professor dr norsa’adah bachok [mbbs, mcommed, phd] unit ... · universiti sains malaysia 1. a...
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Professor Dr Norsa’adah Bachok [MBBS, MComMed, PhD]Unit of Biostatistics & Research Methodology,
School of Medical Sciences,Universiti Sains Malaysia
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To convince others of the value of your research
To serve as a contract
To assist you as a planning tool
To demonstrate expertise & competency
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Candidates are required to present a research protocol Master & PhD research mode: end of first year
MMed: during second year
Panel in department / School Research Committee will comment and recommend on the feasibility of the research and set the minimal standard / level/ scope of the research project or whether the research project is too heavy for the student within the time frame.
Accept or reject the research protocol. Accept with minor changes will be done at supervisory level.
Accept with major changes may need representation.
Rejection of the protocol. Students need to find new topic and represent.
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Requirement for a degree.
Usually medical & health issues/ problems.
A good scientific value that contributes to the theory and body of knowledge within the chosen discipline
The candidates may use primary or secondary data Primary data: you collect the data primarily from the participants
Secondary data: you collect the existing data from hospitals, clinics, medical records, State Health Departments, District Health Offices, Statistics Department, other government agencies or non-governmental organizations.
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Novelty and innovation
Market / benefit
Have potential impact eg problem solving, policy development or evaluation
Contribution to theory
Contribution to body of knowledge within discipline
Create networks and partnerships
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Ideas
Brief Search
Supervisor
Feasibility
Extensive literature search
Writing protocol
Department approval
Conducting the study
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PASS
Protocol presentation
Department approval
Conduct the study
Writing thesis
Supervisor correction
Submit thesis
2 internal + external examiners
Correction
Awarded degree
FAIL
Title
Introduction
RQ / Objectives / Hypothesis
Literature review
Methodology
Expected results
Gannt chart & Milestones
Budget
References
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Overview of the disease / problem
Disease / problem burden
Problems clearly identified
Justification of study
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Sets the proposed study in context and gives its rationale in your own words (do not copy paste).
State the gap of knowledge about the issue.
New knowledge added.
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Define Set down the precise meaning of a word or phrase.
Describe Give a detailed or graphic account.
Outline Give the main features or general principles of a subject.
Illustrate Use a figure or diagram to explain or clarify, or make clear by the use of concrete examples.
Review To make a survey of, examining the subject critically.
State Present in brief, clear form.
Trace Follow the development or history of a topic from some point or origin
Compare Look for similarities and differences between.
Contrast Set in opposition in order to bring out the differences.
Criticize Give your judgment about the merit of theories or opinions or about the truth of facts, and back your judgment by discussion of the evidence.
Relate Show how things are connected to each other and to what extent they are alike or affect each other.
Discuss Investigate or examine by argument, sift and debate, giving reasons pro and con
Evaluate Make an appraisal of the worth of something.
Explain To make plain, to interpret, and to account for.
Interpret Expound the meaning of; make clear and explicit; usually giving your own judgment also.
Justify Show adequate grounds for decisions or conclusions.
Summarize Give a concise account of the chief points or substance of a matter, omitting details and examples.
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Initially general, later more focused
Example:
General objective: to study the association of intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and AIDS epidemic in Malaysia
Specific objectives:
To determine the proportion of IVDUs that have been infected with the AIDS virus
To identify the risk factors that increase the chance of transmitting the AIDS virus
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In depth of the topics [prepare the readers about the issue]
Summarise & criticise
All aspects of the research eg disease, definition, research design, tools, statistical test, findings etc anything relevant
Loops & holes
Theoretical framework
Conceptual framework
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Perceived susceptibility Perceived seriousness (severity)
SociodemographyKnowledge
Perceived threat
Cues to actioneducationmass media campaignillness of family member or friend
Perceived benefitsPerceived barriers
to preventive action
Likelihood of taking recommendedpreventive health action
Figure 2.1: The Health Belief Model by Rosenstock (1966)
INDIVIDUALPERCEPTIONS
MODIFYINGFACTORS
LIKELIHOOD OF ACTION
Describe what & how to do.
Those who read should be able to replicate. Detail!!
The proposed methods must be appropriate to the type of research.
Summarise as flowchart.
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Study setting Study design
Study time & duration Reference population Target population Source population Sampling frame
Inclusion & exclusion criteria Sample size determination
Sampling method Research tools & materials
Data collection Intended statistical tests Operation definition Ethical clearance
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Be specific Specify the characteristics
that define populations that are relevant to the research question and efficient for study
Target population Demographic
characteristics Clinical characteristics
Accessible population Geographic characteristics Temporal characteristics
Example A case-control study of
breast cancer risk factors Females, histological
diagnosed breast cancer ICD-10 (WHO)
A study on dengue fever Diagnostic criteria:
Clinical? Serological? Platelet counts?
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Be parsimonious Specifying subsets of the
population that will not be studied because of: A high likelihood of being
lost to follow-up
An inability to provide good data
Ethical barriers
The subject’s refusal to participate
Not opposite to inclusion criteria
A 5-year trial of vitamin D for preventing osteoporosis might exclude subjects who are: Plan to move out of state
Disoriented or have language barrier
Kidney stone formers (which would increase calcium level)
Unwilling to accept possibility of random allocation to placebo group
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Sample size determination: formula / software
For each objective
Reference values
Show several calculation, then take one that is logical
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Questionnaires
Weighing scale
Random blood sugar (detail process of blood taking & laboratory test)
ValidityReliability Pre-tests
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Software used
Descriptive statistics
Univariable analysis
Multivariable/multivariate test
Assumptions checked
Diagnostic statistics: delete outliers
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Different researcher may use different definition. Egobesity. Some may use WHO cut off point, some use Asian.
Compulsory for every research. If you join in other researcher, it might been already approved.
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2 districts in Kelantan
List of all secondary schools
10 schools
One class per form
Anthropometric measurements
Overweight/obeseNon overweight / obese
Questionnaire Questionnaire
Statistical analyses
Writing report
Inclusion & exclusion
Simple Random Sampling
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Dummy tables Descriptive background of the sample
Descriptive of other findings
Bivariate table
Multivariate table
Graph if appropriate
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Sociodemography Intervention Group Control Group
Mean (SD) Freq (%) Mean (SD) Freq (%)
Age
Gender
Race
Educational status
Family Monthly Salary
Table 5.1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents
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Intellectual honesty & integrity
Acknowledge work of others
Havard USM style: authors name, arranged alphabetically
Quoting references Citing: a process of formal recognition, within text, of resources from
which you have gathered your information
Reference: a detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information
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Time frame - be realisticActivities Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Developing questionnairePreparation for data collectionPretest Data collectionData entry Writing introductionWriting literature reviewWriting methodologyAnalysing dataWriting resultsWriting discussionWriting conclusion & recommendationSubmission of thesis X
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Time Activity
1 Dec 2018 70% Introduction & LR
1 Feb 2019 75% data collection50% data entry100% Introduction & LR50% methodology
1 April 2019 Competed data collectionCompleted data analysis50% results
1 June 2019 Presentation in conferenceSubmission of manuscriptSubmission of thesis
If applying for fund
Tabung Insentif Pembangunan Pengajian Siswazah
Vot 21 travelling
Vot 27 materials & supplies
Vot 29 professional services
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Clearly defined research question
Appropriate literature provides a background to the problem
Use of other sources to identify/support the problem
Objectives clearly specified
Conceptual framework and theoretical assumptions clearly stated
Appropriate design and methodology
Promotes further research
Preliminary data/pilot study
Necessary resources available
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Choice of project Recycling existing project proposals Weak skills in proposal writing Too long, poor structure, language use Inappropriate use of technical terms Research too ambitious Inadequate literature review No integration of theory in literature review Literature review copied No theoretical foundation Methods not clear or inappropriate No references or bibliography
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Abramson JH & Abramson ZH. 1999. Survey Methods in Community Medicine. 5th edition. Churchill Livingstone: China.
Elwood, M. 2004. Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press: USA.
Levy, P. 1999. Sampling of Populations: Methods and Applications. John Wiley & Sons: London.
Munro, B.H. 2004. Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. 5th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: USA.
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