitation. There are also disparities in progress since 1990. Notable increases in the use of improved sanitation have been made in Northern Africa, South-eastern Asia and Eastern Asia, whereas there has been no progress in the Commonwealth of Independent States and a decline in Oceania. Among the 2.6 billion people in the world who do not use improved sanitation facilities, by far the greatest number are in Southern Asia, but there are also large numbers in Eastern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
figure 1 Worldwide use of improved sanitation facilities in 2008
Use of improved sanitation facilities is low in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
61% of global population uses improved sanitation facilities
2.6 billion people – 72% of whom live in Asia – do not use improved sanitation facilities
figure 2 Regional use of improved sanitation facilities in 2008 and percentage point change 1990-2008
figure 3 Regional distribution of the 2.6 billion people not using improved sanitation facilities in 2008, population (million)
7
MiLLionS WitHout iMProVEd SourcES oF drinKinG-WAtEr884 Million PeoPle do not use iMProVed sources of drinKing-wAter
The use of improved sources of drinking-water is high globally, with 87% of the world population and 84% of the peo-ple in developing regions getting their drinking-water from such sources. Even so, 884 million people in the world still do not get their drinking-water from improved sources, almost all of them in developing regions. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for over a third of that number, and is lagging behind in progress towards the MDG target, with only 60% of the population using improved sources of drinking-water despite an increase of 11 percentage points since 1990.
87% of global population uses improved drinking-water sources,
an increase of 10% point in 18 years
figure 5 Regional use of improved drinking-water in 2008 and percentage point change 1990-2008
Sub-Saharan Africa faces the greatest challenge in increasing the use of improved drinking-water
figure 4 Worldwide use of improved drinking-water sources in 2008
884 million people – 37% of whom live in Sub–Saharan Africa – still use unimproved
sources for drinking-water
figure 6 Regional distribution of the 884 million people not using improved drinking-water sources in 2008, population (million)
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate8
Sanitation: most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia are not on track to meet the MDG target
Sanitation: world is projected to miss the MDG target
SAnitAtion: WorLd oFF trAcK For MdG tArGEtAt the current rate of progress, the world will miss the MDG target by 13 percentage points. Unless huge efforts are made, the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation will not be halved by 2015. Even if we meet the MDG target, there will still be 1.7 billion people without access to basic sanitation. If the trend remains as currently projected, an additional billion people who should have benefited from MDG progress will miss out, and by 2015 there will be 2.7 billion people without access to basic sanitation.
figure 7 Global progress towards the MDG target: trend in use of improved sanitation 1990-2008, projected to 2015
figure 8 Sanitation: Progress towards the MDG target, 2008
on track: >95% or 2008 figure was within 5% of required rate to meet the target;
Progress but insufficient: 2008 figure was between 5% and 10% of the required rate to meet the target;
not on track: flat or decreasing trend between 1990-2008 or 2008 figure was not within 10% of the required rate to meet the target;
no or insufficient data: includes countries or territories where data were either not available or were not sufficient to estimate trends
9
Drinking-water: except for Sub-Saharan Africa, most countries are on track to meet the MDG target
Drinking-water: world is projected to reach the MDG target
drinKinG-WAtEr: WorLd on trAcK For MdG tArGEtAt the current rate of progress, the world is expected to exceed the MDG target of halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking-water. Even so, 672 million people will still lack access to improved drinking-water sources in 2015. For monitoring purposes, the use of improved drinking-water sources has been equated to access to safe drinking-water, but not all improved sources in actual fact provide drinking-water that is safe. The challenge of measuring water quality is addressed on page 31.
figure 9 Global progress towards the MDG target: trend in use of improved drinking-water sources 1990-2008, projected to 2015
figure 10 Drinking-water: progress towards the MDG target, 2008
on track: >95% or 2008 figure was within 5% of required rate to meet the target;
Progress but insufficient: 2008 figure was between 5% and 10% of the required rate to meet the target;
not on track: flat or decreasing trend between 1990-2008 or 2008 figure was not within 10% of the required rate to meet the target;
no or insufficient data: includes countries or territories where data were either not available or were not sufficient to estimate trends
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate1 0
cHALLEnGE: GLoBAL trEnd HEAViLY inFLuEncEd BY ProGrESS in LArGE PoPuLouS countriES
Global estimates of access and use hinge significantly on progress made in large, populous countries.
China and India are home to more than a third of the world population. Both countries have madeconsiderable progress. In China, 89% of the population of 1.3 billion use drinking-water from improved sources, up from 67% in 1990. In India, 88% of the population of 1.2 billion use drinking-water from such sources, as compared to 72% in 1990. China and India together account for a 47% share, of the 1.8 billion people that gained access to improved drinking-water sources between 1990 and 2008. This share is almost equally distributed between the two countries. Obviously, these two countries heavily influence the global trend. Therefore, the ability to reach the MDG target is highly dependent on the performance of these two countries.
For sanitation, even with the increase between 1990 and 2008 in the proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities in China (from 41% to 55%) and India (from 18% to 31%), the world is not on track to meet the sanitation target. This is despite the fact that 475 million people gained access to improved sanitation in these two countries alone, a 38% share of the 1.3 billion people that gained access globally.
Four out of 10 people gaining access in 1990-2008 to improved sanitation live in China and India
Nearly half of world population gaining access to improved sources of drinking-water in 1990-2008 live
in China and India
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate1 2
Tren
ds
in s
anit
atio
n p
ract
ices
can
mor
e ea
sily
be
asse
ssed
by
taki
ng
a dis
aggre
gat
ed v
iew
of
the
use
of
the
diffe
rent
sanit
atio
n f
acili
ties
and t
he
pra
ctic
e of
open
def
ecat
ion,
as c
ateg
oriz
ed in t
he
sideb
ar.
The
pro
por
tion
of
the
pop
ula
tion
usi
ng
impro
ved s
anit
atio
n f
acili
ties
is
incr
easi
ng
in a
ll th
e dev
elop
ing
regi
ons.
S
outh
ern A
sia
and S
ub-S
ahar
an A
fric
a ar
e th
e on
ly r
egio
ns
wher
e le
ss t
han
hal
f th
e pop
ula
tion
use
im
pro
ved
sanit
atio
n f
acili
ties
.
Open
def
ecat
ion is
dec
linin
g in
all
regi
ons
and h
as d
ecre
ased
wor
ldw
ide
from
25%
in 1
990 t
o 17%
in 2
008.
Open
def
ecat
ion is
still
mos
t w
idel
y pra
ctis
ed in S
outh
ern A
sia
and S
ub-S
ahar
an A
fric
a -
by
44%
and 2
7%
of
the
pop
ula
tion
, re
spec
tive
ly. In
con
tras
t, o
pen
def
ecat
ion is
now
pra
ctis
ed b
y on
ly 4
% o
f th
e pop
ula
tion
in N
orth
ern
Afr
ica
and E
aste
rn A
sia
and 3
% in W
este
rn A
sia.
In f
ive
of t
he
seve
n d
evel
opin
g re
gion
s fo
r w
hic
h d
ata
are
avai
lable
, le
ss t
han
15%
of
the
pop
ula
tion
pra
ctis
es o
pen
def
ecat
ion.1
1
No
separ
ate
char
ts a
re p
rovi
ded
for
Lat
in A
mer
ica
and t
he
Car
ibbea
n,
Oce
ania
, th
e C
omm
onw
ealt
h o
f In
dep
enden
t S
tate
s,
or for
dev
elop
ed r
egio
ns
bec
ause
of
insu
ffic
ient
dat
a.
SA
nit
Ati
on
LA
ddEr:
GLo
BA
L A
nd r
EGio
nA
L t
rEn
dS
figu
re 1
1 P
ropor
tion
of
the
pop
ula
tion
usi
ng
an im
pro
ved, sh
ared
or
unim
pro
ved s
anit
atio
n fac
ility
or
pra
ctis
ing
open
def
ecat
ion, by
MD
G r
egio
n, in
1990 a
nd 2
008
IMPROVED SANITATIONUNIMPROVED SANITATION
open
def
ecat
ion:
when
hum
an
faec
es a
re d
ispos
ed o
f in
fiel
ds,
for
ests
, bush
es, op
en
bod
ies
of w
ater
, bea
ches
or
other
open
spac
es o
r dis
pos
ed
of w
ith s
olid
was
te.
open
def
ecat
ion
uni
mpro
ved s
anit
atio
n fa
cili
ties
: do
not
ensu
re
hyg
ienic
sep
arat
ion o
f hum
an
excr
eta
from
hum
an c
onta
ct.
Unim
pro
ved fac
iliti
es incl
ude
pit
lat
rines
wit
hou
t a
slab
or
pla
tfor
m, han
ging
latr
ines
and
buck
et lat
rines
.
uni
mpro
ved f
acil
itie
s
sha
red s
anit
atio
n fa
cili
ties
: S
anit
atio
n f
acili
ties
of
an
other
wis
e ac
cepta
ble
typ
e sh
ared
bet
wee
n t
wo
or m
ore
hou
sehol
ds.
Only
fac
iliti
es t
hat
ar
e not
shar
ed o
r not
public
ar
e co
nsi
der
ed im
pro
ved.
sha
red
impro
ved s
anit
atio
n fa
cili
ties
: en
sure
hyg
ienic
sep
arat
ion o
f hum
an e
xcre
ta f
rom
hum
an
conta
ct. Th
ey a
re u
se o
f th
e fo
llow
ing
faci
litie
s:
• Fl
ush
/pou
r flush
to:
- pip
ed s
ewer
sys
tem
- se
pti
c ta
nk
- pit
lat
rine
• Ve
nti
late
d im
pro
ved p
it (
VIP
) la
trin
e•
Pit
lat
rine
wit
h s
lab
• C
ompos
ting
toile
t
impro
ved
SA
NIT
ATIO
N L
AD
DER
1 3
Today
87%
of
the
wor
ld’s
pop
ula
tion
, a
tota
l of
5.9
bill
ion p
eople
wor
ldw
ide,
use
s dri
nki
ng-
wat
er f
rom
im
pro
ved
sourc
es, an
incr
ease
of
1.8
bill
ion p
eople
sin
ce 1
990. A
bou
t 3.8
bill
ion p
eople
(57%
of
the
glob
al p
opula
tion
) ge
t th
eir
dri
nki
ng-
wat
er f
rom
a p
iped
con
nec
tion
that
pro
vides
runnin
g w
ater
into
thei
r dw
ellin
g, p
lot
or y
ard.
All
regi
ons
of t
he
wor
ld h
ave
succ
eeded
in r
educi
ng
the
pro
por
tion
of
the
pop
ula
tion
usi
ng
unim
pro
ved s
ourc
es for
dri
nki
ng-
wat
er. P
rogre
ss h
as b
een g
reat
est
in E
aste
rn A
sia,
wher
e th
e use
of
unim
pro
ved s
ourc
es h
as d
eclin
ed b
y 20 p
erce
nta
ge p
oints
.
All
regi
ons
exce
pt
for
the
Com
mon
wea
lth o
f In
dep
enden
t S
tate
s hav
e se
en p
rogre
ss in t
he
use
of
pip
ed w
ater
on
pre
mis
es. M
oreo
ver, t
he
rate
of
incr
ease
in t
he
use
of
pip
ed w
ater
on p
rem
ises
has
bee
n fas
ter
than
the
rate
of
pro
gre
ss in t
he
use
of
other
im
pro
ved d
rinki
ng-
wat
er s
ourc
es, in
all
regi
ons
exce
pt
for
Sub-S
ahar
an A
fric
a, S
outh
ern
Asi
a an
d C
IS.
drin
Kin
G-W
AtEr L
AddEr:
GLo
BA
L A
nd r
EGio
nA
L t
rEn
dS
figu
re 1
2 P
ropor
tion
of
the
pop
ula
tion
usi
ng
pip
ed d
rinki
ng-
wat
er o
n p
rem
ises
, ot
her
im
pro
ved d
rinki
ng-
wat
er
sourc
e or
an u
nim
pro
ved s
ourc
e, b
y M
DG
reg
ion, in
1990 a
nd 2
008
IMPROVED DRINKING-WATERUNIMPROVED DRINKING-WATER
uni
mpro
ved d
rink
ing-
wat
er
sour
ces:
Unpro
tect
ed d
ug
wel
l, u
npro
tect
ed s
pri
ng,
ca
rt w
ith s
mal
l ta
nk/
dru
m,
surf
ace
wat
er (
rive
r, d
am, la
ke,
pon
d, st
ream
, ca
nal
, ir
riga
tion
ch
annel
s), an
d b
ottl
ed w
ater
.
oth
er i
mpro
ved d
rink
ing-
wat
er s
ourc
es:
Public
tap
s or
sta
ndpip
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Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate1 6
Seven out of 10 people without improved
sanitation live in rural areas
figure 14 Urban and rural population without improved sanitation, worldwide 2008
SAnitAtion: urBAn-rurAL diSPAritiESThe use of improved sanitation facilities is particularly low in Sub-Saharan Africa at 31% overall – even so, the disparity between urban and rural areas is striking. Disparities are also particularly apparent in Latin America & Caribbean, Southern Asia and Oceania. The majority of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Asia and Oceania live in rural areas, so these disparities are important in terms of the numbers of people concerned.
Use of improved sanitation in urban areas is higher than in rural areas
figure 13 Urban-rural use of improved sanitation, in MDG Regions, 2008
Major progress in the use of improved sanitation is undermined by population growth
figure 15 Population gaining access to improved sanitation compared to population growth, urban and rural, worldwide, 1990-2008
1 7
Urban-rural disparities in the use of improved sanitation facilities are signi� cant in most developing countries
figure 16 Use of improved sanitation in urban areas, 2008
SAnitAtion: urBAn-rurAL diSPAritiES
There are significant disparities between rural and urban areas in regard to sanitation. Rural areas continue to have a lower percentage of population using improved sanitation and a higher number of people without improved facilities. Of the approximately 1.3 billion people who gained access to improved sanitation during the period 1990-2008, 64% live in urban areas. However urban areas, though better served than rural areas, are struggling to keep up with the growth of the urban population.
figure 17 Use of improved sanitation in rural areas, 2008
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate1 8
84% of the world population without an
improved drinking-water source lives in rural areas
figure 19 Urban and rural population without improved sources of drinking-water, worldwide, 2008
Use of improved drinking-water sources in urban areas is almost double the use in rural areas of
Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania
figure 18 Urban-Rural uses of improved sources of drinking-water, in MDG regions, 2008
Increase in the use of improved drinking-water sources is barely keeping up with the urban population growth
figure 20 Population gaining access to improved drinking-water compared to population growth, urban and rural, worldwide, 1990-2008
drinKinG-WAtEr: urBAn-rurAL diSPAritiES Worldwide, 87% of the population gets their drinking-water from improved sources, and the corresponding figure for developing regions is also high at 84%. While 94% of the urban population of developing regions uses improved sources, it is only 76% of rural populations.
1 9
Urban-rural disparities are striking in Africa
figure 21 Use of improved sources of drinking-water in urban areas, 2008
figure 22 Use of improved sources of drinking-water in rural areas, 2008
drinKinG-WAtEr: urBAn-rurAL diSPAritiES
The rural population without access to an improved drinking-water source is over five times greater than that in urban areas. Of almost 1.8 billion people gaining access to improved drinking-water in the period 1990-2008, 59% live in urban areas. The urban-rural disparities are particularly striking in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are also visible in Asia and Latin America. In urban areas, however, the increase in coverage is barely keeping pace with population growth.
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate2 2
oPEn dEFEcAtion
1.1 Billion PeoPle still defecAte in the oPen
By far the great majority of people practising open defecation live in rural areas, but this number is declining. However, partly because of rapid increases in the urban population, a growing number of people in urban areas defecate in the open. The proportion of the world population that practises open defecation declined by almost one third from 25% in 1990 to 17% in 2008. A decline in open defecation rates was recorded in all regions. In Sub-Saharan Africa, open defecation rates fell by 25 per cent. In absolute numbers, the population practising open defecation increased, however, from 188 million in 1990 to 224 million in 2008. In Southern Asia, home to 64% of the world population that defecate in the open, the practice decreased the most – from 66% in 1990 to 44% in 2008.
81% of 1.1 billion people that defecate in the open worldwide live in 10 countries
figure 23 Distribution of 1.1 billion people who practise open defecation, 2008, population (million)
Open defecation declined considerably in all developing regions
figure 25 Regional changes in open defecation rates, 1990-2008
The number of people practising open defecation
increased in urban areas
figure 24 Number of people practising open defecation, urban and rural areas, worldwide, 1990-2008
2 3
SHArEd And uniMProVEd SAnitAtion FAciLitiES751 Million PeoPle shAre their sAnitAtion fAcilities
Shared sanitation facilities as defined for MDG monitoring purposes are facilities of an otherwise improved type that are either public or shared between two or more households. Sharing of improved sanitation facilities is most prevalent in urban areas. Often densely populated urban areas do not have sufficient space to construct private sanitation facilities and people rely on public or shared facilities. Among the different regions, using a shared facility is most common in urban Sub-Saharan Africa (31%), and particularly in Ghana. In 1990, 249 million people in urban areas used shared facilities as compared with 145 million in rural areas. Those numbers have now almost doubled to 497 million in urban areas and risen to 254 million in rural areas, representing a worldwide increase of 4%.
A tenth of the world PoPulAtion uses uniMProVed sAnitAtion fAcilities
Unimproved sanitation facilities are unsatisfactory in terms of public health, although existing facilities may be upgraded in various ways to prevent human contact with excreta.
Globally the proportion of the rural population using unimproved sanitation facilities is more than fourfold that in urban areas. This is despite the decrease in the use of unimproved sanitation facilities in rural areas of the developing regions from 23% in 1990 to 20% in 2008.
Use of unimproved sanitation facilities is much higher in rural areas than in the urban areas.
figure 27 Urban-rural disparities in the use of unimproved sanitation facilities, MDG regions, 2008
Shared sanitation increased almost two fold but
remains considerably higher among urban users
figure 26 Number of people sharing sanitation facilities, urban and rural areas, 1990-2008
use of shAred sAnitAtion, 2008 (%)country urBAn rurAl totAl
Ghana 70 38 54Uganda 56 22 26Kenya 51 18 25Sierra Leone 47 18 29Bolivia 44 16 34Togo 44 6 22Malawi 42 24 27Guinea 42 6 18Zimbabwe 40 15 24Nigeria 38 14 26Gabon 36 25 34Lesotho 35 3 11
table 1 Urban, rural and total use of shared sanitation for the countries where shared sanitation rate in urban areas in 2008 is 35% or more
2 4
chAllenge: Are shAllow-Pits And dry-lAtrines iMProVed or not?Classifying the different types of sanitation facilities, covered by household surveys and censuses, as “improved” or “unimproved” has been an ongoing challenge for JMP. The impact on national rates of access to improved sanitation could be substantial, especially when the facility type is used by a large proportion of the population. When this concerns a large country such as China, the impact on the global estimates could be considerable.
Chinese authorities distinguish harmless sanitary latrines and sanitary latrines and they both meet the MDG criteria for an improved sanitation facility that hygienically separates human waste from human contact. Sanitary latrines are defined by the Chinese Sanitation Authority as those structures which have walls, roofs, seepage-free and leakage free storage tanks, furnished with airtight covers, with a clean latrine room, free from flies and maggots, odourless, and in which faeces are collected in a timely manner and are treated so as to be harmless.
According to survey and census data, in rural areas of China the use of sanitary latrines has gradually increased to 25% in 2008, while the proportion of the rural population that uses another type of sanitation facility, labelled by different surveys as a dry latrine, dry toilet, shallow pit, covered pit or non-covered pit has gradually decreased from 84% in 1991 to 68% in 2008. Though these facilities do not meet the national criteria for a sanitary latrine, it is likely that some meet the MDG criteria for an improved sanitation facility. However without specific information about these facilities, it is a challenge to classify them as either improved or unimproved. The fact that a large proportion of the Chinese population uses these types of facilities has a significant impact on the number of people with or without access to an improved sanitation facility.
2 5
PiPEd WAtEr on PrEMiSES And otHEr iMProVEd SourcES oF drinKinG-WAtEr
inVestMents in PiPed connections on PreMises driVe Progress in Most regions
Between 1990 and 2008, more than 1.2 billion people worldwide gained access to a piped connection on premises. This is more than twice the population that gained access to other improved drinking-water sources. In Eastern Asia, Latin America & Caribbean and Northern Africa progress was exclusively the result of increases in piped connections on premises. Since 1990, 510 million in Eastern Asia, 167 million in Latin America & Caribbean and 61 million in Northern Africa gained access to a piped connection on premises. The number of people relying on other improved sources in those regions actually declined, respectively, by 73 million, 6 million and 14 million.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, growth in the population gaining access to other improved sources was 3.5 times higher than the growth in the population with piped connections on premises. In South Asia it was three times higher.
In developing regions, while 73% of the urban population uses piped water from a household connection, only 31% of rural inhabitants have access to household piped water supplies. In Sub-Saharan Africa, only 5% of the rural population gets water piped to premises. In contrast, in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, 35% of urban dwellers use water piped to the household.
Growth in piped connections on premises is twice as high as the growth in other
improved drinking-water sources
figure 28 Change of population getting their drinking-water piped on premises or from other improved sources, by MDG region, 1990-2008
Urban use of piped water on premises is more than
double rural use
figure 29 Urban and rural population using piped water on premises, worldwide, 2008
oPEn dEFEcAtion
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate2 8
Research has shown that those spending more than half an hour per round trip progressively collect less water, and eventually fail to meet their families’ minimum daily drinking-water needs.2 Additionally, the economic costs of having to make multiple trips per day to collect drinking-water are enormous.3
2 Howard G and Bartram J, Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health, Geneva, World Health Organization, 20033 Hutton G, Haller L, Evaluations of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level, Geneva, World Health
Organization, 2004
tiME to coLLEct drinKinG-WAtEr
An analysis of MICS and DHS surveys conducted over the past four years shows that water collection trips of over 30 minutes are most prevalent in Africa4 as well as in arid countries outside of Africa, such as Mongolia and Yemen.
In various countries, most notably in Eastern Africa, more than a quarter of the population spends more than half an hour per round trip to collect water.
2 Hutton G, Haller L, Evaluations of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.
3 Howard G and Bartram J, Domestic water quantity, service level and health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003.
4 MICS and DHS surveys from 24 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2005-2008.
More than a quarter of the population in several countries of Sub-Saharan
Africa takes longer than 30 minutes to make one water collection round trip
figure 30 Percentage of population that spends more than 30 minutes on a water collection round trip
In many African countries, one third of the improved drinking-
water sources that are not piped on premises need a collection time of more than 30 minutes.
figure 31 Proportion of the population spending half an hour or less, or more than half an hour, to collect water from an improved source, or using water from an unimproved source, Sub-Saharan Africa
oPEn dEFEcAtion
2 9
For families without a drinking-water source on the premises, it is usually women who go to the source to collect drinking-water. Surveys from 45 developing countries5 show that this is the case in almost two thirds of households, while in almost a quarter of households it is men who usually collect the water. In 12% of households, however, children carry the main responsibility for collecting water, with girls under 15 years of age being twice as likely to carry this responsibility as boys under the age of 15 years. The real burden on children is likely to be higher because, in many households the water collection burden is shared, and children – though not the main person responsible – often make several roundtrips carrying water. 4
5 MICS and DHS surveys from 45 developing countries, 2005-2008.
Women shoulder the largest burden in collecting drinking-water
figure 32 Distribution of those who usually collect drinking-water
coLLEction oF drinKinG-WAtEr: GEndEr diSPAritiES
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate3 0
The richest 20 % of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa is almost five times as likely to use an improved sanitation facility than the poorest quintile.6 The poorest 20% is around 16 times more likely to practise open defecation than the richest quintile. Still, even among the richest quintile, 4% practises open defecation.
The richest quintile of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa is more than twice as likely as the poorest quintile to use an improved drinking-water source. The benefits of piped water on premises are enjoyed only by the wealthiest.
6 MICS and DHS surveys from 33 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-2009.
SocioEconoMic diSPAritiES: SuB-SAHArAn AFricA
The poorest quintile is 16 times more likely than the richest quintile to practise
open defecation
figure 33 Proportion of the population using an improved, shared or unimproved sanitation facility or practicing open defecation, by wealth quintile, Sub-Saharan Africa
The richest quintile is more than twice as likely than the poorest quintile to use
improved drinking-water
figure 34 Proportion of the population using drinking-water piped on premises, other improved drinking-water source or an unimproved source, by wealth quintile, Sub-Saharan Africa
3 1
cHALLEnGE: MEASurinG WAtEr QuALitYWater quality remains an elusive indicator in the global monitoring activities of JMP. The measurement of water safety indicators at the household level has to date been beset by technical and logistical difficulties and by high cost.
How can the safety of drinking-water be monitored globally? What definitions would be meaningful and assist decision-makers in the process of improving the drinking-water situation in the world? How do new concepts in assessing and managing risks to water safety apply in the JMP context? What research and development efforts are needed to come up with a rapid, reliable and cost-effective way of measuring water quality indicators locally and reporting on them at the global level? These are some of the questions to be addressed by a JMP task force.
The MDG target refers to sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. But what does “safe” mean? The WHO Drinking-water quality guidelines provides specific values for indicators of microbial contamination and chemical hazards, but allows countries to adapt guideline values to their own socioeconomic contexts. The third edition of the guidelines shifts the emphasis away from single-
point water quality testing to a system of integrated risk assessment and incremental risk management.
In the past decade, WHO and UNICEF have tested the option of directly measuring water quality in a number of pilot countries, using a method for the rapid assessment of drinking-water quality (RADWQ).
This RADWQ project (see below) demonstrated the technical feasibility of such measurements, notwithstanding the established weaknesses of using E.coli or thermotolerant coliforms as indicators of microbial safety. It also showed that such a periodic water quality survey at a global level was economically not viable. Apart from affordability, there is also the question of opportunity cost: how many people could be provided with access to water and sanitation using the resources that would be needed to carry out water quality surveys?
Any new target set beyond 2015 will have to address water quality, which will have to be measured or estimated in a meaningful and cost-effective manner. Technological advances and innovative survey methods will be needed to provide the tools for rapid, reliable and cheap measurement, to be carried out on a large scale. Within countries, regulatory frameworks will need to be developed, along with the capacity to implement and independently appraise Water Safety Plans as a standard feature of ensuring sustainable access to safe drinking-water.
Pilot survey: rapid assessment of drinking-water quality (RADWQ)
Drinking-water is considered safe if it meets certain microbiological and chemical standards. To evaluate the quality of drinking-water from improved sources, WHO and UNICEF have developed a rapid assessment method, which has already been used for a pilot study in eight countries (Bangladesh, China, Ethiopia, India, Jordan, Nicaragua, Nigeria and Tajikistan).
The rapid assessment of drinking-water quality (RADWQ) survey method for the pilot study was based, for each country, on a randomly selected sample of 1600 water supplies and 160 households. Field test kits were used for microbiological and chemical testing of water quality and to assess sanitary risks in households.
Microbiological compliance with WHO guidelines varied between countries. On average, compliance was close to 90% for piped water sources, and between 40% and 70% for other improved sources.
Source: RADWQ final country reports (Geneva, World Health Organization and UNICEF, forthcoming).
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate3 4
use of the following facilities:
flush or pour-flush to:• piped sewer system• septic tank• pit latrine•
Ventilated improved pit (ViP) latrine• Pit latrine with slab• Composting toilet•
use of the following facilities:
flush or pour-flush to elsewhere (that is, not to piped • sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine)Pit latrine without slab/open pit• Bucket• Hanging toilet or hanging latrine•
shared facilities of any type
no facilities, bush or field
use of the following sources:
unprotected dug well• unprotected spring• Cart with small tank or drum• tanker truck• surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, • irrigation channel)Bottled water• 7
use of the following sources:
Piped water into dwelling, yard or plot• Public tap or standpipe• tubewell or borehole• Protected dug well• Protected spring• rainwater collection•
JMP MEtHod EXPLAinEd
These categories and the population estimates (including the proportion of the population living in urban and rural areas) used in this report are those estimated by the United Nations Population Division, 2008 revision. The estimates used by JMP may differ from those used by national governments. Estimates in this report may therefore differ from national estimates.
dAtA collection: gAthering MoMentuMThe first JMP report provided a global picture of access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. Also, as the database has grown, JMP has been able to offer more reliable estimates. Because all the estimates are revised for each report, the reports are not comparable.
Since the 2008 report, more than 300 datasets, a record number, has been added to the JMP database. To complement data directly from countries, for the first time, International Household Survey Network (IHSN), supplied JMP with data from 100 household surveys.
Currently the JMP database includes 729 nationally representative household surveys and 152 Censuses. Almost all of these come from developing regions and to a lesser extent from the Commonwealth of Independent States. Since a census in many developed countries is no longer used to collect information on water and sanitation, the JMP largely relies on administratively reported data for the developed countries. The JMP database currentlyincludes 318 administratively reported data for developed countries.
7 Bottled water is considered to be improved only when the household uses drinking-water from an improved source for cooking and personal hygiene; where this information is not available, bottled water is classified on a case-by- case basis.
defining Access to sAnitAtion And drinKing-wAterMDG Target 7c calls on countries to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. In order to estimate access to basic sanitation and to safe water JMP is required to use two MDG indicators:
proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility, urban and rural; •
proportion of population using an improved drinking-water source, urban and rural.•
Because definitions of improved sanitation facilities and drinking-water sources can vary widely within and among countries and regions, and because JMP is mandated to report at global level and across time, JMP has defined a set of categories for “improved” and “unimproved” sanitation facilities and drinking-water sources that are used to analyse the national data on which the MDG trends and estimates are based.
An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. An improved drinking-water source is one that by the nature of its construction adequately protects the source from outside contamination, in particular with faecal matter.
IMP
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3 5
JMP MEtHod EXPLAinEd
deriVing Mdg Progress estiMAtes
For each country, survey and census data are plotted on a timescale from 1980 to the present. A linear trend line, based on the least-squares method, is drawn through these data points to provide estimates for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008 (wherever possible). The total estimates are population weighted average of the urban and rural numbers.
Sanitation trend analyses at country level are made for improved sanitation facilities and open defecation. The estimates for improved sanitation facilities presented in this report are discounted by the proportion of the population that shared an improved type of sanitation facility. The ratio (proportion of the population that shares an improved sanitation facility between two or more households) derived from average of all available ratios from household surveys and censuses is subsequently subtracted from the trend estimates of improved sanitation facilities, and this gives the estimates for shared sanitation facilities.
Drinking-water trend analysis at the country level is carried out for the following categories: piped water into dwelling, plot or yard; and improved sources of drinking-water.
Challenge: dealing with a moving baseline
The MDG target sets the proportion of people in 1990 without access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation as the baseline to be halved by 2015. To capture the concept of access as a measurable indicator, JMP monitors progress to the MDG target on the basis of estimates of the proportion of the population using an improved drinking-water source and an improved sanitation facility, respectively.
The 1990 baseline was estimated for the first JMP report using the data available at that time. However, as the monitoring exercise has continued to gather momentum, an increasing number of new data sources become available each year. From a methodological standpoint, JMP takes the view that the estimates in each successive report should be as accurate as possible. This means using all the available data – not only estimating access for the most recent year, but also recalculating the estimates for earlier years if more data have come to light. Consequently, these new estimates may affect the baseline values, the trends, and the projections for 2015, the target year.
The advantage of this method is that each report presents the most accurate and detailed picture of the current situation and of progress made since 1990. The disadvantage is that reports are not comparable from one year to the next.
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate3 6
water supply and sanitation facilities and/or the number of service connections. NSOs tend to use household surveys and censuses to measure the actual use of drinking-water and sanitation facilities by household members. This difference is important as a service once provided may no longer be operational, or simply may not be used for various reasons.
using different definitions of Access
NSOs and different line-ministries may use different definitions of access and these, in turn, may differ from the definitions used for the MDG coverage estimates. Understanding the differences in definitions is key to the process of comparing national and MDG coverage estimates.
how coVerAge is MeAsured for Mdg Monitoring
Since the MDG targets are based on the use of improved sanitation and drinking-water facilities, the JMP relies on nationally representative household surveys and censuses usually conducted by NSOs. In order to be able to compare coverage rates and progress among countries, standard definitions of access are used across all countries (see definitions on page 34).
reconciling JMP And country estiMAtes
Over the past two years, JMP has worked with a number of pilot countries to:
develop a common understanding of monitoring • methods;
explore the possibility of harmonizing or • aligning monitoring approaches;
encourage greater collaboration among national • agencies, and between national agencies and JMP.
Once definitions are clarified at national level, it is possible to make national and JMP definitions correspond better. The JMP objective is to ensure comparability between countries. Efforts by JMP to reconcile data have advanced understanding of the different approaches taken by countries. However, it is not within the JMP’s mandate or capacity to carry out such a process in every country. JMP is therefore collaborating with other country-based organizations to pursue this task.
At country level, differences may be observed in the figures on the use of drinking-water sources and sanitation facilities presented by different agencies. Often there are also differences between these national estimates and those at the MDG level. At the origin of these discrepancies lies the issue of institutional fragmentation. Responsibilities for rural drinking-water and sanitation may be with different national bodies, who may each apply their own monitoring definitions, methods and procedures. The same is true, often at the municipal level, for urban drinking-water and sanitation. What is the nature of these different approaches? Can definitions be harmonized? Is it possible to align numbers so discrepancies can be reduced? Can barriers between sectoral institutions be overcome in the area of monitoring? Ultimately, can national monitoring of sanitation and drinking-water be fitted into a common framework?
This challenge has been addressed by JMP over the past two years in collaboration with a small number of countries. The first results of these data reconciliation and alignment processes are enlightening and promising.
different Actors in chArge of Monitoring
At national level, it is common for different line-ministries to monitor national access to drinking-water and sanitation. The National Statistics Office (NSO) is usually responsible overall for all national data, however individual line-ministries responsible for actual service provision often have their own monitoring mechanisms. Where NSOs largely rely on household surveys and census data, line-ministries often track progress based on recorded outputs of the sector.
MeAsuring different AsPects
Line ministries responsible for water supply and sanitation often measure the provision of drinking-
cHALLEnGE: coMPArinG And rEconciLinG diFFErEnt countrY EStiMAtES
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate3 8
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
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impro
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unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
afg
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1990
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80
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2000
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AN
AN
A–
––
–2000
11
100
99
–1
–N
AN
AN
AN
A99
–1
–6
60
45
15
40
NA
NA
NA
NA
60
45
15
40
–2008
15
100
99
–1
–N
AN
AN
AN
A99
–1
––
––
–N
AN
AN
AN
A–
––
–
ant
igua
and
B
arbud
a
1990
62
35
98
–2
––
––
––
––
–95
––
5–
––
––
––
–2000
77
37
98
–2
–94
–6
–95
–5
––
95
73
22
589
82
711
91
79
12
9–
2008
87
43
98
–2
––
––
––
––
–95
––
5–
––
––
––
–
arg
enti
na1990
32 4
98
87
93
–7
–73
–27
–90
–10
–97
76
21
372
22
50
28
94
69
25
62000
36 9
39
90
92
–8
–77
–23
–91
–9
–6 6
47
98
81
17
278
39
39
22
96
77
19
48 1
39
2008
39 8
83
92
91
–9
–77
–23
–90
–10
–98
83
15
280
45
35
20
97
80
17
3
arm
enia
1990
3 5
45
67
95
41
0–
––
0–
––
099
96
31
–59
––
–84
––
2000
3 0
76
65
95
41
077
320
089
47
0–
99
96
31
83
64
19
17
93
85
87
–2008
3 0
77
64
95
41
080
317
090
46
098
97
12
93
70
23
796
87
94
aru
ba
1990
63
50
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2000
91
47
––
––
––
––
––
––
–100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
42
2008
105
47
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
aus
tral
ia1990
17 0
91
85
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
––
0100
––
0100
––
02000
19 1
71
87
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
03 9
83
100
––
0100
––
0100
––
03 9
83
2008
21 0
74
89
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
––
0100
––
0100
––
0
aus
tria
1990
7 6
71
66
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2000
8 0
05
66
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0667
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
667
2008
8 3
37
67
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
aze
rbai
jan
1990
7 2
12
54
––
––
––
––
––
––
88
67
21
12
49
17
32
51
70
44
26
30
2000
8 1
21
51
63
829
024
175
044
551
0–
88
72
16
12
59
18
41
41
74
46
28
26
1 9
36
2008
8 7
31
52
51
641
239
148
12
45
444
788
78
10
12
71
20
51
29
80
50
30
20
Bah
amas
1990
256
80
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
098
––
2–
––
––
––
–2000
305
82
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
082
98
69
29
286
80
614
96
71
25
4–
2008
338
84
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
098
––
2–
––
––
––
–
Bah
rain
1990
493
88
100
–0
0–
––
––
––
–100
100
00
––
––
––
––
2000
650
88
100
–0
0–
––
––
––
––
100
100
00
––
––
––
––
–2008
776
89
100
–0
0–
––
––
––
–100
100
00
––
––
––
––
Pr
og
re
ss
on
sa
nit
atio
n a
nd
dr
ink
ing
-Wat
er
: C
ou
nt
rY,
re
gio
na
l a
nd
glo
Ba
l e
st
imat
es
fo
r 1
990, 2000 a
nd
2008
3 9
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
Ban
glad
esh
1990
115 6
32
20
59
27
77
34
16
10
40
39
18
10
33
88
28
60
12
76
076
24
78
672
22
2000
140 7
67
24
57
26
12
543
20
13
24
46
21
13
20
39 7
04
86
26
60
14
77
077
23
79
673
21
37 8
07
2008
160 0
00
27
56
26
15
352
24
16
853
25
15
785
24
61
15
78
078
22
80
674
20
Bar
bad
os1990
260
33
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
98
20
100
––
0100
––
02000
252
36
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0n
a*
100
100
00
100
––
0100
––
0n
a*
2008
255
40
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
––
0100
––
0
Bel
arus
1990
10 2
60
66
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
––
099
––
1100
––
02000
10 0
54
70
91
81
–96
22
–93
61
––
100
89
11
099
30
69
1100
71
28
0n
a*
2008
9 6
79
73
91
81
–97
21
–93
61
–100
95
50
99
72
27
1100
89
11
0
Bel
gium
1990
9 9
33
96
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
96
40
100
100
00
2000
10 1
93
97
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0657
100
100
00
100
99
10
100
100
00
657
2008
10 5
90
97
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
Bel
ize
1990
190
47
73
517
575
67
12
74
611
989
77
12
11
63
20
43
37
75
47
28
25
2000
252
48
84
68
281
66
782
67
5130
95
82
13
583
42
41
17
89
61
28
11
155
2008
301
52
93
70
086
75
290
72
199
87
12
1100
61
39
099
74
25
1
Ben
in1990
4 7
95
34
14
20
15
51
11
395
58
780
72
19
53
28
47
047
53
56
749
44
2000
6 6
59
38
19
28
13
40
36
487
914
869
800
78
23
55
22
59
257
41
66
10
56
34
3 8
11
2008
8 6
62
41
24
34
11
31
410
680
12
20
860
84
26
58
16
69
267
31
75
12
63
25
Bhu
tan
1990
549
16
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
561
25
87
–9
454
–35
11
62
–29
9–
99
81
18
188
45
43
12
91
54
37
9–
2008
687
35
87
–9
454
–35
11
65
–26
999
81
18
188
45
43
12
92
57
35
8B
oliv
ia
(Plu
rina
tion
al
sta
te o
f)
1990
6 6
71
56
29
38
231
610
480
19
26
253
92
78
14
842
14
28
58
70
50
20
30
2000
8 3
17
62
32
41
10
17
814
15
63
23
31
11
35
1 1
56
94
87
76
56
33
23
44
79
66
13
21
3 6
68
2008
9 6
94
66
34
44
16
69
16
25
50
25
34
20
21
96
93
34
67
47
20
33
86
77
914
Bos
nia
and
Her
zego
vina
1990
4 3
08
39
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
3 6
94
43
98
02
093
15
195
13
1–
99
96
31
96
77
19
497
85
12
3–
2008
3 7
73
47
99
01
092
17
095
14
0100
94
60
98
71
27
299
82
17
1
Bot
swan
a1990
1 3
52
42
58
525
12
20
621
53
36
622
36
100
39
61
088
13
75
12
93
24
69
72000
1 7
23
53
67
621
631
816
45
50
719
24
666
99
61
38
189
25
64
11
94
44
50
6568
2008
1 9
21
60
74
718
139
11
12
38
60
915
16
99
80
19
190
35
55
10
95
62
33
5
Bra
zil
1990
149 5
70
75
81
–15
435
–25
40
69
–18
13
96
92
44
65
35
30
35
88
78
10
12
2000
174 1
74
81
84
–12
436
–30
34
75
–15
10
50 3
74
97
95
23
75
50
25
25
93
87
67
54 5
90
2008
191 9
72
86
87
–10
337
–33
30
80
–13
799
96
31
84
62
22
16
97
91
63
Bri
tish
Vir
gin
isla
nds
1990
17
50
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
098
97
12
98
97
12
98
97
12
2000
21
57
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
06
98
97
12
98
97
12
98
97
12
62008
23
61
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
098
97
12
98
97
12
98
97
12
Bru
nei
d
arus
sala
m
1990
257
66
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
333
71
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2008
392
75
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
Bul
gari
a1990
8 8
19
66
100
–0
098
–2
–99
–1
–100
96
40
99
72
27
1100
88
12
02000
8 0
06
69
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0n
a*
100
96
40
100
72
28
0100
89
11
0n
a*
2008
7 5
93
71
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
96
40
100
––
0100
––
0
Bur
kina
fas
o1990
8 8
14
14
28
17
42
13
22
690
64
11
79
73
12
61
27
36
036
64
41
239
59
2000
11 6
76
17
31
18
41
10
45
883
87
14
71
1 1
47
85
17
68
15
55
055
45
60
357
40
7 9
64
2008
15 2
34
20
33
20
39
86
710
77
11
10
15
64
95
21
74
572
072
28
76
472
24
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate4 0
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
Bur
undi
1990
5 6
81
641
18
40
144
449
344
548
397
32
65
368
167
32
70
367
30
2000
6 4
73
846
20
33
145
449
245
548
21 2
14
89
41
48
11
70
169
30
72
468
28
1 8
37
2008
8 0
74
10
49
22
27
246
449
146
647
183
47
36
17
71
170
29
72
666
28
Cam
bod
ia1990
9 6
90
13
38
59
48
51
589
92
584
52
17
35
48
33
033
67
35
233
65
2000
12 7
60
17
50
76
37
10
26
82
17
36
74
3 3
51
64
33
31
36
42
240
58
46
739
54
5 4
91
2008
14 5
62
22
67
92
22
18
43
75
29
52
64
81
55
26
19
56
551
44
61
16
45
39
Cam
eroo
n1990
12 2
33
41
65
20
13
235
836
21
47
13
27
13
77
25
52
23
31
229
69
50
11
39
50
2000
15 8
65
50
60
19
20
135
842
15
47
13
32
83 2
22
86
25
61
14
43
241
57
64
13
51
36
8 0
09
2008
19 0
88
57
56
17
26
135
847
10
47
13
35
592
25
67
851
348
49
74
15
59
26
Can
ada
1990
27 7
01
77
100
–0
099
–1
–100
–0
0100
100
00
99
––
1100
––
02000
30 6
87
79
100
–0
099
–1
–100
–0
05 5
58
100
100
00
99
38
61
1100
87
13
05 5
58
2008
33 2
59
80
100
–0
099
–1
–100
–0
0100
100
00
99
––
1100
––
0
Cap
e Ve
rde
1990
354
44
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
439
53
64
–1
35
24
–2
74
45
–2
53
–86
42
44
14
80
971
20
83
27
56
17
–2008
499
60
65
–2
33
38
–6
56
54
–4
42
85
46
39
15
82
27
55
18
84
38
46
16
Cay
man
isl
ands
1990
26
100
96
–4
–N
AN
AN
AN
A96
–4
––
37
––
NA
NA
NA
NA
–37
––
2000
40
100
96
–4
–N
AN
AN
AN
A96
–4
–28
93
67
26
7N
AN
AN
AN
A93
67
26
7–
2008
56
100
96
–4
–N
AN
AN
AN
A96
–4
–95
92
35
NA
NA
NA
NA
95
92
35
Cen
tral
afr
ican
r
epub
lic
1990
2 9
28
37
21
12
57
10
52
44
49
11
648
35
78
870
22
47
047
53
58
355
42
2000
3 7
46
38
32
18
44
616
836
40
22
12
39
27
1 1
53
85
778
15
49
049
51
63
360
37
1 2
09
2008
4 3
39
39
43
24
30
328
14
27
31
34
18
28
20
92
686
851
051
49
67
265
33
Cha
d1990
6 1
05
21
20
16
38
26
22
393
65
10
79
48
10
38
52
36
036
64
38
236
62
2000
8 4
02
23
22
18
40
20
34
687
77
15
71
616
60
14
46
40
41
041
59
45
342
55
3 1
37
2008
10 9
14
27
23
19
42
16
45
883
99
17
65
67
17
50
33
44
143
56
50
545
50
Chi
le1990
13 1
91
83
91
–4
548
–45
784
–11
599
97
21
48
22
26
52
90
84
610
2000
15 4
19
86
96
–2
271
–25
492
–6
25 0
52
99
98
11
66
39
27
34
94
90
46
4 2
60
2008
16 8
04
88
98
–1
183
–15
296
–3
199
99
01
75
47
28
25
96
93
34
Chi
na1990
1 1
42 0
90
27
48
25
24
338
647
941
11
41
797
86
11
356
42
14
44
67
54
13
33
2000
1 2
66 9
54
36
55
28
12
546
741
649
15
30
6267 3
19
98
92
62
70
59
11
30
80
71
920
425 0
96
2008
1 3
37 4
11
43
58
30
66
52
838
255
17
24
498
96
22
82
73
918
89
83
611
Col
ombia
1990
33 2
04
68
80
14
24
43
411
42
68
11
516
98
98
02
68
59
932
88
86
212
2000
39 7
73
72
80
14
42
50
515
30
72
11
710
10 7
30
99
95
41
71
57
14
29
91
84
79
12 1
92
2008
45 0
12
74
81
15
22
55
518
22
74
12
77
99
94
51
73
56
17
27
92
84
88
Com
oros
1990
438
28
34
264
011
186
217
181
198
31
67
283
10
73
17
87
16
71
13
2000
552
28
42
256
023
274
128
269
1163
93
45
48
792
17
75
892
25
67
8247
2008
661
28
50
346
130
268
036
262
091
53
38
997
21
76
395
30
65
5
Con
go1990
2 4
46
54
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
3 0
36
58
31
31
36
229
16
37
18
30
25
36
9–
95
43
52
534
331
66
70
26
44
30
–2008
3 6
15
61
31
31
36
229
16
37
18
30
25
37
895
43
52
534
331
66
71
28
44
29
Coo
k is
land
s1990
18
57
100
–0
091
–9
–96
–4
–99
––
187
––
13
94
––
6
2000
18
65
100
–0
099
–1
–100
–0
03
99
––
187
––
13
95
––
5–
2008
20
71
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
098
––
2–
––
––
––
–
4 1
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
Cos
ta r
ica
1990
3 0
78
51
94
41
191
41
493
41
299
92
71
86
71
15
14
93
82
11
72000
3 9
31
59
95
40
194
40
295
40
11 4
30
99
97
21
89
81
811
95
90
55
1 5
21
2008
4 5
19
63
95
41
096
40
095
41
0100
100
00
91
89
29
97
96
13
Côt
e d’i
voir
e1990
12 6
10
40
38
25
31
68
828
56
20
15
29
36
90
49
41
10
67
562
33
76
22
54
24
2000
17 2
81
44
37
24
33
610
10
28
52
22
16
30
32
2 2
14
92
59
33
867
10
57
33
78
31
47
22
6 8
89
2008
20 5
91
49
36
24
35
511
12
29
48
23
18
32
27
93
67
26
768
14
54
32
80
40
40
20
Cro
atia
1990
4 5
17
54
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
4 5
05
56
99
10
098
10
199
10
0–
100
96
40
97
77
20
399
88
11
1–
2008
4 4
23
57
99
10
098
10
199
10
0100
96
40
97
77
20
399
88
11
1
Cub
a1990
10 5
87
73
86
58
164
10
20
680
612
293
77
16
753
30
23
47
82
64
18
18
2000
11 0
87
76
90
54
173
12
10
586
75
21 7
27
95
80
15
573
44
29
27
90
71
19
10
1 8
51
2008
11 2
05
76
94
51
081
13
42
91
72
096
82
14
489
54
35
11
94
75
19
6
Cyp
rus
1990
681
67
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2000
787
69
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0182
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
182
2008
862
70
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
Cze
ch r
epub
lic
1990
10 3
03
75
100
00
098
20
0100
00
0100
97
30
100
––
0100
––
02000
10 2
24
74
99
10
097
30
098
20
0n
a*
100
97
30
100
91
90
100
95
50
16
2008
10 3
19
73
99
10
097
30
098
20
0100
97
30
100
91
90
100
95
50
dem
ocra
tic
Peo
ple
’s r
epub
lic
of k
orea
1990
20 1
43
58
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
––
0100
––
0100
––
02000
22 8
59
60
58
–42
–60
–40
–59
–41
––
100
81
19
0100
71
29
0100
77
23
03 6
76
2008
23 8
19
63
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
––
0100
––
0100
––
0d
emoc
rati
c
rep
ubli
c of
th
e C
ongo
1990
37 0
16
28
23
33
39
54
469
23
912
61
18
90
51
39
10
27
027
73
45
14
30
55
2000
50 8
29
30
23
33
40
413
13
56
18
16
19
51
14
11 4
48
85
38
47
15
27
126
73
44
12
32
56
12 9
01
2008
64 2
57
34
23
33
42
223
22
41
14
23
26
41
10
80
23
57
20
28
226
72
46
937
54
den
mar
k1990
5 1
40
85
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2000
5 3
35
85
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0318
100
––
0100
100
00
100
––
0318
2008
5 4
58
87
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
––
0100
100
00
100
––
0
dji
bou
ti1990
560
76
73
610
11
45
62
47
66
68
20
80
69
11
20
69
19
50
31
77
57
20
23
2000
730
83
69
520
630
413
53
63
518
14
106
88
75
13
12
61
12
49
39
84
65
19
16
350
2008
849
87
63
532
010
128
61
56
432
898
82
16
252
349
48
92
72
20
8
dom
inic
a1990
69
68
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
68
71
80
–2
18
84
–2
14
81
–2
17
–96
78
18
492
49
43
895
70
25
5–
2008
67
73
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
dom
inic
an
rep
ubli
c
1990
7 3
74
55
83
95
361
11
820
73
10
611
98
94
42
76
46
30
24
88
73
15
12
2000
8 8
30
62
85
10
23
69
12
613
79
11
37
2 8
78
92
86
68
80
50
30
20
87
72
15
13
2 0
71
2008
9 9
53
69
87
10
12
74
13
67
83
11
24
87
80
713
84
54
30
16
86
72
14
14
ecu
ador
1990
10 2
78
55
86
25
748
211
39
69
28
21
81
66
15
19
62
24
38
38
72
47
25
28
2000
12 3
10
60
92
32
370
35
22
83
33
11
5 3
11
91
85
69
78
55
23
22
86
73
13
14
5 2
72
2008
13 4
81
66
96
31
084
43
992
32
397
96
13
88
74
14
12
94
88
66
egyp
t1990
57 7
85
43
91
32
457
422
17
72
413
11
96
90
64
86
39
47
14
90
61
29
10
2000
70 1
74
43
95
30
279
59
786
45
535 0
30
99
95
41
93
65
28
796
78
18
428 7
06
2008
81 5
27
43
97
30
092
62
094
51
0100
99
10
98
87
11
299
92
71
el
sal
vador
1990
5 3
30
49
88
81
362
31
34
75
51
19
90
72
18
10
58
14
44
42
74
43
31
26
2000
5 9
45
58
89
80
374
40
22
83
60
11
1 3
39
92
76
16
868
29
39
32
82
56
26
18
1 3
93
2008
6 1
34
61
89
81
283
50
12
87
70
694
80
14
676
42
34
24
87
65
22
13
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate4 2
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
equa
tori
al g
uine
a1990
379
35
––
––
––
––
––
––
–12
––
–0
––
–4
––
2000
529
39
60
––
–46
––
–51
–49
––
45
16
29
55
42
042
58
43
637
57
–2008
659
39
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
–0
––
––
––
eri
trea
1990
3 1
58
16
58
–10
32
0–
0100
9–
289
62
40
22
38
39
039
61
43
637
57
2000
3 6
57
18
54
–8
38
2–
197
11
–2
87
406
70
42
28
30
50
050
50
54
747
46
1 6
47
2008
4 9
27
21
52
–7
41
4–
096
14
–1
85
74
42
32
26
57
057
43
61
952
39
est
onia
1990
1 5
67
71
––
––
––
––
––
––
99
92
71
97
51
46
398
80
18
22000
1 3
70
69
96
40
094
60
095
50
0–
99
95
41
97
65
32
398
86
12
2n
a*
2008
1 3
41
69
96
40
094
60
095
50
099
97
21
97
75
22
398
90
82
eth
iopia
1990
48 2
92
13
21
25
747
10
099
43
192
77
10
67
23
80
892
17
116
83
2000
65 5
15
15
26
30
18
26
51
886
85
10
77
7 7
54
88
26
62
12
18
018
82
28
424
72
22 4
61
2008
80 7
13
17
29
34
29
88
219
71
12
721
60
98
40
58
226
026
74
38
731
62
fiji
1990
724
42
92
–8
––
––
––
––
–92
––
8–
––
––
––
–2000
802
48
96
–4
––
––
––
––
––
93
32
61
7–
7–
––
19
––
–2008
844
52
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
finl
and
1990
4 9
86
61
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
96
40
100
85
15
0100
92
80
2000
5 1
73
61
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0318
100
99
10
100
92
80
100
96
40
318
2008
5 3
04
63
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
––
0100
––
0
fran
ce1990
56 8
42
74
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
95
50
100
99
10
2000
59 1
28
76
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
05 1
94
100
100
00
100
99
10
100
100
00
5 1
94
2008
62 0
36
77
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
fren
ch g
uian
a1990
116
75
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
165
75
85
–15
–57
–43
–78
–22
––
88
83
512
71
65
629
84
79
516
–2008
220
76
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
fren
ch P
olyn
esia
1990
195
56
99
–1
–97
–3
–98
–2
–100
99
10
100
96
40
100
98
20
2000
236
52
99
–1
–97
–3
–98
–2
–69
100
99
10
100
96
40
100
98
20
70
2008
266
52
99
–1
–97
–3
–98
–2
–100
99
10
100
96
40
100
98
20
gab
on1990
926
69
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
1 2
33
80
37
40
21
230
24
41
536
37
24
3–
95
52
43
547
839
53
85
43
42
15
–2008
1 4
48
85
33
36
30
130
25
43
233
34
32
195
49
46
541
10
31
59
87
43
44
13
gam
bia
1990
896
38
––
––
––
––
––
––
85
24
61
15
67
067
33
74
965
26
2000
1 3
02
49
65
25
91
61
13
17
963
19
13
5–
91
41
50
977
374
23
84
22
62
16
865
2008
1 6
60
57
68
27
41
65
14
14
767
21
84
96
55
41
486
581
14
92
33
59
8
geo
rgia
1990
5 4
60
55
97
30
095
12
296
21
194
81
13
666
19
47
34
81
53
28
19
2000
4 7
45
53
96
31
094
13
295
22
1n
a*
97
86
11
380
34
46
20
89
61
28
11
na
*2008
4 3
07
53
96
31
093
14
295
22
1100
92
80
96
51
45
498
73
25
2
ger
man
y1990
79 4
33
73
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
97
30
100
99
10
2000
82 0
75
73
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
02 8
31
100
100
00
100
97
30
100
99
10
2 8
31
2008
82 2
64
74
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
97
30
100
99
10
gha
na1990
14 9
68
36
11
44
34
11
421
47
28
729
42
22
84
41
43
16
37
235
63
54
16
38
46
2000
19 5
29
44
15
58
18
95
31
33
31
943
27
21
1 9
88
88
35
53
12
58
355
42
71
17
54
29
11 0
65
2008
23 3
51
50
18
70
57
738
21
34
13
54
13
20
90
30
60
10
74
371
26
82
17
65
18
gre
ece
1990
10 1
61
59
100
–0
092
–0
897
–0
399
99
01
92
82
10
896
92
44
2000
10 9
42
60
99
–1
096
–0
498
–0
21 0
59
100
100
00
98
95
32
99
98
11
1 3
83
2008
11 1
37
61
99
–1
097
–1
298
–1
1100
100
00
99
99
01
100
100
00
4 3
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
gre
nada
1990
96
32
96
–4
–97
–3
–97
–3
–97
––
3–
––
––
––
–2000
101
31
96
–4
–97
–3
–97
–3
–7
97
93
43
93
75
18
794
81
13
6–
2008
104
31
96
–4
–97
–3
–97
–3
–97
––
3–
––
––
––
–
gua
del
oupe
1990
386
99
––
––
––
––
––
––
98
98
02
––
––
––
––
2000
429
98
94
–6
––
––
––
––
––
98
98
02
93
75
18
798
98
02
76
2008
464
98
95
–5
––
––
––
––
–98
98
02
––
––
––
––
gua
m1990
134
91
99
–1
–98
–2
–99
–1
–100
––
0100
––
0100
––
02000
155
93
99
–1
–98
–2
–99
–1
–41
100
––
0100
––
0100
––
042
2008
176
93
99
–1
–98
–2
–99
–1
–100
––
0100
––
0100
––
0
gua
tem
ala
1990
8 9
10
41
84
74
551
212
35
65
48
23
91
68
23
975
35
40
25
82
49
33
18
2000
11 2
31
45
87
73
363
213
22
74
49
13
5 2
94
95
83
12
584
53
31
16
89
67
22
11
5 5
59
2008
13 6
86
49
89
72
273
214
11
81
48
798
95
32
90
68
22
10
94
81
13
6
gui
nea
1990
6 1
47
28
18
23
53
66
436
54
99
41
41
87
21
66
13
38
038
62
52
646
48
2000
8 3
84
31
27
33
37
39
544
42
15
14
41
30
1 3
15
88
24
64
12
51
051
49
62
755
38
3 7
85
2008
9 8
33
34
34
42
23
111
650
33
19
18
41
22
89
26
63
11
61
160
39
71
10
61
29
gui
nea-
Bis
sau
1990
1 0
22
28
––
––
––
––
––
––
–6
––
37
037
63
–2
––
2000
1 3
04
30
43
746
47
040
53
18
242
38
–79
18
61
21
45
045
55
55
550
45
–2008
1 5
75
30
49
841
29
048
43
21
246
31
83
27
56
17
51
150
49
61
952
39
guy
ana
1990
749
30
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
756
29
85
10
41
77
814
179
911
1–
93
75
18
787
54
33
13
89
60
29
11
–2008
763
28
85
10
50
80
810
281
99
198
76
22
293
63
30
794
67
27
6
Hai
ti1990
7 1
08
29
44
45
110
19
12
762
26
21
647
62
27
35
38
41
239
59
47
938
53
2000
8 6
48
36
34
35
21
10
15
920
56
22
18
20
40
-169
67
24
43
33
49
346
51
55
10
45
45
2 8
81
2008
9 8
76
47
24
24
43
910
635
49
17
14
39
30
71
21
50
29
55
451
45
63
12
51
37
Hon
dur
as1990
4 9
01
40
68
912
11
28
212
58
44
512
39
91
82
99
59
42
17
41
72
58
14
28
2000
6 2
30
44
75
10
96
47
411
38
59
710
24
3 0
40
93
89
47
69
59
10
31
80
72
820
2 7
65
2008
7 3
19
48
80
11
72
62
511
22
71
89
12
95
94
15
77
72
523
86
83
314
Hun
gary
1990
10 3
65
66
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
098
94
42
91
72
19
996
86
10
42000
10 2
15
65
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0n
a*
100
95
50
98
86
12
299
92
71
62
2008
10 0
12
68
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
95
50
100
93
70
100
94
60
icel
and
1990
255
91
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2000
281
92
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
061
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
61
2008
315
92
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
india
1990
862 1
62
26
49
19
428
71
290
18
62
74
90
52
38
10
66
858
34
72
19
53
28
2000
1 0
42 5
90
28
52
20
622
14
34
79
25
84
63
211 0
49
93
50
43
776
967
24
81
20
61
19
418 8
86
2008
1 1
81 4
12
29
54
21
718
21
46
69
31
96
54
96
48
48
484
11
73
16
88
22
66
12
indon
esia
1990
177 3
85
31
58
816
18
22
723
48
33
721
39
92
24
68
862
260
38
71
962
29
2000
205 2
80
42
63
812
17
30
919
42
44
916
31
59 6
82
90
31
59
10
67
562
33
77
16
61
23
55 9
33
2008
227 3
45
52
67
98
16
36
11
17
36
52
10
12
26
89
37
52
11
71
863
29
80
23
57
20
iran
(is
lam
ic
rep
ubli
c of
)
1990
56 7
33
56
86
–14
–78
–22
–83
–17
–98
96
22
83
69
14
17
91
84
79
2000
66 9
03
64
86
–14
–78
–22
–83
–17
––
98
96
22
83
69
14
17
93
86
77
–2008
73 3
12
68
––
––
––
––
––
––
98
96
22
––
––
––
––
iraq
1990
18 0
79
70
––
––
––
––
––
––
97
––
344
––
56
81
––
19
2000
24 6
52
68
76
19
50
54
10
21
15
69
16
10
5–
95
92
35
49
37
12
51
80
74
620
9 1
32
2008
30 0
96
67
76
19
50
66
12
17
573
17
82
91
90
19
55
49
645
79
76
321
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate4 4
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
irel
and
1990
3 5
15
57
100
–0
098
–2
099
–1
0100
100
00
100
99
10
100
100
00
2000
3 8
04
59
100
–0
098
–2
099
–1
0913
100
100
00
100
99
10
100
100
00
922
2008
4 4
37
61
100
–0
098
–2
099
–1
0100
100
00
100
99
10
100
100
00
isra
el1990
4 5
14
90
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
2000
6 0
84
91
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
02 5
38
100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
2 5
38
2008
7 0
51
92
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
ital
y1990
56 9
98
67
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
100
00
100
96
40
100
99
10
2000
57 1
16
67
––
––
––
––
––
––
–100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2 6
06
2008
59 6
04
68
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
Jam
aica
1990
2 3
64
49
82
16
11
83
12
50
83
14
30
98
89
92
88
33
55
12
93
61
32
72000
2 5
68
52
82
16
20
83
12
50
82
14
40
285
98
90
82
88
41
47
12
93
66
27
7347
2008
2 7
08
53
82
16
20
84
12
31
83
14
30
98
91
72
89
47
42
11
94
70
24
6
Japan
1990
123 1
91
63
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
97
30
100
86
14
0100
93
70
2000
126 7
06
65
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
04 1
02
100
98
20
100
91
90
100
96
40
4 1
02
2008
127 2
93
66
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
99
10
100
95
50
100
98
20
Jord
an1990
3 2
54
72
98
20
0–
––
––
––
–99
98
11
91
87
49
97
95
23
2000
4 8
53
78
98
20
096
11
298
20
0–
98
96
22
91
82
99
96
93
34
2 7
34
2008
6 1
36
78
98
20
097
12
098
20
098
94
42
91
79
12
996
91
54
kaz
akhs
tan
1990
16 5
30
56
96
31
097
10
296
21
199
91
81
92
28
64
896
63
33
42000
14 9
57
56
97
30
097
11
197
21
0n
a*
99
87
12
191
26
65
996
60
36
4n
a*
2008
15 5
21
58
97
30
098
11
097
21
099
82
17
190
24
66
10
95
58
37
5
ken
ya1990
23 4
33
18
24
45
28
327
15
41
17
26
20
40
14
91
57
34
932
10
22
68
43
19
24
57
2000
31 4
41
20
26
48
23
330
16
36
18
29
22
34
15
5 9
25
87
49
38
13
43
11
32
57
52
18
34
48
12 7
95
2008
38 7
65
22
27
51
20
232
18
32
18
31
25
29
15
83
44
39
17
52
12
40
48
59
19
40
41
kir
ibat
i1990
72
35
36
716
41
21
212
65
26
413
57
76
46
30
24
33
13
20
67
48
25
23
52
2000
84
43
47
93
41
22
221
55
33
513
49
–77
48
29
23
50
21
29
50
62
33
29
38
–2008
97
50
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
kuw
ait
1990
2 1
43
98
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
099
––
199
––
199
––
12000
2 2
28
98
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0776
99
––
199
––
199
––
1768
2008
2 9
19
98
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
099
––
199
––
199
––
1
kyr
gyz
stan
1990
4 3
95
38
94
51
0–
––
––
––
–98
75
23
2–
25
––
–44
––
2000
4 9
55
35
94
51
093
25
093
34
0–
98
82
16
273
30
43
27
82
48
34
18
–2008
5 4
14
36
94
51
093
25
093
34
099
89
10
185
34
51
15
90
54
36
10
lao
Peo
ple
’s
dem
ocra
tic
r
epub
lic
1990
4 2
07
15
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
5 4
03
22
62
48
26
16
18
75
26
28
64
–77
35
42
23
40
535
60
48
12
36
52
–2008
6 2
05
31
86
53
638
28
52
53
36
38
72
55
17
28
51
447
49
57
20
37
43
latv
ia1990
2 6
63
69
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
––
096
––
499
––
12000
2 3
74
68
82
13
50
71
326
078
10
12
0–
100
93
70
96
59
37
499
82
17
1n
a*
2008
2 2
59
68
82
13
50
71
326
078
10
12
0100
93
70
96
59
37
499
82
17
1
leban
on1990
2 9
74
83
100
–0
0–
––
––
––
–100
100
00
100
––
0100
––
02000
3 7
72
86
100
–0
087
–13
–98
–2
––
100
100
00
100
85
15
0100
98
20
1 2
19
2008
4 1
94
87
100
–0
0–
––
––
––
–100
100
00
100
––
0100
––
0
leso
tho
1990
1 6
02
14
29
25
37
932
413
51
32
716
45
88
19
69
12
57
156
43
61
457
39
2000
1 8
89
20
35
30
27
828
417
51
29
920
42
82
92
39
53
869
366
31
74
10
64
26
765
2008
2 0
49
25
40
35
17
825
321
51
29
11
20
40
97
59
38
381
576
19
85
19
66
15
4 5
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
liber
ia1990
2 1
67
45
21
21
43
15
311
18
68
11
16
29
44
86
21
65
14
34
331
66
58
11
47
42
2000
2 8
24
54
23
24
30
23
411
12
73
14
18
22
46
407
82
11
71
18
44
242
56
65
758
35
1 3
23
2008
3 7
93
60
25
25
20
30
412
777
17
20
14
49
79
376
21
51
051
49
68
266
32
liby
an a
rab
Jam
ahir
iya
1990
4 3
65
76
97
–3
–96
–4
–97
–3
–54
––
46
55
––
45
54
––
46
2000
5 3
46
76
97
–3
–96
–4
–97
–3
–1 8
72
54
––
46
55
––
45
54
––
46
–2008
6 2
94
78
97
–3
–96
–4
–97
–3
––
––
––
––
––
––
–
lith
uani
a1990
3 6
98
68
––
––
––
––
––
––
–89
––
–49
––
–76
––
2000
3 5
01
67
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
92
––
–55
––
–80
––
–2008
3 3
21
67
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
luxe
mbou
rg1990
382
81
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
2000
437
84
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
099
100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
99
2008
481
82
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
mad
agas
car
1990
11 2
73
24
14
26
35
25
69
877
813
14
65
78
25
53
22
16
016
84
31
625
69
2000
15 2
75
27
15
27
37
21
814
24
54
10
18
27
45
1 2
00
73
19
54
27
24
222
76
37
730
63
4 3
41
2008
19 1
11
29
15
28
39
18
10
17
35
38
11
20
37
32
71
14
57
29
29
425
71
41
734
59
mal
awi
1990
9 4
51
12
50
41
54
41
17
735
42
20
731
90
45
45
10
33
231
67
40
733
60
2000
11 8
31
15
51
42
43
50
21
722
50
24
719
4 3
44
93
34
59
758
256
42
63
756
37
8 0
96
2008
14 8
46
19
51
42
52
57
24
811
56
27
89
95
26
69
577
275
23
80
773
20
mal
aysi
a1990
18 1
03
50
88
47
181
37
984
38
594
86
86
82
59
23
18
88
72
16
12
2000
23 2
74
62
94
41
190
42
492
42
210 7
27
99
95
41
93
80
13
797
89
83
11 0
83
2008
27 0
14
70
96
40
095
40
196
40
0100
99
10
99
91
81
100
97
30
mal
div
es1990
216
26
100
–0
058
–12
30
69
–9
22
100
47
53
087
087
13
90
12
78
10
2000
272
28
100
–0
074
–7
19
81
–5
14
150
100
68
32
087
087
13
91
19
72
984
2008
305
38
100
–0
096
–0
498
–0
299
95
41
86
284
14
91
37
54
9
mal
i1990
8 6
55
23
36
20
40
423
10
31
36
26
12
33
29
54
17
37
46
22
022
78
29
425
71
2000
10 5
23
28
41
23
32
428
12
32
28
32
15
32
21
2 3
24
69
26
43
31
34
133
66
44
836
56
4 6
05
2008
12 7
06
32
45
25
26
432
14
33
21
36
18
30
16
81
34
47
19
44
143
56
56
12
44
44
mal
ta1990
360
90
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
98
98
02
100
100
00
2000
389
92
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
047
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
47
2008
407
94
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
mar
shal
l is
land
s1990
47
65
77
11
––
41
9–
–64
10
26
–94
––
697
––
395
––
52000
52
66
80
12
––
48
11
––
69
12
19
–13
93
––
798
––
295
––
512
2008
61
68
83
12
14
53
12
035
73
12
114
92
191
899
099
194
193
6
mar
tini
que
1990
359
98
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
99
10
––
––
––
––
2000
385
98
94
–6
––
––
––
––
––
100
99
10
––
––
––
––
–2008
403
98
95
–5
––
––
––
––
–100
99
10
––
––
––
––
mau
rita
nia
1990
1 9
88
40
29
10
38
23
83
31
58
16
634
44
36
15
21
64
26
026
74
30
624
70
2000
2 6
04
40
38
14
28
20
94
19
68
21
822
49
518
45
26
19
55
37
829
63
40
15
25
60
979
2008
3 2
15
41
50
18
16
16
94
879
26
10
11
53
52
34
18
48
47
14
33
53
49
22
27
51
mau
riti
us1990
1 0
56
44
93
70
090
73
091
72
0100
100
00
99
99
01
99
99
01
2000
1 1
95
43
93
70
090
73
091
72
0203
100
100
00
99
99
01
99
99
01
221
2008
1 2
80
42
93
70
090
73
091
72
0100
100
00
99
99
01
99
99
01
mex
ico
1990
83 4
04
71
80
64
10
30
79
54
66
65
23
94
88
66
64
50
14
36
85
77
815
2000
99 5
31
75
85
72
651
12
631
76
84
12
37 2
26
95
90
55
77
62
15
23
90
83
710
31 1
49
2008
108 5
55
77
90
71
268
16
412
85
92
496
92
44
87
72
15
13
94
87
76
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate4 6
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
mic
rone
sia
(fed
erat
ed
sta
tes
of)
1990
96
26
55
–45
–20
–80
–29
–71
–93
––
787
––
13
89
––
11
2000
107
22
59
–41
–16
–84
–26
–74
––
94
––
692
––
892
––
8–
2008
110
22
––
––
––
––
––
––
95
––
5–
––
––
––
–
mon
aco
1990
29
100
100
–0
0N
AN
AN
AN
A100
–0
0100
100
00
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
100
00
2000
32
100
100
–0
0N
AN
AN
AN
A100
–0
03
100
100
00
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
100
00
32008
33
100
100
–0
0N
AN
AN
AN
A100
–0
0100
100
00
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
100
00
mon
goli
a1990
2 2
16
57
––
––
––
––
––
––
81
52
29
19
27
027
73
58
30
28
42
2000
2 3
89
57
66
32
20
26
20
18
36
49
27
816
–88
42
46
12
37
136
63
66
24
42
34
722
2008
2 6
41
57
64
31
23
32
24
18
26
50
28
913
97
32
65
349
247
51
76
19
57
24
mon
tene
gro
1990
587
48
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
661
59
96
31
086
310
192
35
0–
100
98
20
96
66
30
498
85
13
2–
2008
622
60
96
31
086
310
192
35
0100
98
20
96
66
30
498
85
13
2
mon
tser
rat
1990
11
13
96
–4
–96
–4
–96
–4
–100
98
20
100
0100
0100
12
88
02000
511
96
–4
–96
–4
–96
–4
–n
a*
100
98
20
100
0100
0100
11
89
0n
a*
2008
615
96
–4
–96
–4
–96
–4
–100
98
20
100
0100
0100
15
85
0
mor
occo
1990
24 8
08
48
81
14
05
27
31
69
53
81
38
94
74
20
655
550
45
74
38
35
26
2000
28 8
27
53
82
14
22
43
52
50
64
10
224
8 6
60
96
82
14
458
13
45
42
78
50
28
22
7 2
43
2008
31 6
06
56
83
14
30
52
64
38
69
10
417
98
88
10
260
19
41
40
81
58
23
19
moz
ambiq
ue1990
13 5
43
21
36
725
32
41
21
74
11
222
65
73
22
51
27
26
125
74
36
531
64
2000
18 2
49
31
37
731
25
41
27
68
14
328
55
2 3
15
75
21
54
25
27
126
73
42
735
58
5 6
44
2008
22 3
83
37
38
741
14
41
36
59
17
338
42
77
20
57
23
29
128
71
47
839
53
mya
nmar
1990
40 8
44
25
––
––
––
––
––
––
87
19
68
13
47
146
53
57
552
43
2000
46 6
10
28
81
10
81
59
819
14
65
916
10
–80
17
63
20
60
258
40
66
660
34
11 9
08
2008
49 5
63
33
86
10
40
79
11
91
81
11
71
75
15
60
25
69
267
31
71
665
29
nam
ibia
1990
1 4
17
28
66
18
511
92
683
25
66
63
99
82
17
151
14
37
49
64
33
31
36
2000
1 8
24
32
63
17
515
13
37
77
29
86
57
349
99
77
22
172
21
51
28
81
39
42
19
1 0
53
2008
2 1
30
37
60
17
518
17
46
73
33
95
53
99
72
27
188
27
61
12
92
44
48
8
nau
ru1990
9100
––
––
NA
NA
NA
NA
––
––
––
––
NA
NA
NA
NA
––
––
2000
10
100
––
––
NA
NA
NA
NA
––
––
––
––
–N
AN
AN
AN
A–
––
––
2008
10
100
50
23
26
1N
AN
AN
AN
A50
23
26
190
––
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
90
––
10
nep
al1990
19 1
05
941
24
530
82
585
11
45
80
96
43
53
474
569
26
76
868
24
2000
24 4
32
13
47
27
422
19
55
71
23
85
64
6 8
29
94
48
46
681
873
19
83
13
70
17
10 8
33
2008
28 8
10
17
51
30
415
27
76
60
31
11
652
93
52
41
787
10
77
13
88
17
71
12
net
herl
ands
1990
14 9
53
69
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
95
50
100
98
20
2000
15 9
15
77
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
01 5
75
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
1 5
75
2008
16 5
28
82
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
new
Zea
land
1990
3 3
86
85
––
––
88
–12
––
––
–100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2000
3 8
68
86
––
––
––
––
––
––
–100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
844
2008
4 2
30
87
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
nic
arag
ua1990
4 1
38
52
59
829
426
426
44
43
628
23
92
83
98
54
18
36
46
74
52
22
26
2000
5 1
01
55
61
827
432
532
31
48
729
16
1 1
68
95
86
95
62
23
39
38
80
57
23
20
1 7
55
2008
5 6
67
57
63
924
437
636
21
52
829
11
98
88
10
268
27
41
32
85
62
23
15
nig
er1990
7 9
04
15
19
14
41
26
21
295
53
884
57
21
36
43
31
031
69
35
332
65
2000
11 0
31
16
27
20
31
22
31
393
74
782
928
78
30
48
22
35
134
65
42
636
58
4 2
92
2008
14 7
04
16
34
25
21
20
42
391
96
679
96
37
59
439
138
61
48
741
52
4 7
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
nig
eria
1990
97 3
38
35
39
42
11
836
18
12
34
37
26
12
25
79
32
47
21
30
426
70
47
14
33
53
2000
124 8
42
43
37
40
13
10
32
16
20
32
34
26
17
23
12 3
73
77
20
57
23
36
234
64
53
10
43
47
41 9
54
2008
151 2
12
48
36
38
14
12
28
14
27
31
32
26
20
22
75
11
64
25
42
240
58
58
652
42
niu
e1990
231
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
––
0100
––
0100
––
02000
234
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0n
a*
100
––
0100
80
20
0100
––
0n
a2008
240
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
––
0100
––
0100
––
0
nor
ther
n m
aria
na
isla
nds
1990
44
90
85
–15
–78
–22
–84
–16
–98
––
2100
––
098
––
22000
69
93
92
–8
–93
–7
–92
–8
––
98
––
297
––
398
––
241
2008
85
93
––
––
96
–4
––
––
–98
––
297
––
398
––
2
nor
way
1990
4 2
41
72
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2000
4 4
84
76
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0525
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
525
2008
4 7
67
77
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
om
an1990
1 8
43
66
97
–1
261
–7
32
85
–3
12
84
29
55
16
72
666
28
80
21
59
20
2000
2 4
02
72
97
–1
261
–7
32
87
–2
11
–87
46
41
13
74
11
63
26
83
36
47
17
977
2008
2 7
85
72
97
–3
––
––
––
––
–92
68
24
877
18
59
23
88
54
34
12
Pak
ista
n1990
115 7
76
31
73
614
78
120
71
28
318
51
96
57
39
481
972
19
86
24
62
14
2000
148 1
32
33
72
616
620
323
54
37
421
38
47 2
11
95
56
39
585
15
70
15
88
29
59
12
59 6
90
2008
176 9
52
36
72
617
529
526
40
45
523
27
95
55
40
587
20
67
13
90
33
57
10
Pal
au1990
15
70
76
–24
–54
–46
–69
–31
–73
––
27
98
––
281
––
19
2000
19
70
92
–8
–52
–48
–80
–20
––
78
––
22
95
––
583
––
17
–2008
20
70
96
–4
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
–
Pan
ama
1990
2 4
13
54
73
11
15
140
431
25
58
822
12
99
97
21
66
60
634
84
80
416
2000
2 9
51
66
74
11
13
247
432
17
65
919
7946
97
95
23
77
72
523
90
87
310
1 1
34
2008
3 3
99
73
75
11
12
251
531
13
69
917
597
93
43
83
79
417
93
89
47
Pap
ua n
ew
gui
nea
1990
4 1
31
15
78
–19
342
–42
16
47
–39
14
89
61
28
11
32
428
68
41
13
28
59
2000
5 3
88
13
75
–21
442
–41
17
46
–39
15
1 0
18
88
59
29
12
32
329
68
39
10
29
61
1 0
03
2008
6 5
77
12
71
–24
541
–41
18
45
–39
16
87
57
30
13
33
330
67
40
10
30
60
Par
agua
y1990
4 2
50
49
61
335
115
081
437
159
381
59
22
19
25
025
75
52
29
23
48
2000
5 3
50
55
79
416
131
067
258
239
12 7
94
92
75
17
851
21
30
49
74
51
23
26
3 1
55
2008
6 2
38
60
90
45
140
158
170
326
199
85
14
166
35
31
34
86
65
21
14
Per
u1990
21 7
76
69
71
85
16
16
19
74
54
66
34
88
73
15
12
45
15
30
55
75
55
20
25
2000
26 0
04
71
77
87
827
221
50
62
612
20
7 8
50
90
79
11
10
54
26
28
46
79
63
16
21
7 3
14
2008
28 8
37
71
81
99
136
330
31
68
715
10
90
84
610
61
35
26
39
82
70
12
18
Phi
lippin
es1990
62 4
27
49
70
14
88
46
922
23
58
11
15
16
93
40
53
776
868
24
84
24
60
16
2000
77 6
89
59
76
15
36
59
12
11
18
69
14
611
32 4
57
93
51
42
782
18
64
18
88
37
51
12
29 7
78
2008
90 3
48
65
80
16
04
69
14
314
76
15
18
93
60
33
787
25
62
13
91
48
43
9
Pol
and
1990
38 1
11
61
96
–4
––
––
––
––
–100
97
30
100
73
27
0100
88
12
02000
38 4
33
62
96
–4
–80
–20
–90
–10
––
100
99
10
100
89
11
0100
95
50
na
*2008
38 1
04
61
96
–4
–80
–20
–90
–10
–100
99
10
100
96
40
100
98
20
Por
tuga
l1990
9 9
79
48
97
–1
287
–1
12
92
–1
798
95
32
94
80
14
696
87
94
2000
10 2
26
54
99
–0
196
–0
498
–0
21 4
96
99
98
11
98
95
32
99
97
21
990
2008
10 6
77
59
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
099
99
01
100
100
00
99
99
01
Pue
rto
ric
o1990
3 5
28
72
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
3 8
19
95
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2008
3 9
65
98
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate4 8
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
Qat
ar1990
467
92
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
––
0100
––
0100
––
02000
617
95
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0813
100
––
0100
––
0100
––
0813
2008
1 2
81
96
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
––
0100
––
0100
––
0
rep
ubli
c of
kor
ea1990
42 9
83
74
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
097
96
13
––
––
––
––
2000
46 4
29
80
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
05 1
69
98
97
12
75
46
29
25
93
87
67
–2008
48 1
52
81
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
99
10
88
64
24
12
98
93
52
rep
ubli
c of
m
oldov
a
1990
4 3
64
47
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
4 1
00
45
85
78
074
521
079
615
0–
97
78
19
388
979
12
92
40
52
8–
2008
3 6
33
42
85
78
074
521
079
615
096
79
17
485
13
72
15
90
40
50
10
rom
ania
1990
23 2
07
53
88
39
052
147
071
227
0–
85
––
–3
––
–47
––
2000
22 1
38
53
88
39
054
145
072
226
0n
a*
–88
––
–16
––
–55
––
–2008
21 3
61
54
88
39
054
145
072
226
0–
91
––
–26
––
–61
––
rus
sian
fe
der
atio
n
1990
148 0
65
73
93
–7
–70
–30
–87
–13
–98
87
11
281
45
36
19
93
76
17
72000
146 6
70
73
93
–7
–70
–30
–87
–13
–n
a*
98
90
82
86
42
44
14
95
77
18
5n
a*
2008
141 3
94
73
93
–7
–70
–30
–87
–13
–98
92
62
89
40
49
11
96
78
18
4
rw
anda
1990
7 1
50
535
12
50
322
269
723
367
796
32
64
466
066
34
68
266
32
2000
7 9
58
14
43
15
40
240
451
540
649
53 6
05
85
22
63
15
64
064
36
67
364
33
1 4
56
2008
9 7
21
18
50
18
31
155
636
354
835
377
15
62
23
62
161
38
65
461
35
sai
nt k
itts
and
n
evis
1990
41
35
96
–4
–96
–4
–96
–4
–99
––
199
––
199
––
12000
46
33
96
–4
–96
–4
–96
–4
–10
99
72
27
199
72
27
199
72
27
110
2008
51
35
96
–4
–96
–4
–96
–4
–99
––
199
––
199
––
1
sai
nt l
ucia
1990
138
29
––
––
––
––
––
––
98
––
298
––
298
––
22000
157
28
89
–11
–89
–11
–89
–11
––
98
75
23
298
75
23
298
75
23
231
2008
170
28
––
––
––
––
––
––
98
––
298
––
298
––
2
sai
nt V
ince
nt a
nd
the
gre
nadin
es
1990
107
41
––
––
96
–4
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
–2000
108
44
––
––
96
–4
––
––
––
––
––
93
73
20
7–
––
––
2008
109
47
––
––
96
–4
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
–
sam
oa1990
161
21
100
–0
098
–2
–98
–2
–99
––
189
––
11
91
––
92000
177
22
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
021
92
74
18
888
52
36
12
89
57
32
11
–2008
179
23
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0–
––
––
––
––
––
–
san
mar
ino
1990
24
90
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
27
93
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2008
31
94
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
sao
tom
e an
d
Pri
ncip
e
1990
116
44
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
140
53
27
44
65
15
43
78
21
44
71
–86
31
55
14
70
14
56
30
79
23
56
21
–2008
160
61
30
417
49
19
512
64
26
415
55
89
32
57
11
88
18
70
12
89
26
63
11
sau
di
ara
bia
1990
16 2
59
77
100
–0
0–
––
––
––
–97
97
03
63
60
337
89
88
111
2000
20 8
08
80
100
–0
0–
––
––
––
––
97
97
03
––
––
––
––
–2008
25 2
01
82
100
–0
0–
––
––
––
–97
97
03
––
––
––
––
sen
egal
1990
7 5
38
39
62
17
12
922
614
58
38
10
13
39
88
45
43
12
43
340
57
61
19
42
39
2000
9 9
02
41
66
18
11
531
818
43
45
12
15
28
3 3
63
90
61
29
10
48
840
52
65
30
35
35
3 8
28
2008
12 2
11
42
69
19
10
238
10
21
31
51
14
16
19
92
74
18
852
12
40
48
69
38
31
31
ser
bia
1990
9 5
69
50
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
10 1
34
51
96
31
088
39
092
35
0–
99
97
21
98
63
35
299
80
19
1–
2008
9 8
39
52
96
31
088
39
092
35
099
97
21
98
63
35
299
81
18
1
4 9
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
sey
chel
les
1990
72
49
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
81
51
94
–5
1–
––
––
––
––
84
84
016
––
––
––
––
–2008
84
56
97
–2
1–
––
––
––
–100
100
00
––
––
––
––
sie
rra
leon
e1990
4 0
84
33
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
4 2
28
36
21
41
32
65
13
48
34
11
23
42
24
–75
28
47
25
44
242
56
55
11
44
45
–2008
5 5
60
38
24
47
25
46
18
40
36
13
29
34
24
86
15
71
14
26
125
74
49
643
51
sin
gapor
e1990
3 0
16
100
99
–1
–N
AN
AN
AN
A99
–1
–100
100
00
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
100
00
2000
4 0
18
100
100
–0
0N
AN
AN
AN
A100
–0
01 6
29
100
100
00
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
100
00
1 5
99
2008
4 6
15
100
100
–0
0N
AN
AN
AN
A100
–0
0100
100
00
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
100
00
slo
vaki
a1990
5 2
56
56
100
00
0100
00
0100
00
0–
100
––
–89
––
–95
––
2000
5 3
79
56
100
00
0100
00
0100
00
0144
100
96
40
100
92
80
100
94
60
–2008
5 4
00
56
100
00
099
01
0100
00
0100
94
60
100
94
60
100
94
60
slo
veni
a1990
1 9
27
50
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
99
99
01
100
100
00
2000
1 9
85
51
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
088
100
100
00
99
99
01
100
100
00
68
2008
2 0
15
48
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
99
99
01
99
99
01
sol
omon
isl
ands
1990
314
14
98
–2
––
––
––
––
––
76
––
––
––
––
––
2000
416
16
98
–2
–18
–82
–31
–69
––
94
76
18
665
164
35
70
13
57
31
–2008
511
18
98
–2
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
–
som
alia
1990
6 5
96
30
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
7 3
94
33
45
26
16
13
10
99
72
22
15
11
52
–36
927
64
17
017
83
23
320
77
–2008
8 9
26
37
52
30
15
36
65
83
23
15
854
67
51
16
33
90
991
30
19
11
70
sou
th a
fric
a1990
36 7
45
52
80
10
82
58
810
24
69
99
13
98
85
13
266
25
41
34
83
56
27
17
2000
44 8
72
57
82
10
62
61
810
21
73
98
10
12 8
90
98
87
11
271
28
43
29
86
62
24
14
14 6
99
2008
49 6
68
61
84
10
42
65
99
17
77
10
58
99
89
10
178
32
46
22
91
67
24
9
spai
n1990
38 8
39
75
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
99
10
100
100
00
100
99
10
2000
40 2
64
76
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
05 6
47
100
99
10
100
100
00
100
99
10
5 6
47
2008
44 4
86
77
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
99
10
100
100
00
100
99
10
sri
lan
ka1990
17 2
90
17
85
74
467
215
16
70
313
14
91
37
54
962
656
38
67
11
56
33
2000
18 7
67
16
87
73
381
38
882
47
76 1
52
95
53
42
577
15
62
23
80
21
59
20
6 4
70
2008
20 0
61
15
88
73
292
34
191
44
198
65
33
288
22
66
12
90
28
62
10
sud
an1990
27 0
91
27
63
–27
10
23
–29
48
34
–28
38
85
76
915
58
19
39
42
65
34
31
35
2000
34 9
04
36
58
–27
15
20
–26
54
34
–26
40
4 8
47
73
60
13
27
55
16
39
45
61
32
29
39
5 9
59
2008
41 3
48
43
55
–25
20
18
–24
58
34
–25
41
64
47
17
36
52
14
38
48
57
28
29
43
sur
inam
e1990
407
68
90
91
0–
––
––
––
–99
94
51
––
––
––
––
2000
467
72
90
91
065
11
222
83
10
16
–98
91
72
73
49
24
27
91
79
12
9–
2008
515
75
90
91
066
11
320
84
10
15
97
78
19
381
45
36
19
93
70
23
7
sw
azil
and
1990
864
23
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
1 0
80
23
60
31
63
46
18
828
49
21
822
–86
58
28
14
46
13
33
54
55
23
32
45
–2008
1 1
68
25
61
32
52
53
20
621
55
23
616
92
67
25
861
21
40
39
69
32
37
31
sw
eden
1990
8 5
59
83
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
2000
8 8
60
84
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0646
100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
646
2008
9 2
05
85
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
100
00
100
100
00
sw
itze
rlan
d1990
6 7
15
73
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
99
10
100
100
00
2000
7 1
84
73
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0827
100
100
00
100
99
10
100
100
00
827
2008
7 5
41
73
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
0100
100
00
100
99
10
100
100
00
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate5 0
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
syr
ian
ara
b
rep
ubli
c
1990
12 7
21
49
94
42
072
45
19
83
43
10
96
93
34
75
51
24
25
85
72
13
15
2000
16 5
11
52
95
41
082
53
10
89
42
59 8
19
95
93
25
79
59
20
21
87
77
10
13
8 0
79
2008
21 2
27
54
96
40
095
50
096
40
094
93
16
84
71
13
16
89
83
611
taji
kist
an1990
5 3
03
32
93
43
0–
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
–2000
6 1
73
26
94
42
089
36
290
36
1–
92
78
14
849
20
29
51
60
35
25
40
–2008
6 8
36
26
95
41
094
32
194
32
194
83
11
661
25
36
39
70
40
30
30
tha
ilan
d1990
56 6
73
29
93
50
274
30
23
80
40
16
97
78
19
389
14
75
11
91
33
58
92000
62 3
47
31
94
50
192
40
493
40
319 3
53
98
82
16
295
29
66
596
46
50
414 4
66
2008
67 3
86
33
95
50
096
40
096
40
099
85
14
198
39
59
298
54
44
2the
for
mer
Yu
gosl
av r
epub
lic
of m
aced
onia
1990
1 9
09
58
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
2 0
12
63
92
53
082
710
188
66
0–
100
96
40
99
84
15
1100
92
80
–2008
2 0
41
67
92
53
082
710
189
65
0100
96
40
99
84
15
1100
92
80
tim
or-l
este
1990
740
21
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
815
24
55
420
21
25
122
52
32
222
44
–69
28
41
31
47
11
36
53
52
15
37
48
–2008
1 0
98
27
76
50
19
40
26
52
50
34
43
86
28
58
14
63
11
52
37
69
16
53
31
togo
1990
3 9
26
30
25
46
524
816
274
13
25
359
79
14
65
21
36
036
64
49
445
51
2000
5 2
47
37
24
45
823
510
976
12
23
857
265
83
13
70
17
39
039
61
55
550
45
1 9
51
2008
6 4
59
42
24
44
923
36
13
78
12
22
11
55
87
12
75
13
41
140
59
60
654
40
toke
lau
1990
20
NA
NA
NA
NA
41
–59
–41
–59
–N
AN
AN
AN
A90
––
10
90
––
10
2000
20
NA
NA
NA
NA
63
–37
–63
–37
–0
NA
NA
NA
NA
93
––
793
––
70
2008
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
93
–7
–93
–7
–N
AN
AN
AN
A97
––
397
––
3
tong
a1990
95
23
98
–2
–96
–4
–96
–4
––
––
––
––
––
––
–2000
99
23
98
–2
–96
–4
–96
–4
–9
100
72
28
0100
76
24
0100
75
25
0–
2008
104
25
98
–2
–96
–4
–96
–4
–100
––
0100
––
0100
––
0
trin
idad
and
to
bag
o
1990
1 2
19
993
70
093
70
093
70
092
81
11
888
68
20
12
88
69
19
12
2000
1 2
95
11
92
71
092
71
092
71
093
95
85
10
591
71
20
991
73
18
9181
2008
1 3
33
13
92
71
092
71
092
71
098
88
10
293
74
19
794
76
18
6
tuni
sia
1990
8 2
15
58
95
20
344
64
46
74
41
21
95
89
65
62
22
40
38
81
61
20
19
2000
9 4
52
63
95
22
157
711
25
81
45
10
2 5
65
98
92
62
77
33
44
23
90
70
20
10
2 9
05
2008
10 1
69
67
96
22
064
814
14
85
46
599
94
51
84
39
45
16
94
76
18
6
turk
ey1990
56 0
86
59
96
13
066
227
584
113
294
91
36
73
54
19
27
85
76
915
2000
66 4
60
65
96
22
071
323
387
210
119 4
10
97
95
23
85
74
11
15
93
88
57
25 5
02
2008
73 9
14
69
97
21
075
321
190
28
0100
98
20
96
92
44
99
96
31
turk
men
ista
n1990
3 6
68
45
99
–1
097
–2
198
–1
197
––
3–
––
––
––
–2000
4 5
02
46
99
–1
097
–2
198
–1
11 3
48
97
81
16
372
29
43
28
83
53
30
17
–2008
5 0
44
49
99
–1
097
–2
198
–1
197
––
3–
––
––
––
–
turk
s an
d C
aico
s is
land
s
1990
12
43
98
–2
––
––
––
––
–100
––
0100
––
0100
––
02000
19
43
98
–2
–94
–6
–96
–4
––
100
78
22
0100
60
40
0100
68
32
021
2008
33
47
98
–2
––
––
––
––
–100
––
0100
––
0100
––
0
tuva
lu1990
941
86
–14
–76
–24
–80
–20
–92
––
889
––
11
90
––
10
2000
10
46
87
–13
–79
–21
–83
–17
–1
95
––
593
––
794
––
62
2008
10
49
88
–10
281
–12
784
–11
598
97
12
97
97
03
97
97
03
uga
nda
1990
17 7
31
11
35
52
94
40
18
14
28
39
22
14
25
78
969
22
39
039
61
43
142
57
2000
24 4
33
12
37
54
72
45
20
16
19
44
24
15
17
8 2
80
85
14
71
15
53
053
47
57
255
43
13 5
86
2008
31 6
57
13
38
56
42
49
22
18
11
48
26
16
10
91
19
72
964
163
36
67
364
33
5 1
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
ukr
aine
1990
51 5
83
67
97
21
091
45
095
32
099
93
61
––
––
––
––
2000
48 8
70
67
97
21
091
45
095
32
0n
a*
99
92
71
92
50
42
897
78
19
3–
2008
45 9
92
68
97
21
090
46
095
32
098
87
11
297
25
72
398
67
31
2
uni
ted a
rab
em
irat
es
1990
1 8
67
79
98
20
095
50
097
30
0100
––
0100
––
0100
––
02000
3 2
38
78
98
20
095
50
097
30
02 5
39
100
80
20
0100
70
30
0100
78
22
02 6
18
2008
4 4
85
78
98
20
095
50
097
30
0100
80
20
0100
70
30
0100
78
22
0u
nite
d k
ingd
om o
f g
reat
Bri
tain
and
n
orth
ern
irel
and
1990
57 2
37
89
100
–0
–100
–0
–100
–0
–100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
2000
58 9
07
89
100
–0
–100
–0
–100
–0
–3 9
93
100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
3 9
93
2008
61 2
31
90
100
–0
–100
–0
–100
–0
–100
100
00
100
98
20
100
100
00
uni
ted r
epub
lic
of t
anza
nia
1990
25 4
55
19
27
25
45
323
23
44
10
24
23
44
994
34
60
646
145
54
55
748
45
2000
34 1
31
22
29
28
41
222
21
43
14
24
23
42
11
4 0
87
86
28
58
14
45
243
55
54
846
46
8 9
41
2008
42 4
84
25
32
30
36
221
21
41
17
24
23
40
13
80
23
57
20
45
342
55
54
846
46
uni
ted s
tate
s
of a
mer
ica
1990
254 8
65
75
100
–0
099
–1
–100
–0
–100
97
30
94
46
48
699
84
15
12000
287 8
42
79
100
–0
099
–1
–100
–0
056 8
01
100
97
30
94
46
48
699
86
13
156 2
33
2008
311 6
66
82
100
–0
099
–1
–100
–0
–100
97
30
94
46
48
699
88
11
1
uru
guay
1990
3 1
10
89
95
01
483
11
15
94
01
598
94
42
79
50
29
21
96
89
74
2000
3 3
21
91
97
01
290
11
896
01
3426
99
96
31
88
73
15
12
98
94
42
364
2008
3 3
49
92
100
00
099
10
0100
00
0100
98
20
100
92
80
100
98
20
uzb
ekis
tan
1990
20 5
15
40
95
–5
076
–24
084
–16
097
86
11
385
37
48
15
90
57
33
10
2000
24 7
76
37
97
–3
087
–13
091
–9
09 9
58
98
86
12
283
32
51
17
89
52
37
11
5 1
93
2008
27 1
91
37
100
–0
0100
–0
0100
–0
098
85
13
281
26
55
19
87
48
39
13
Vanu
atu
1990
149
19
––
––
––
––
––
––
91
79
12
949
27
22
51
57
37
20
43
2000
190
22
57
25
18
036
10
51
341
13
44
2–
93
79
14
766
31
35
34
72
41
31
28
107
2008
234
25
66
29
50
48
13
36
352
17
29
296
79
17
479
33
46
21
83
44
39
17
Vene
zuel
a
(Bol
ivar
ian
r
epub
lic
of)
1990
19 7
41
84
89
–7
445
–14
41
82
–8
10
93
87
67
71
44
27
29
90
80
10
10
2000
24 4
08
90
93
–2
554
–6
40
89
–2
9–
94
89
56
74
50
24
26
92
85
78
–2008
28 1
21
93
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
––
Vie
t n
am1990
66 2
47
20
61
310
26
29
223
46
35
221
42
88
45
43
12
51
051
49
58
949
42
2000
78 6
63
24
79
47
10
50
322
25
57
319
21
42 1
35
94
51
43
674
569
26
79
16
63
21
43 2
27
2008
87 0
96
28
94
51
067
421
875
415
699
56
43
192
983
894
22
72
6
Wal
lis
and f
utun
a is
land
s
1990
14
0N
AN
AN
AN
A96
–0
496
–0
4N
AN
AN
AN
A100
80
20
0100
80
20
02000
15
0N
AN
AN
AN
A96
–0
496
–0
40
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
80
20
0100
80
20
00
2008
15
0N
AN
AN
AN
A96
–0
496
–0
4N
AN
AN
AN
A100
81
19
0100
81
19
0
Wes
t B
ank
and
gaz
a s
trip
1990
2 1
54
68
––
––
––
––
––
––
100
––
0–
––
––
––
–2000
3 1
49
71
91
–8
184
–14
289
–10
1–
95
88
75
88
64
24
12
93
81
12
7–
2008
4 1
47
72
91
–9
084
–16
089
–11
091
84
79
91
64
27
991
78
13
9
Yem
en1990
12 3
14
21
64
129
66
139
54
18
137
44
––
––
––
––
––
––
2000
18 1
82
26
81
213
421
234
43
37
228
33
9 7
01
82
63
19
18
59
20
39
41
65
31
34
35
–2008
22 9
17
31
94
21
333
329
35
52
320
25
72
54
18
28
57
17
40
43
62
28
34
38
Zam
bia
1990
7 9
10
39
62
24
11
336
814
42
46
14
13
27
89
49
40
11
23
122
77
49
20
29
51
2000
10 4
67
35
60
23
15
240
819
33
47
13
18
22
2 5
45
88
42
46
12
36
135
64
54
15
39
46
3 6
96
2008
12 6
20
35
59
22
17
243
922
26
49
14
19
18
87
37
50
13
46
145
54
60
14
46
40
Zim
bab
we
1990
10 4
61
29
58
41
10
37
15
048
43
23
034
99
94
51
70
763
30
78
32
46
22
2000
12 4
55
34
57
41
11
37
15
543
44
24
329
985
99
91
81
71
665
29
80
35
45
20
2 0
60
2008
12 4
63
37
56
40
22
37
15
939
44
24
725
99
88
11
172
567
28
82
36
46
18
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate5 2
Country, area or territory
Year
Population (thousand)
Percentage urban population
us
e o
f s
an
itat
ion
fa
Cil
itie
s
(Pe
rC
en
tag
e o
f P
oP
ula
tio
n)
number of people who gained access to improved sanitation
1990-2008 (thousand)
us
e o
f d
rin
kin
g-W
ate
r s
ou
rC
es
(P
er
Ce
nta
ge
of
Po
Pu
lat
ion
)
number of people who gained access to improved sources
of drinking-water 1990-2008 (thousand)
urb
anr
ural
tota
lu
rban
rur
alto
tal
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
improved
uni
mpro
ved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
impro
ved
unimproved
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
shared
unimproved facilitites
open defecation
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
total improved
Piped
other improved
sub
-sah
aran
a
fric
a
1990
517 9
61
28
43
29
17
11
21
10
22
47
28
16
20
36
83
43
40
17
36
432
64
49
15
34
51
2000
674 6
93
33
43
30
17
10
23
11
23
43
29
18
21
32
114 3
44
82
38
44
18
42
438
58
55
15
40
45
237 8
12
2008
822 4
36
37
44
31
17
824
13
25
38
31
20
22
27
83
35
48
17
47
542
53
60
16
44
40
nor
ther
n a
fric
a1990
120 6
75
49
91
60
355
412
29
72
56
17
94
86
86
78
33
45
22
86
58
28
14
2000
144 6
21
51
93
60
172
56
17
83
62
958 8
99
94
89
56
83
51
32
17
89
70
19
11
47 1
00
2008
164 4
66
53
94
60
083
62
989
61
495
91
45
87
68
19
13
92
80
12
8
eas
tern
asi
a1990
1 2
13 5
09
30
53
25
19
339
646
943
12
38
797
87
10
356
42
14
44
69
55
14
31
2000
1 3
45 7
39
38
58
28
95
47
740
651
15
29
5275 8
65
98
92
62
70
59
11
30
81
71
10
19
436 9
81
2008
1 4
19 5
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45
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30
36
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256
18
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498
96
22
82
73
918
89
83
611
sou
ther
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sia
1990
1 2
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43
26
56
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323
13
33
81
25
72
66
91
55
36
969
960
31
75
21
54
25
2000
1 4
62 9
60
29
58
19
518
20
56
69
31
96
54
305 4
67
93
53
40
776
10
66
24
81
22
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547 4
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2008
1 6
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610
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10
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51
44
583
11
72
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87
23
64
13
sou
th e
aste
rn
asi
a
1990
439 5
91
32
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810
13
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518
41
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616
32
92
41
51
863
657
37
72
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55
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2000
517 1
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715
29
59
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21
192 9
41
92
47
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872
11
61
28
80
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54
20
174 4
42
2008
575 6
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79
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16
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tern
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135 8
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2000
174 3
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421
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669 4
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93
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mdg regions and the World
“NA”
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d “
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a not
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.
5 3
An
nEX
A
MiL
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niu
M d
EV
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PM
En
t GoA
LS:
rEG
ion
AL G
ro
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GS
Md
g r
eg
ion
s
figu
re a
U
nit
ed N
atio
ns
clas
sifica
tion
of
the
wor
ld’s
cou
ntr
ies
into
thre
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s (d
evel
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ions,
dev
elop
ing
regi
ons
and t
he
Com
mon
wea
lth o
f In
dep
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tate
s), an
d t
he
subdiv
isio
n o
f th
e dev
elop
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regi
ons
Com
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lth o
f Ind
epen
dent
Sta
tes
Deve
lope
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gion
s
East
ern
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Am
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North
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Sout
hern
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a
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ster
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Sub-
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ran
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DEVE
LOPI
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NS
Progress on sanitation and drinking-Water 2010 uPdate5 4
AnnEX B GLoBAL And rEGionAL SAnitAtion LAddErS: urBAn And rurAL
figure B Urban and rural proportion of the population using an improved, shared or unimproved sanitation facility or practising Open defecation, by MDG region, in 1990 and 2008
open defecation unimproved facilities shared improved
5 5
ANNEX C GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DRINKING-WATER LADDERS: URBAN AND RURAL
© World Health Organization and UNICEF 2010
All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]).
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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization or UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization or UNICEF in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
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Photo credit: Cover: iStockphoto/Klaas Lingbeek-van Kranen, WaterAid/Abir Abdullah, WaterAid/Juthika Howlader; pIV: fotolia/TMAX; p3: Rifat Hossain; pp4-5: iStockphoto/Claudia Dewald; p10: iStockphoto/Anantha Vardhan; p11: WaterAid/Abir Abdullah; pp14-15: iStockphoto/Britta Kasholm-Tengve; pp20-21: iStockphoto/Raido Väljamaa; p24: iStockphoto/Gabriela Schaufelberger; pp26-27: iStockphoto/Christoph Achenbach; p29: WHO; p30: iStockphoto/Sean Warren; pp32-33: iStockphoto/Tjui Tjioe; p35: fotolia/Garrett Hoffman; p37: iStockphoto/Bart Coenders; Back cover: Thierry Helsens.
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update.
1. Drinking-water supply. 2. Sanitation. 3. Millennium Development Goals. 4. MDG monitoring. 5. Open defecation.
I. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. ISBN 978 92 4 156395 6 (NLM classification: WA 670)
Figure C Urban and rural proportion of the population using a piped water connection, other improved drinking-water sources or an unimproved source, by MDG region, in 1990 and 2008
4335
4048
17 17
4 5
32
42
6453
71 73
22 21
7
2131
39
45
40
24
80 79
15 17
5 4
2734
37
44
36
22
5551
36 44
9 11
60
72
3117
9 56
102
8796
44
18
14
9
42
73
8 8
5140
4152
37
19
57
65
616
4 43 3
93 93
3022
1517
5561
6 5
84
8691
2213
45
19
33
68
3 2
4335
4048
17 17
4 5
32
42
6453
71 73
22 21
7
2131
39
45
40
24
80 79
15 17
5 4
2734
37
44
36
22
5551
36 44
9 11
60
72
3117
9 56
102
8796
44
18
14
9
42
73
8 8
5140
4152
37
19
57
65
616
4 43 3
93 93
3022
1517
5561
6 5
84
8691
2213
45
19
33
68
3 2
Unimproved Other improved Piped into dwelling, plot or yard
2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation
Although 1.3 billion people have gained access • to improved sanitation since 1990, the world is likely to miss the MDG sanitation target by a billion people.
Open defecation rates have decreased from • 25% in 1990 to 17% in 2008. Worldwide, 1.1 billion people practise open defecation, a decline of 167 million since 1990.
With only 45% of the rural population using • improved sanitation, rural areas lag far behind urban areas, where the rate is 76%.
Seven out of ten people without improved • sanitation live in rural areas, but the number of people in urban areas without improved sanitation is increasing because of rapid growth in urban populations.
WITH ONLY FIVE YEARS TO GO UNTIL THE MDG TARGET DATE
884 million people do not use an improved source of drinking-water
The world is on track to meet the MDG • drinking-water target. In developing regions, 84% of the population uses an improved source of drinking-water.
In urban areas the use of improved sources • of drinking-water has been maintained at 96% since 2000, with over 1 billion more people now using such a source than in 1990. However, this increase is barely keeping up with urban population growth.
The number of people living in rural areas who • do not use an improved source of drinking-water is over five times the number living in urban areas.
Worldwide, 37% of people not using an • improved source of drinking-water live in Sub-Saharan Africa.
World Health OrganizationAvenue Appia 201211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
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