Professor Derek Clements-CroomeProfessor Derek Clements-CroomeThe University of ReadingThe University of Reading

Intelligent Buildings Research GroupIntelligent Buildings Research Group

www.ibrg.rdg.ac.ukwww.ibrg.rdg.ac.uk

Challenges and Opportunities for Intelligent Buildings in the 21st

Century

ContradictionsContradictions Changes in Living, Innovation and GlobalisationChanges in Living, Innovation and Globalisation Global WarmingGlobal Warming Pollution in ChinaPollution in China World Energy PatternsWorld Energy Patterns Airconditioning: For Betterment of Mankind?Airconditioning: For Betterment of Mankind? Environmental Design Affects Well-Being of PeopleEnvironmental Design Affects Well-Being of People Ideas for ProgressIdeas for Progress Embedded Sensors in Buildings, Equipment and Embedded Sensors in Buildings, Equipment and

ClothingClothing Meeting the ChallengesMeeting the Challenges Delivering SustainabilityDelivering Sustainability

PreviewPreview

Fact Consequence Question

Warmer weather More airconditioning Is this sustainable?

Tighter construction Less infiltration Is this healthy?

More technology Increasing complexity Less reliability?

Rising user expectations More demands Client participative design?

Capital cost outlook Cheap ineffective solutions Mindset cultural change?

ContradictionsContradictions

Changes in Living, Changes in Living, Innovation and GlobalisationInnovation and Globalisation

Source: Economic Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, Outlook 2004, IBM

Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

Wider cross sector collaboration is essential to Wider cross sector collaboration is essential to

innovation in many fields.innovation in many fields. Source: Dr. H. Fuchs, Wilhelm University of Munster in Westphalia. Courtesy: Lux Research Outlook 2004, IBM

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Climate Climate ChangeChange

www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/external.php#sustain

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001

Source: CIBSE- Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation. TM36:2005(UKCIP02 Scientific Report)

Global Carbon Dioxide IncreasesGlobal Carbon Dioxide Increases

World Carbon Dioxide World Carbon Dioxide Emissions 2001-2025Emissions 2001-2025

RegionRegion Carbon Dioxide emissionsCarbon Dioxide emissions(million tonnes)(million tonnes)

20012001 20102010 20252025

Industrialised CountriesIndustrialised CountriesEast Europe/Russian East Europe/Russian

FederationFederationDeveloping CountriesDeveloping Countries

3179317985685624872487

357235721038103830753075

434643461267126747494749

TotalTotal 65226522 76857685 1036110361

Energy Information Administration, US www.eia.doe.gov/iea

Relative Carbon Emissions Relative Carbon Emissions Life Cycle EnergyLife Cycle Energy

System BasisSystem Basis Annual CarbonAnnual CarbonEmission (kg/mEmission (kg/m22))

CIBSE (2002)CIBSE (2002)

Natural Ventilation - goodNatural Ventilation - good - typical- typical

Airconditioning - goodAirconditioning - good - typical - typical

1313

12122020

20203737

CIBSE (2002)

Pollution in ChinaPollution in China

Air pollution spreads out over eastern China, across theEast China Sea towards Japan in October 2004.

The haze accumulates in the atmosphere from the burning of carbon-based fuels.

Pollution (dark grey) is easy to distinguish from clouds(bright white).

The World Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05

Image courtesy of the SeaWiFS Project, Nasa/Goddard Space Flight Centre and Orbimage

Two photos of the same Beijing skyline taken less than 24 hours apart

Air Pollution in BeijingAir Pollution in Beijing

World Energy PatternsWorld Energy Patterns

EIA: Wold Energy Outlook 2005

China Generating-Capacity China Generating-Capacity AdditionsAdditions

The Wold Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05

Source: Bos etc al, 1992, World Energy Council 2005

Global Primary Energy Use, Historical Development from 1850 to 1990 in the three cases to 2100, in Gto.

Population Growth, 1850 to 1990 and Population Growth, 1850 to 1990 and projections to 2100, in billion peopleprojections to 2100, in billion people

World Energy Council 2005

Global Carbon emissions from Fossil Fuel Use, 1850 to 1990, and for scenarios to 2100, in G1C. For each scenario, the range shows the difference between gross and net emissions.

Global Consumption of Energy in Global Consumption of Energy in 19981998

Energy SourceEnergy Source Consumption (Mtoe*)Consumption (Mtoe*) Consumption (%)Consumption (%)

OilOil 35003500 41.141.1

Natural gasNatural gas 19001900 22.422.4

CoalCoal 21002100 24.724.7

NuclearNuclear 800800 9.49.4

Hydro-electricHydro-electric 200200 2.42.4

TotalTotal 85008500 100100

*Mtoe = Million tonnes oil equivalent = 42 GJ. Colls (2002)

Global Renewable Energy Global Renewable Energy PotentialsPotentials

EJ thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 10EJ thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 1018 18 J)J)

Energy SourceEnergy Source 19901990 20252025 Long termLong term

Hydro-electricity*Hydro-electricity* 2121 35-5535-55 >130>130

GeothermalGeothermal <1<1 44 >20>20

WindWind -- 7-107-10 >130>130

OceanOcean -- 22 >20>20

SolarSolar -- 16-2216-22 >2,600>2,600

BiomassBiomass 5555 72-13772-137 >1.300>1.300

TotalTotal 7676 130-230130-230 >4,200>4,200

* Hydropower accounts for about 19% of the world electricity supply; largest producers are Canada, US and Brazil.

Kirkwood (1998)

Forecast growth rates in world solar-thermal markets. 2005-2010.

Three different scenarios for the near-term growth of micro-chp in the UK.

The average price of a photovoltaic module divided by its peak power versus the total power generated by all the modules ever sold. The trend shows the cost of modules falling by about 20% each time that sales double. (Data from Strategies Unlimited.)

Terry Peterson, Brien Fies, Sloar Power to the people, Physics World, Energy Challenges for the 21st Century, Volume 15, No: 7, 2002

Rules of Thumb for Solar Rules of Thumb for Solar DesignDesign

FormForm create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelvescreate sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves

Orientation:Orientation: main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due southmain glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south reduce north glazingreduce north glazing minimise tree over-shadowingminimise tree over-shadowing on housing estates build to a density of on housing estates build to a density of << 40 properties/ha 40 properties/ha design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the

sun in both summer and wintersun in both summer and winter

Fabric:Fabric: fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation

or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.

Rawlings (1999)

Airconditioning for the Airconditioning for the Betterment of Mankind?Betterment of Mankind?

Reverse Cycle Systems Annual Energy Consumption Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

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F H

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F H

R

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- VR

F H

R

Note: Heating & cooling energy consumption

kWh/

m2

kWh/m2

Typical Practice

Good Practice

Dunn and Knight 2005

Cooling Only Systems Annual Energy Consumption Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use

0

50

100

150

200

Site

1 -

All

-Air

Site

2 -

All

-Air

Site

3 -

All

-Air

Site

4 -

All

-Air

Site

5 -

All

-Air

Site

6 -

All

-Air

Site

7 -

All

-Air

Site

8 -

Chi

lled

Cei

ling

Site

9 -

Chi

lled

Cei

ling

Site

10

- Chi

lled

Cei

ling

Site

11

- Chi

lled

Cei

ling

Site

12

- Fan

coil

sSi

te 1

3 - F

anco

ils

Site

14

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coil

sSi

te 1

5 - F

anco

ils

Site

16

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coil

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te 1

7 - D

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plit

Site

18

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19

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plit

Site

21

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Spl

it

Site

22

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Spl

it

Site

32

- Uni

tary

HP

Note: Cooling energy consumption

kWh/

m2

kWh/m2

Good Practice

Typical Practice

Dunn and Knight 2005

China supplied 75% of the world air-conditioning market by 2004.

Comparison of exports from China to all regions in 2003 and 2004.

BSRIA, Delta, Sept 04

Relation between MV and PD in summer for 29 air-Relation between MV and PD in summer for 29 air-conditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with conditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with individual temperature control and natural or individual temperature control and natural or mechanical ventilation.mechanical ventilation.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2

Mean Vote

Per

cen

tag

e o

f d

issa

tisf

ied

Natural ventilation

Mechanical ventilation

Airconditioning

Mechanical ventilation (11 buildings)

Natural ventilation(21 buildings)

PMV

Airconditioning(29 buildings)

International Journal of Construction Innovation Magazine. 2005/2006

Environmental Design Environmental Design Affects Affects

Well-Being of PeopleWell-Being of People

Deficiencies in these Factors Deficiencies in these Factors cancan

Rapidly Fatigue Office WorkersRapidly Fatigue Office Workers Aural/acoustic qualityAural/acoustic quality Visual illumination qualityVisual illumination quality Thermal qualityThermal quality Air qualityAir quality Building amenitiesBuilding amenities Functional ergonomicsFunctional ergonomics OrganisationOrganisation Social milieuSocial milieu Personal LifePersonal Life

(Seppanen et al, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings, Singapore, Volume 3

Decrease of Performance and Decrease of Performance and Productivity with TemperatureProductivity with TemperatureDecrease of Performance and Decrease of Performance and Productivity with TemperatureProductivity with Temperature

2,.5% decrease per deg C above 250C and below 200C

Stata Building at MIT Stata Building at MIT by Frank Gehry

University officials sought an unconventional building to inspire creativity exteriorexterior

Joyce N, 2004 Joyce N, 2004

Stata Building at Stata Building at MIT MIT InteriorInterior

Joyce N, 2004 Joyce N, 2004

Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 2005Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 2005

Key Factors in a Good Working Key Factors in a Good Working EnvironmentEnvironment

Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 2005Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 2005

39%

24% 21%

11%

3% 2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

1

Personal Space

Climate Control

Daylight

Office Design

Quiet

Facilitites

Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 2005

Life Costs and Value RatiosLife Costs and Value Ratios

Design & Construction Design & Construction (X)(X)

Facilities Management Facilities Management (Y)(Y)

Utilisation Utilisation (Z)(Z)

Z Z >>>> Y Y > X> X e.g. 80 : 8 : 1e.g. 80 : 8 : 1

Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

Salary Benefits Technology Rent/Mortgage Energy FM Churn

$ p

er

pe

rso

n p

er

ye

ar

$18,500Benefits

$45,000Salary

12.5%Productivity

$5,300 Turnover

$765 (1.7%) Absenteeism

$5,000 Health

$10,000Technology

$1,000 Connectivity(Forrester Group)

$3,200Rent/Mortgage

$450Energy

$200Churn

$244 Lower Respiratory$101 Asthma$95 Allergies$92 Back Pain$73 Headaches$68 Cold$17 MSD$19 Throat Irritation$18 Eye Irritation$18 Sinus Conditions

WorktimeLoss

Potential Benefits of Quality Buildings

$412FM

$226 Interior Systems$70 Utility Central Systems$62 Roads and Grounds$36 External Building$73 Process and Environmental Systems

CB

PD

/AB

SIC

BID

S

™ 20

05

Improving the Quality of the Built Environment will Reduce the Improving the Quality of the Built Environment will Reduce the

Life Cycle Costs of BusinessLife Cycle Costs of Business

Loftness, 2006, Healthy Buildings, Lisbon

Ideas for ProgressIdeas for Progress

Bedzed Energy Bedzed Energy DevelopmentDevelopment

How the Zed system Works

Gasified wood technology provides heat and electricity to the entire site with zero net CO2 emissions

Integrated Integrated Renewable Renewable Energy at Energy at Beaufort Beaufort CourtCourt

225 kW Wind TurbinePhotovoltaic/ThermalSolar Array

Crop Store

PV Invertors

1500 m3 Water Heat Sink

Biomass Crop (Miscanthus)

Crop Shedder

Electrical Import/Export Meters

Exhaust Air

Fresh Air

Irrigation

80m Deep Borehole in Chalk Aquifer for Cooling

Wood Fuel (Miscanthus) Boilers and Gas Fired Backup Boilers

Renewable Energy Centre

Max Fordham and Partners

Lewis, The Times, 26 Jan 06

Projected Commercialization of Fuel Projected Commercialization of Fuel CellsCells

Image: Courtesy of Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems Fuel Cells for Offices, BCO Guide April 2004

How to adapt a 1960s office block to the How to adapt a 1960s office block to the

UK's changing climate?UK's changing climate?

Use double glazing Increase fabric insulation and air tightnessUse solar shadingExpose the thermal mass in concrete floor slabs Use automatically controllable mechanical ventilation via an underfloor airsupply systemUse nighttime cooling in summerReclaim heat from the exhaust air in winterUse water-chilled beams when temperatures go above 25°C

Bennett, Building Design, Oct 05, Issue 1693

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth surface may be used as an anti-adhesive coating for windows or spectacle lenses

Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,

Scanning electron micrograph of nanospheres filling one of the tiny holes that cause sensitive teeth (Leeds University)

Reid, Institude of Physics, Interactions, Oct 2005

Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit

extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.

Embedded Sensors in Embedded Sensors in Buildings, Equipment and Buildings, Equipment and

ClothingClothing

Occupants lifestyle affect Occupants lifestyle affect energy consumptionenergy consumption

Embedded sensors help Embedded sensors help occupants to save money and occupants to save money and society save energysociety save energy

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds

Creativity Autonomy

Responsibility

Feedback Rewards

Good relationships Open communication

Safe working conditions

Good working conditions

Esteem

Self actualisation

Social

Safety

Physiological

Subjective Sense diary

PhysicalEmbedded Sensors

Systems Performance and Systems Performance and Human ReactionHuman Reaction

Building and Environmental Systems People

Physiological Judgement(Sense diary)

Objective Data

Comparator

Profiling Differences

Facilities Management Systems

BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on body” (external) sensors and integration with home, working, and hospital environments.

Body Sensor Network Connected Body Sensor Network Connected to Hospital Networkto Hospital Network

Bieliková, 2002

Mobile Body Sensor Network Mobile Body Sensor Network Connected to Ambient Sensor Connected to Ambient Sensor

NetworkNetwork

DesignDesignData Sources:

1. Data Loggers (measure environmental conditions and equipment status)

2. Body Media Sensors (measure physiological status of people)

3. Activity Logs (record of interactions with environmental controls and workstations)

4. People Counter (count people entering and leaving the space)

Sensing physiological response may provide a link between physical and emotional data

Body Media software allows you to examine a wide variety of measured and derived data. Data can be exported in Excel format.

Accelerometer

Heartbeat receiver

Heat flux sensor

Near body ambient temp (on side)

GSR sensor

Skin temp sensor

BodyMedia SenseWearTM Armband Sensors

Accelerometer

Heartbeat receiver

Heat flux sensor

Near body ambient temp (on side)

GSR sensor

Skin temp sensor

Accelerometer: 2-axis micro-electro-mechanical sensor (MEMS) device that measures motion. The heat flux sensor in the armband measures the amount of heat being dissipated by the body. Skin temperature is measured using a thermistor-based sensor located on the backside of the armband near its edges and in contact with the skin. The near-body ambient temperature sensor is thermistor-based and directly reflects the change in environmental conditions around the armband; for example, walking out of an air-conditioned building on a hot day.Galvanic skin response (GSR) represents electrical conductivity between two points on the wearer's arm. Skin conductivity is affected by the sweat and emotional stimuli. GSR can also be an indicator of evaporative heat loss.

ObjectivesObjectives To identify the behaviour patterns To identify the behaviour patterns

associated with the use of the building associated with the use of the building fabricfabric

To establish a relationship between To establish a relationship between the behaviour patterns and the the behaviour patterns and the consumption of energyconsumption of energy

To develop an intelligent sensor To develop an intelligent sensor systemsystem

+ TEMPERATURE -

+ LIGHT -

+ SOUND -

+ AIR QUALITY -

AUTOMATIC

DAY

HOUR

MINUTES

Programming Automatic Manual10:38 24oC 22oC

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

TEMPERATURE AIR QUALITY

LIGHT SOUND

Automatic

Thu

Touch sense mode for recording judgement

For setting thetime and date

To select the automatic mode

Day of the weekTouch display

The actual room condition

Room conditionSense Mode

Time, and date record

Sense Diary

Evaluation of Environmental Conditions by Occupants

Clements-Croome, Inaugural Lecture 1989

GoalGoal

Sense Diary

Sensor Network

HVAC, power meters

Agent SystemAgent System

Sensorinput

Actuatorcontrol

Agent System

People:occupants

People:facilities

manager etc

environmentdata

occupancydata

settings

pref

eren

ces

polic

y

Eleksen, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion , Dec 2004

Intelligent HomesIntelligent Homes

CLOTHING IN 2020?

Embedded computing within textiles Clothes that read-out body processes Clothes that ‘talk’ The end of washing and ironing?

Greenfield, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

Guardian 18.9.2004

Smart sneakersSmart sneakersAdidas has teamed up with Vectrasense, a Adidas has teamed up with Vectrasense, a tech company attached to the Massachusetts tech company attached to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to develop the Institute of Technology, to develop the world's first world's first intelligent trainers.intelligent trainers. The trainer The trainer uses an electronics system developed byuses an electronics system developed byMotorola to sense the wearer's activityMotorola to sense the wearer's activitylevel and automatically inflate and deflate air level and automatically inflate and deflate air Bladders to support and cushion feetBladders to support and cushion feetaccordingly. A small in-shoe computer accordingly. A small in-shoe computer controls a battery-operated sensor that controls a battery-operated sensor that decides whether the cushioning is too soft or decides whether the cushioning is too soft or firm. A motor-driven cable system makes the firm. A motor-driven cable system makes the adjustments to adapt the shoe to the runner's adjustments to adapt the shoe to the runner's style and to the conditions, for instancestyle and to the conditions, for instanceadapting between running on grass and on adapting between running on grass and on concrete.concrete.

Guardian 9.10.2004

Using Electrical Energy of Human BodyUsing Electrical Energy of Human Body

Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005

Meeting the ChallengesMeeting the Challenges Processes, Products (Systems), People Processes, Products (Systems), People

IntegrationIntegration Whole Life ValueWhole Life Value Cross-Sectoral LearningCross-Sectoral Learning Design for Sustainable Healthy EnvironmentsDesign for Sustainable Healthy Environments Consider Environmental, Economic and Social Consider Environmental, Economic and Social

ValuesValues Use Innovation as an EnablerUse Innovation as an Enabler Use of Embedded Sensor TechnologyUse of Embedded Sensor Technology Building Services Engineers become Architect-Building Services Engineers become Architect-

EngineersEngineers

DELIVERING DELIVERING SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

World Energy Council 2005

Keep all energy options open Keep all energy options open Ensure the necessary investment Ensure the necessary investment

in energy infrastructure in energy infrastructure Adopt a pragmatic approach toAdopt a pragmatic approach to

market reform market reform Place priority on the measuresPlace priority on the measures

needed to ensure reliability of needed to ensure reliability of supplysupply

Promote regional integration ofPromote regional integration ofenergy supply systems energy supply systems

Exploit the "win-win" Exploit the "win-win" opportunities ofopportunities ofemerging climate change emerging climate change responses responses

Ensure technical innovation Ensure technical innovation Foster and sustain public Foster and sustain public

understanding and trustunderstanding and trust

INTELLIGENTINTELLIGENT

HEALTHYHEALTHY

SUSTAINABLESUSTAINABLE

BUILDINGSBUILDINGS

Bed-Zed Sustainable Housing Development

Swiss RSwiss Ré Headquarters é Headquarters LondonLondon

• First class office building

• Involvement with the planners

• Create a public plaza

• Cylindrical tower concept

• Slimming profile at base

• More daylight to public plaza

• Tapers at the top

• London skyline symmetry

• Maximise the view for surrounding buildings

• Cigar shape (gherkin, bullet, air ship)

• 500,000ft² nett.

30 ST MARY AXE – ARCHITECTURAL MASSING

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes,

• Environmentally progressive design

• Low energy/low carbon emission targets

• 50W/m2 casual load

• Consider occupant comfort and well being

• Mixed mode ventilation

• Utilises natural ventilation

• Uses air conditioning for peak periods only

30 ST MARY AXE – ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN BRIEF

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes,

Natural Ventilation

Solar Protection

Daylight Optimisation Views Out

AMPM

30 ST MARY AXE – TYPICAL FLOOR ENV. CONCEPTS

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes,

45

40

35

30

25

20 Fresh air left over

Temp °C

Blinds intelligently automatically controlled by BMS

Predicted performance:

85% solar protection

50% light transmission

0.8 W/m2K thermal insulation

40.0 39.0 38.0 37.0 36.0 35.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.0 20.0

30 l/s/m Extract

Rate

60 l/s/m Extract

Rate

30 ST MARY AXE – FAÇADE DESIGN

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes,

Frank GeFrank Gehhry ry Walt Disney Concert Hall LAWalt Disney Concert Hall LA

Frank Gehry Frank Gehry Gugenheim Museum BilbaoGugenheim Museum Bilbao

UUSSAA

UUSSAA

Europe

China/ Singapore

Hong Kong

Courtesy: Atkins

Burj Al Arab 7 Star Hotel

Sheth Tower

Iris Bay Iris Bay DubaiDubai

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Renzo Piano, 1998

The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea) designed by Renzo Piano The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea) designed by Renzo Piano (Winner of 1998 Pritzker prize), is a harmonious alliance of modern and traditional (Winner of 1998 Pritzker prize), is a harmonious alliance of modern and traditional Kanak architecture. Traditional thatch huts, native to the Kanak people, inspired Kanak architecture. Traditional thatch huts, native to the Kanak people, inspired the design. the design.

Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature. Tall thin curved laminated Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature. Tall thin curved laminated iroko wood ribbed structures supported by steel ties resist cyclones and iroko wood ribbed structures supported by steel ties resist cyclones and earthquakes. The ribs have horizontal slats which allow passive environmental earthquakes. The ribs have horizontal slats which allow passive environmental control to occur. The slats open and close according to wind strength and direction control to occur. The slats open and close according to wind strength and direction and admit air to a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade of the museum.and admit air to a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade of the museum.

Herzog, 1996

Louvres for interior environment control are mounted in the Louvres for interior environment control are mounted in the glass facade of the low-rise volume.glass facade of the low-rise volume.

Melet 1999

sectionsection

Melet 1999

Sabina KucSabina KucLouvres for interior environment control are Louvres for interior environment control are mounted in the glass facade of the low-rise volume.mounted in the glass facade of the low-rise volume.

Urban Form and SustainabilityUrban Form and Sustainability

Urban forms Urban forms (e.g. urban villages, (e.g. urban villages, urban renaissance & regeneration, urban renaissance & regeneration,

intensification, compact city etc.)intensification, compact city etc.) are are claimed to be:claimed to be:– spatially sustainablespatially sustainable– environmentally soundenvironmentally sound– efficient for transportefficient for transport– socially beneficialsocially beneficial– economically viableeconomically viable

Jenks 2003

Making a DifferenceMaking a DifferenceReusing urban land

Reclaiming the streets

Social vitality

Human scale development

Participation

Shift to public transport, cycling & walking

Sustainable urban forms

Economic viability

Jenks 2003

Dongtan’s main features

•Ecological Management(wetlands/ Wildlife) - only 30% will be built•Sustainability- Self supporting food, energy from renewables, •Energy –wind turbines, bio cells recycling organic materials•Recycling – NO landfill of waste, human sewage will be processed•Buildings –Labour will be sourced locally, good public transport, green roofs, compacts city•Transport –cycle paths, pedestrian routes –solar powered water taxis

““ Good design may initially cost a littleGood design may initially cost a little

more in time and thought, although more in time and thought, although notnot

necessarily in money. But the end necessarily in money. But the end resultresult

is more pleasing to the eye and moreis more pleasing to the eye and more

efficient, costs less to maintain andefficient, costs less to maintain and

is kinder to the environment.”is kinder to the environment.”Hansard – Lord Rea,

House of Lords, 2003