Programming Fundamentals

Instructor : Zuhair Qadir

Lecture # 5 1st-November-2013

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Programming Fundamentals

Lecture # 5

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Background

• Basic Concepts

• Computer Systems

• Computer Operations

• Problem Solving

• Data & Information

• Computer Program

• Programming Languages

• Compiler & Assembler

• Source Code & Object Code

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S.No. Human Beings Computer System

1 Human Skeleton (Hardware) Physical parts (Hardware)

2 Soul Operating System

3 Brain for thinking Processor for processing

4 Things we can never forget in brain ROM

5 Things we can forget in brain RAM

6 Things that are stored permanent in brain

(our names and family members etc.)

Hard Disk/CD/DVD, etc.

7 Skull System Unit or Chip

8 Bones Components

9 Input through mouth, ears, eyes and

feelings, etc.

Input through Keyboard, Mouse,

Scanner, etc.

10 Output through eyes, hands, foots, tong,

fingers, etc.

Output through monitor, printer,

speaker, etc.

11 communication devices are tong, eyes,

fingers, etc.

Communication devices are Modem,

Network Interface Card, etc.

Comparison between Human Beings and Computer System

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S.No. Human Beings Computer System

12 Different types of neurons operating in

human body(Motor, sensing and

transportation neurons, etc.

Different types of buses operating in

computer (Data, transport and address

buses etc.

13 Human body works in case of light off or

sleeping

It cannot works when power is off.

14 Blood is circulating Digital signals are circulating

15 Human system decides or work through his

own thinking or brainstorming

It is totally dependent on the program

instructions.

16 Human beings are trained by the teacher or

surroundings

It is trained by the programs (software)

only.

17 Human beings are dead without soul It is dead without an operating system.

18 Human beings can never be alive after death It can be used after the installation of an

operating system.

Comparison between Human Beings and Computer System

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Background Hardware, Operating System and Application

Software

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• Five main components • Input devices

• Allows the user to input data for processing

• Output devices • To display the output to the monitor or

getting printed copy

• Processor CPU CU ALU

AU LU

• Main memory • Memory locations containing the running

program

• Secondary memory • Permanent record of data often on a disk

Background Computer Systems

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• Processor Typically called the CPU

• Central Processing Unit

• Follows program instructions

• Typical capabilities of CPU include: add subtract multiply divide move data from location to location

Background Computer Systems

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Computer Input

Data

Output Solution

Information

Problem

Algorithm

Abstraction

Background Computer & Problem Solving

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• Data: • Raw facts and figures provided as input to computer

• Information: • Data After Processing by computer is called information

Computer Data Information

Background Data & Information

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• A computer program is… • A set of instructions written in a sequence to solve a particular

task.

• Computer software is … • The collection of programs used by a computer

• Includes: • Editors

• Translators

• System Managers

• Operating Systems

• Games etc

Background Computer Program

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• Computer understands Machine Language

• ‘A’ may look like 01000001

• 65 may look like 01000001

• An instruction may look like 01000001

• Programming Languages

• Types

• High Level Languages (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Visual Basic, FORTRAN, COBOL, Lisp, Scheme, Ada)

• Low Level Languages (Assembly Language)

Background Programming Languages

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• High – Level languages

• Resemble human languages

• Are designed to be easy to read and write

• Must be translated to zeros and ones for the CPU to execute a program

Background Programming Languages

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• Low – Level Languages • An assembly language command such as

ADD X Y Z might mean add the values found at x and y in memory, and store the result in location z.

• Assembly language must be translated to machine language (zeros and ones) 0110 1001 1010 1011

• The CPU can follow machine language

Background Programming Languages

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• Translate Programming language to machine language

Code in Programming

Language Language Translator

Code in Machine Language

Assembler (Translates low level or assembly language

program into machine code and also check errors)

Compiler (Translates High level language

program into machine code and also check errors)

Translator Types

Background Language Translators

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• Translate high-level language to machine language

• Source code

• the original program in a high level language

• Object code

• the translated version in machine language

Source Code (Code in High Level

Language) Language Translator

Object Code

(Code in Machine Language)

Background Source Code and Object Code

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#include<stdio.h>

Int main()

{

Cout<<“Hello”;

Return 0;

}

C++

Compiler 1011110100101

0101010101010

1111000011100

1010101010101

0101010101011

1100110011000

Background Language Translators