programs and research thinking about collections lorcan dempsey fiesole retreat the university of...
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Programs and Research
Thinking about collections
Lorcan Dempsey
Fiesole retreatThe University of Hong Kong13 April 2007
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Programs and research 3
Diversion
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Back to business
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Some topics
1. Reflections on collection directions2. Systems support3. Rareness is common4. The long tail and library logistics5. Access to scale: moving to the network level6. Aggregate collections7. Conclusions
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1.Reflections on collectiondirections …
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A simplistic and reductivemodel
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high low
low
high
stewardship
uni
que
ne
ssBooksJournalsNewspapersGov. docsCD, DVDMapsScores
Special collectionsRare booksLocal/Historical newspapersLocal history materialsArchives & Manuscripts, Theses & dissertations
Research and learning materials •ePrints/tech reports•Learning objects•Courseware•E-portfolios•Research data
Freely-accessible web resourcesOpen source softwareNewsgroup archives
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Ingest into local collections
•Bought?•Opportunity costs•Digitization and offsite storage•Sharable > licensable
•Licensed?•The ‘end of publishing’ - through the gates?
Focus of much digitallibrary activity.Why?Distinctiveness.
New behaviors and support for research and learning
Digital ‘record’ more important(prospectus, course catalog, student records)
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Special: primary materials?
Curatorial responsibility for
more unique materials?
Institutional Capacities?
Collaborative sourcing?
Examples•Thematic research collection•Curated databases•Institutional ‘identity’
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Managing digital?
An archival perspective?
ProvenanceEvidential integrityVersioning
Institutional capacities?Collaborative sourcing?
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Fine grained Task
oriented
Provenance Context Versions
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University of Minnesotahttp://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/KM%20JStor%20Presentation.pps
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Securing the scholarly record
Community?
Institution?
The scholarlyrecord ain’twhat it used tobe?
•Intervention required•Preserving print?
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Mature?Institutional maturity – an industry and cooperative structures
•Structures under pressure•Libraries organized around this quadrant (‘owned’)•Emerging techniques for licensed•New systems framework for licensed
Institutional immaturity Organizational models for collective activity, reducing costs, etc, in development. Commodity systems not available
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2. Changing systems support
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Print Licensed Digital Research&
learningoutputs
…
Catalog MetasearchResolver
Repositories …
Repositories …ILS ERMKnowledgebase
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…
Management environment
User environment
Switch: delivery, routing, resolution
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libraryConsumer environmentsManagement environment
Licensed
Bought
Faculty&students
Digitized AggregationsResource sharing
…
Institutional WorkflowPortals, CMS, IR, …
PersonalWorkflowRSS, toolbars, ..
Network level workflowGoogle, …
Integratedlocal user environment?Library web presenceResource sharing, …
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3. Rareness is common
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Rareness is common … in the G5
G5 aggregate collection:• 10.5 million books• ~60 percent represent unique contribution by one or another of the G5 libraries
61%Held by 1
20%Held by 2
10%Held by 3
6%Held by 4
3%Held by 5
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… and beyond
System-wide print book collection (as of January 2005)• ~32 million print books
37%Held by 1
5%Held by > 100
3%Held by 51 - 100
5%Held by 26 - 50
20%Held by 6 - 25
30%Held by 2 - 5
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Language distribution
Language Google 5 System-wideEnglish 0.49 0.52German 0.10 0.08French 0.08 0.08Spanish 0.05 0.06Chinese 0.04 0.04Russian 0.04 0.03Italian 0.03 0.03Japanese 0.02 0.04Hebrew 0.02 0.01Arabic 0.01 0.01Portuguese 0.01 0.01Polish 0.01 0.01Dutch 0.01 0.01Latin 0.01 0.01Korean 0.01 0.01Swedish 0.01 < 0.01All others 0.07 0.08
More than 430languages in
Google 5collection
More than 430languages in
Google 5collection
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Cumulative age distribution of G5 holdings
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Years
Pro
po
rtio
n P
ub
lish
ed D
uri
ng
or
Pri
or
To
C
urr
ent
Yea
r
> 80 percent of Google 5collection post 1923
> 80 percent of Google 5collection post 1923
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TRLN collection analysis
http://www.trln.org/TaskGroups/CollectionAnalysis/TRLN_CollAnalysis_June2Report.pdf
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Implications for preservation, storage, mass digitization
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4. The long tail and library logistics
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Library “Inventory”
20% head 80% long tail
Libraries aggregate supply at the local level…
“About the only places you could explore outside themainstream were the library and the comic book shop.”
Chris Anderson, “The Long Tail”
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The long tail
Impact?
Systemwide efficiences
Aggregation of supply•Unified discovery•Low transaction costs
Aggregation of demand•Mobilize users•Brand
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Libraries and the long tail dynamic
Aggregate supply?
1.7% of circulations are ILLs (60% of aggregate G5
collection owned by one library only)
Aggregate demand?
20% of collection accounted for 90% of use
(2 research libraries over ~4 years)
Each reader his/her book
Each book its reader
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The Library Long Tail(using holdings as measure of popularity)
Note: All statistics arepreliminary and subjectto change. Final reportforthcoming soon.
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Items ranked by system-wide popularity
“Head”
“Long Tail”
Head:Top 10% of WorldCat records (ranked by holdings)account for 80% of total WorldCat holdings
Long Tail:Bottom 90% of WorldCat records (ranked by holdings)account for 20% of total WorldCat holdings
Figure not drawn to scale;for illustration purposes only
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ILL and the Long Tail(FY 2005 OCLC ILL transactions)
Note: All statistics arepreliminary and subjectto change. Final reportforthcoming soon.
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Items ranked by system-wide popularity
~75% of ILL requests weredirected at the “Head”
~25% of ILL requests weredirected at the “Long Tail”
By comparison, Chris Anderson (The Long Tail, 2006) reports:
Amazon: ~ 25% of sales from the “long tail”Netflix: ~ 20% of sales from the “long tail”
* Question: are current ILL systems adequately supporting demand for the library long tail?
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Conclusions
5. Access to scale: moving to the network level
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Moving to the network level
In the lone houses and very small villageswhich are scattered about in so desert a country as the Highlands of Scotland, everyfarmer must be butcher, baker and brewerfor his/her own family.
Adam Smith
Libraries
Librarian
Cataloguer, repository,collection, …
readers
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Trajectory …
Then Cataloging & resource sharing A&I and e-Journals Collections
Now Growing realization that much more can be done
at the network level
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Multilevel approach to …
Collections Shared offsite storage Aggregate and analyse
digital collections Institutional repository Digital storage and
preservation
Social and consumer environments Social networking services:
tagging, reviews, recommendations
Virtual reference
D2D Consolidated discovery Knowledge base Resolution - Service
routing – fulfilment
Business intelligence Synthesize and mobilize
shared usage data Recommendation,
management decisions Digitization and offsite
storage
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6. Aggregate collections
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Aggregate collections
Collection development Mass digitization Off site storage Discovery to delivery
Find it – get it Preservation
Thinking about collections in aggregate or systemwide terms
Opportunity costs Space Attention/value
On demand Print on demand Buy on demand Digitize on demand
Management data: holdings, circulation, …
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Best practices + organizational contexts for:
Off site storage (see NAST, UKRR) Mass digitization Preservation (see Portico, CLOCKSS, …) D2D
?
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7. Conclusions
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The scholarly record: what is it and how is stewardship exercised?
Recalibrate local and ‘collaboratively’ sourced Systemwide/network level
Plural business and delivery models
Develop a more instrumental view of organizations at the network level?