programmed learning material
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Programmed Learning Material
Name:Divya JaiswalID NO.:14162083Method: ScienceB.Ed Programme
Navrachna University
![Page 2: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Instructional Objective
The students will be able to define wave,motion and Sound.
Students will be able to identify units of all the three Quantity.
Students will be able to distinguish between wave and motion.
Students will be able to calculate wavelength of sound.
![Page 3: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Students will be able to explain the structure of internal ear.
Students will be able to define intensity and loudness of sound.
Students will be able to describe the characteristic of wave.
Students will be able to differentiate 3 types of sound.
![Page 4: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Content Instruction
Students have to follow the given task and after that they have to test their progress just given after every task.And check their progress also by clicking the option given in each answer.
and any answer goes wrong then repeat the task again.And solve questions again.
![Page 5: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Lets read about wave,motion and
sound
![Page 6: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
WAVE MOTIONS AND
SOUND
![Page 7: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Vibrations are common in many elastic materials, and you can see and hear the results of many in your surroundings. Other vibrations in your surroundings, such as those involved in heat, electricity, and light, are invisible to the senses.
![Page 8: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Forces and Elastic Materials.
![Page 9: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Forces and Vibrations:A vibration is a repeating motion that moves back and
forth.
![Page 10: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A mass on a frictionless surface is at rest at an equilibrium position (A) when undisturbed. When the spring is stretched (B) or compressed (D), then released (C), the mass vibrates back and forth because restoring forces pull opposite to and proportional to the displacement.
![Page 11: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Describing Vibrations.A vibrating mass is described by measuring several
variables.The extent of displacement from the equilibrium
position.A cycle is the movement from some point, to
another point and back again.A period (T) is the time required for one
complete cycle.Frequency (f) is the number of cycles per
second.• Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz)• The period is the time for one cycle and the
frequency is the cycles per second, the relationship is: T=1/f F = 1/T
![Page 12: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A vibrating mass attached to a spring is displaced from rest, or equilibrium, position, and then released. The maximum displacement is called the amplitude of the vibration. A cycle is one complete vibration. The period is the time required for one complete cycle. The frequency is a count of how many cycles it completes in 1s.
![Page 13: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A graph of simple harmonic motion is described by a sinusoidal curve.
![Page 14: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Waves.
![Page 15: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Kinds of Waves.Longitudinal Wave
A wave that travels in a back and forth movement
Transverse WaveA wave that disturbs particles in a perpendicular motion in
the direction of the wave.
![Page 16: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(A) Longitudinal waves are created in a spring when the free end is moved back and forth parallel to the spring. (B) Transverse waves are created in a spring when the free end is moved up and down.
![Page 17: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hearing Waves in Air:Infrasonic
Longitudinal waves with frequencies below 20 Hz
UltrasonicLongitudinal waves with frequencies greater that 20,000 Hz
Since humans can only hear waves in the 20 – 20,000 Hz range, they hear neither infrasonic nor ultrasonic waves.
Waves move the eardrum in and out with the same frequency as the wave, which the brain interprets as sound.
![Page 18: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Wave Terms.
![Page 19: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Wave CrestThe maximum disturbance a wave will create from the resting
position
Wave troughMaximum displacement a wave will create in the opposite
direction from the resting position.
AmplitudeThe magnitude of the displacement to either the crest or the
trough.
PeriodThe time required for a wave to repeat itselfThis is the time that is required to move through one full wave
cycle.
![Page 20: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Here are some terms associated with periodic waves. The wavelength is the distance from a part of one wave to the same part in the next wave, such as from one crest to the next. The amplitude is the displacement from the rest position. The period is the time required for a wave to repeat itself, that is the time for one complete wavelength to move past a given location.
![Page 21: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
WavelengthThe distance from one crest of a wave to the crest of
the next wave.Given the Greek symbol lambda ()
Wave EquationThe wave equation tells us that the relationship
between the velocity of sound waves and the frequency is:v=f
![Page 22: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sound Waves.
![Page 23: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
IntroductionThe movement of sound waves requires a medium
through which the waves can travel.The nature of the medium determines the velocity of
the sound through the mediumThis is due to the fact that the waves are propagated
through molecular interactions and is determined by:Inertia of the moleculesStrength of the interactions between molecules
![Page 24: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
(A) Spherical waves move outward from a sounding source much as a rapidly expanding balloon. This two-dimensional sketch shows the repeating condensation as spherical wave fronts. (B) Some distance from the source, a spherical wave front is considered a linear, or plane, wave front.
![Page 25: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
(A) Since sound travels faster in warmer air, a wave front becomes bent, or refracted, toward the earth's surface when the air is cooler near the surface. (B) When the air is warmer near the surface, a wave front is refracted upward, away from the surface.
![Page 26: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Energy and Sound.
![Page 27: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Loudness.The energy of a sound wave is called the wave
intensity and is measured in Watts per square meter.The intensity of wound is expressed on the decibel
scale, which relates to changes in loudness as perceived by the human ear.
![Page 28: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ResonanceAll elastic objects have natural frequencies of
vibration that are determined by the materials they are made of and their shapes.
When energy is transferred at the natural frequencies, there is a dramatic increase of amplitude called resonance.
The natural frequencies are also called resonant frequencies.
![Page 29: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
When the frequency of an applied force, including the force of a sound wave, matches the natural frequency of an object, energy is transferred very efficiently. The condition is called resonance.
![Page 30: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Different sounds that you hear include (A) noise, (B) pure tones, and (C) musical notes.
![Page 31: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sources of Sounds.
![Page 32: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Vibrating Strings.Standing Waves
When reflected waves interfere with incoming wavesCreated by a patter on nodes and antinodes
NodesPlaces of destructive interference, which show no
disturbance
![Page 33: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Standing waves in these open tubes have an antinode at the open end, where air is free to vibrate.
![Page 34: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Standing sine wave patterns of air vibrating in an open tube. Note that both ends have anitnodes. Any whole number of multiples of the fundamental are therefore possible.
![Page 35: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sounds from Moving Sources.A moving source of sound or a moving observer
experiences an apparent shift of frequency called the Doppler Effect.
If the source is moving as fast or faster than the speed of sound, the sound waves pile up into a shock wave called a sonic boom.
A sonic boom sound very much like the pressure wave from an explosion
![Page 36: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Now let us start checking our understanding about wave motion and sound:
![Page 37: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
1.What is the type of sound waves propogating in air?
a.Longitudinal only b.transverse onlyc.it can be either longitudinal or transver
sed.Non mechanical
![Page 38: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
2.What is the type of sound waves propogating in a solid?
a.Longitudinal wavesb.transverse wavesc.it can be either longitudinal or transver
sed.Non mehanical
![Page 39: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
3.Which waves don’t need a medium for propogation?
a.Sound wavesb.Light wavesc.earthquake wavesd.Wave on water surface
![Page 40: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
4.Earthquake waves are of which type?
a.Infrasonicb.Ultrasonicc.Supersonicd.Intrasonic
![Page 41: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
5.What is the range of wavelength of audible sound in air?
a.0.17m to 170 mb.0.17 to 17 mc.0.017 m to 17 md.0.017 m to 1.7 m
![Page 42: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Lets read about oscillation
![Page 43: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
1.If A be the maximum displacement of the particle from its equilibrium position,then what is the distance travelled by a simple harmonic oscillator when it completes one oscillation?A. AB.2AC.3AD.4A
![Page 44: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
2.Propogation of wave transfers:
A.energy onlyB.matter onlyC.both energy and matterD.none of these
![Page 45: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
3.The period of a vibrating body of frequency 100Hz is
A.100 secB.10 secC.0.1 secD.0.01 sec
![Page 46: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
4.The SI unit of wavelength is
A.meterB.sC.meter/secD.Hertz
![Page 47: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
5.The time taken to complete one oscillation is called
A.time periodB.velocityC.frequencyD.wavelength
![Page 48: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Lets Read about SOUND
![Page 49: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
1.Sound corresponding to which frequency is ultrasonic sound?
A.30 HzB.300 HzC.3000 HzD.30,000 Hz
![Page 50: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
2.What is full form of SONAR?
A.System of Navigation and researchB.Sound Navigation and RangingC.Sound of Natural Agriculture
ResearchD.Sound of Navigation and Research
![Page 51: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
3.Sound Travels faster in which medium?
A.SolidB.LiquidC.GasD.Both A and B
![Page 52: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
4.A medium transmits a sound wave by virtue of its?
A.elasticityB.inertiaC.densityD.both inertia and elasticity
![Page 53: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
5.If the time interval between original sound and reflected sound is more then 0.1 sec then originally sound and reflected can be heard clearly. This reflected sound is known as
A.ReflectionB.EchoC.ReverberationD.Both A and B
![Page 54: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
NEXT
![Page 55: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
READ THE CONTENT AGAIN
![Page 56: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
READ THE CONTENT AGAIN
![Page 57: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Sorry bad luck..Try again
![Page 58: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Well done.. Next
![Page 59: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Oops..wrong answer!
![Page 60: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Sorry..!wrong answer..!Go To Content Again..
![Page 61: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Wrong answer my friend!
![Page 62: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Well done!!!!! Next
![Page 63: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Read the content again
![Page 64: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Sorry friend!
![Page 65: Programmed learning material](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032503/55c0011abb61eb35748b4660/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Try again!