professor andrew mills...• i 2010˙ 759 000 5 ˚ d — • i bˇ m 5˚8 m m 30 ˙ • ˛ ˇ w 6˙...

UVDosimetryforSolarWaterDisinfecon(SODIS) KatherineLawrie,AndrewMills SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,DavidKeirBuilding,StranmillisRoad,Belfast,BT95AG [email protected] Acknowledgements Thanks to Prof Manuel Manzano and his research group at University of Cadiz, and to Mahias Saladin. WaterpurificaonintheThirdWorld • 768 million people rely on unimproved water supplies, • 4 Billion cases of diarrhoea (88% due to unsafe water), • In 2010, 759 000 children under the age of 5 died as a result of diarrhoea. Solardisinfecon—SODIS • In use by more than 5.8 million people in more than 30 countries, • Study shows users under age 6, 7 mes less likely to contract cholera. Recommendaon • 6 hours in sun for sufficient dose for safe drinking water. Problems • UV dose or UV intensity depends on latude, altude, weather and season, • Hard to determine the point at which solar disinfection is achieved, • Uncertainty, confusion and mistrust among consumers. Soluons • More accurate to measure UV dose received, • Ink films which change colour aer exposure to a predetermined UV dose. Conclusions UVdoserequiredforbacterialdisinfecon 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 MeanCFU/100mL 280-385nmDose(kJ/m 2 ) E.coli in PET bottle Enterococos in PET bottle Clostridium in PET bottle E.coli in Bag Enterococos in Bag Clostridium in Bag Total disinfecon is classed as 99.9% reducon in bacteria • Achieved in terms of E.coli with a dose of 120-300 kJ/m 2 • Dose of 280-630 kJ/m 2 for Enterococos • Dose of 700-1500 kJ/m 2 for Clostridium. • Novel, inexpensive dyes and photocataytic materials incorporated into printable inks • Disposable, easy to use, robust UV dosage measuring systems • Incorporated into the SODIS bottles/bags or attached via adhesive • Can help to determine the point at which solar disinfection is achieved Polyoxometalate(POM)-basedIndicators Useful oxidizing agents for many organic compounds upon irradiaon with UV light. • POM is reduced in presence of an oxidisable organic, i.e. sacrificial electron donor (SED), • Colour change from colourless to blue, • Reversible in dark oxygenated environment, • Water and solvent-based inks, • Novel range of UV dosimetry indicators. kJ/m 2 SemiconductorPhotocatalysis(SC)-basedIndicators Previously published indicator ink for sunburn warning • Time to respond lengthened for SODIS applicaon by using alternave semiconductors (SC) and/or dyes This work is based on the principle of a dye’s ability to resist fading upon exposure to light, i.e. lighastness • dyes with poor lighastness dissolved in polymer soluon and cast as ink film PhotodegradableDye(PD)-basedIndicators 420 kJ/m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 PD SC POM D MB AV7 MO D EV BG

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Page 1: Professor Andrew Mills...• I 2010˙ 759 000 5 ˚ d — • I bˇ m 5˚8 m m 30 ˙ • ˛ ˇ w 6˙ 7 1m ˇ ˚ ec e a • 6 ﬃ w

UV Dosimetry for Solar Water Disinfec�on (SODIS) Katherine Lawrie, Andrew Mills

School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG

[email protected]

Acknowledgements Thanks to Prof Manuel Manzano and his research group at University of Cadiz, and to Ma�hias Saladin.

Water purifica�on in the Third World

• 768 million people rely on unimproved water supplies,

• 4 Billion cases of diarrhoea (88% due to unsafe water),

• In 2010, 759 000 children under the age of 5 died as a

result of diarrhoea.

Solar disinfec�on—SODIS

• In use by more than 5.8 million people in more than 30 countries,

• Study shows users under age 6, 7 1mes less likely to contract cholera.

Recommenda�on

• 6 hours in sun for sufficient dose for safe drinking water.

Problems

• UV dose or UV intensity depends on la1tude, al1tude, weather and season,

• Hard to determine the point at which solar disinfection is achieved,

• Uncertainty, confusion and mistrust among consumers.

Solu�ons

• More accurate to measure UV dose received,

• Ink films which change colour a6er exposure to a predetermined UV dose.

Conclusions

UV dose required for bacterial disinfec�on

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Mean CFU/100mL

280-385nm Dose (kJ/m2)

E.coli in PET bottle Enterococos in PET bottle Clostridium in PET bottle

E.coli in Bag Enterococos in Bag Clostridium in Bag

Total disinfec1on is classed as 99.9% reduc1on in bacteria

• Achieved in terms of E.coli with a dose of 120-300 kJ/m2

• Dose of 280-630 kJ/m2 for Enterococos

• Dose of 700-1500 kJ/m2 for Clostridium.

• Novel, inexpensive dyes and photocataytic materials incorporated into printable inks

• Disposable, easy to use, robust UV dosage measuring systems

• Incorporated into the SODIS bottles/bags or attached via adhesive

• Can help to determine the point at which solar disinfection is achieved

Polyoxometalate (POM)-based Indicators

Useful oxidizing agents for many organic

compounds upon irradia1on with UV light.

• POM is reduced in presence of an

oxidisable organic, i.e. sacrificial

electron donor (SED),

• Colour change from colourless to blue,

• Reversible in dark oxygenated

environment,

• Water and solvent-based inks,

• Novel range of UV dosimetry indicators.

kJ/m2

Semiconductor Photocatalysis (SC)-based Indicators

Previously published indicator ink for

sunburn warning

• Time to respond lengthened for SODIS

applica1on by using alterna1ve

semiconductors (SC) and/or dyes

This work is based on the principle of a dye’s ability to resist fading upon exposure to

light, i.e. lighCastness

• dyes with poor lighCastness dissolved in polymer solu1on and cast as ink film

Photodegradable Dye (PD)-based Indicators

420 kJ/m2

POM

AV7

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