prof. zhihua wang, tsinghua university, beijing, china

2016/5/4

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May 9, 2016 1Zhihua WANG

Tsinghua University

New challenges in low power and high-speed real-time signal

processing

Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

[email protected]


Tsinghua University

Contents

• The requirements of semiconductors of medical applications

• Portable and/or Implantable Medical Systems

• Real time analog signal processing - Design considerations of a transceiver used for IMD

• Real time analog signal processing - Case study for applications

• Conclusions

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The requirements of semiconductors of medical applications


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Information services from (mobile) internet• “Stories" about Web services

• Google（谷歌）• AAA @ Google map• SCI/EI @ Google Scholar• … …

• Twitter/Facebook/Weibo/Weixin

(微博、微信)• eBay /Taobao（淘宝）• Amazon /JD （京东）

There is any kind of human needs in real society, there must exist a corresponding Internet companies in virtual community

Fact ONE

(In virtual community) except of medicines and medical equipment sales, there is no Internet companies

involved in medical and health care

Fact TWO

Question:Do human beings have medical and health care needs in real society?

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Could the model of today’s information servicebe applied to future mobile medical services

Hospital-centered

医学检测和监护Medical Tests &

Monitoring

诊断Diagnostics

医学处理Treatment

感到不适

Sense of Discomfort

Medical Tests &Monitoring

DiagnosticsTreatment

Sense of Discomfort

Patient-centered

Medical Service Enterprise using IT mode

Do not charge to the user (patient) directly

How to achieve this objective?


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Conditions and Approach

Hospital-centered

医学检测和监护Medical Tests &

Monitoring

诊断Diagnostics

医学处理Treatment

感到不适

Sense of Discomfort

Medical Tests &Monitoring

DiagnosticsTreatment

Sense of Discomfort

Patient-centered

Conditions:Testing to get the Physiological

information with accurate, reliable, complete at home

Approach:Miniaturization Intelligent of existing

medical equipmentelectrification of the non-electric

(chemical, biological) medical devices

It is not to replace today's medical services, but to provide a new type of medical service to effective use of the knowledge of medical people, and it does not directly charge to the consumers

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To make Medical Devices smaller & smarter 1946: using

vacuum tubes

Your mobile phone has more computing power than all of NASA in 1969. NASA launched a man to the moon. We launch a bird into pigs.— George Bray

From 200 bytes filling a big room and consuming 150 KW,

to 1 Gbytes/64G filling your pocket and consuming less than 2W

The evolution of computing technology: power and computing capability (1946~2016)


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To make the Medical Devices electrification

Kodak Company was founded in 1880, filed for bankruptcy protection in January 2012

It has no any value for a mechanical watch as a timing tool

The demise of film and mechanical watch

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Similar annual sales of top 20 companies , but differents in …

TOP 20 PUBLIC MEDICAL DEVICE COMPANIES BY SALES, Priced as of close on October 7, 2015

No. Company Name (Exchange: Ticker)

Total Revenue,

Last 12 Months

($USDmm,)

1 Johnson & Johnson (NYSE:JNJ) $25,836.0

2 Medtronic plc (NYSE:MDT) $23,127.0

3 General Electric Co. (NYSE:GE) $18,030.0

4 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.

KGAA (DB:FME)

$16,982.3

5 Baxter International Inc. (NYSE:BAX) $16,326.0

6 Siemens AG (DB:SIE) $14,600.4

7 Cardinal Health Inc. (NYSE:CAH) $11,395.0

8 Novartis AG (SWX:NOVN) $10,485.0

9 Koninklijke Philips N.V (ENXTAM:PHIA) $10,402.5

10 Stryker Corp. (NYSE:SYK) $9,818.0

11 Becton, Dickinson and Co. (NYSE:BDX) $9,410.0

12 Boston Scientific Corp. (NYSE:BSX) $7,272.0

13 Essilor International SA (ENXTPA:EI) $7,015.3

14 St. Jude Medical Inc. (NYSE:STJ) $5,566.0

15 3M Co. (NYSE:MMM) $5,475.0

16 Abbott Laboratories (NYSE:ABT) $5,223.5

17 Olympus Corp. (TSE:7733) (OTC:

OCPNY)

$4,811.5

18 Smith & Nephew plc (LSE:SN.) $4,669.0

19 Zimmer Biomet Holdings Inc.

(NYSE:ZBH)

$4,630.9

20 Terumo Corp. (TSE:4543) $4,114.6

Sub-total form top 20 $215,190.0

Top 20 Semiconductor companies ranked on 2015 year's sales (US$ B)

15‘s

RankCompanies

Y2015

revenue

1 Intel 50.31

2 Sumsang Electronics 41.61

3 TSMC(F) 26.56

4 Hynix 16.92

5 Qualcomm(FL) 15.63

6 Micron 14.82

7 Texas Instruments 12.11

8 Toshiba 9.73

9 BroadComm (FL) 8.42

10 Avago (FL) 6.96

11 Infineon Technpology 6.90

12 STMicroelectronics 6.84

13 MediaTek + Mstar(FL) 6.50

14 Sony 5.89

15 NXP 5.79

16 Renesas Electronics 5.66

17 Global Foundries(F) 4.99

18 nVidia 4.63

19 UMC(F) 4.47

20 Freescale Semi 4.41


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TECHNOLOGY ENABLERS• Portable and/or Implantable medical monitoring systems

• Reliable and seamless monitoring systems that can be integrated into patients daily life routine

• Ambulatory data analysis• Real-time data analysis and even diagnostics increasing

the efficiency of health-care delivery

• Close the loop• Smart drug delivery and/or stimulation systems

for preventive (care)

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Portable and/or Implantable Medical Systems

Enabling Technology is Integrated Circuit


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It should be a device with a Medical-grade

•An instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory which is:• Recognized in the official National Formulary• Intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other

conditions• Intended to affect the structure or any function of the

body of man or other animals

What is a Portable and/or Implantable Medical Device?

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It should be an Potable and/or Implantable Device

• Electronic implantable medical devices (IMD) are designed to be fully or partially implanted in the human bodies through surgeries[1], and remain in bodies for several hours to several years or even permanently after the surgical intervention.

[1] R. Ritter, J. Handwerker, T. Liu, and M. Ortmanns, “Telemetry for Implantable Medical Devices,”IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE, vol. 6, Issue. 2, pp. 47-51, Spring 2014.

What is a Portable and/or Implantable Medical Device?


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Classification of medical Devices

•Class I: General controls

•Class II: General controls with special controls • infusion pumps, and surgical drapes…

•Class III: General controls and premarket approval • implantable pacemaker, pulse generators, automated

external defibrillators…

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Examples of Potable and/or Implantable Medical Devices

Total hip replacement capsule endoscopyRobot hand

Cochlear implants Nerve Stimulator Total Knee replacement


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A Medical System with Portable and/or Implantable Medical Devices

Deep Brain

Neurostimulator

Cochlear implant

Endoscopic Capsule

Others IMDs

Gastric stimulator

Portable and/or Implantable Medical

Devices - IMDs

Controller / Programmer

Display / control unit

External Host Devices -

EHDs

(Terms and Definitions)

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Research and Development of an medical system with Portable and/or Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs)

Specification DesignPrototype/

ProductVerification

Small

Production

Technology

Transfer

Design Review

ValidationLarge

ProductionResearch

Idea /

Concept


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Composition or Development Platform• Communication protocols and modules

• information security

• Sensing modules

• Pacing modules

• Wireless battery recharge module

• Lead impedance measurement modules

• Accelerometer modules

• FW download module

• RTC module

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About the information security - Mostly at the system level and implemented in software

Confidentiality Integrity

AvailabilityAccountability

CIAA policy


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Portable and/or Implantable Medical Systems Market

• 5 big companies:• share more than 98% of the market (mainly pacemakers and ICDs).

• design and manufacture their products but do not act as contract designers or manufacturers.

• buy patents and technology from small companies in the field or eventually buy the companies.

• Start –up companies created to check the feasibility of treating a disease using an implantable device implementing a therapy conceived by themselves:• few per year, mainly from US, Israel and Canada

• without capacity to develop and manufacture the devices

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Enabling Technology is Integrated Circuit

• Information Sciences: Acquisition

processing,

Storage

Transmission

of (medical and life ) signals

Analog

Front

End

ADC

DSP

Radio

μC

Sensor

Power management, battery, harvester


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Real time analog signal processingDesign considerations of a transceiver used for IMD

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Well known IMDs in clinical application• cardiac pacemakers,

• implantable defibrillators, • Cochlear implants,

• nerve stimulators (Functional Electrical Stimulation-

• FES),

• limb function stimulation,

• bladder stimulators,

• Sphincter stimulators,

• diaphragm stimulators,

• implantable infusion pumps,

• bio-monitoring devices such as the capsule endoscope.


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Two options to power an IMD• miniature battery, and wireless power.

• lowering the circuit power consumption, • to evaluate the available space for power supply components inside IMDs,

• The lifetime and reliability requirement, before choosing the power type.• For example, a cardiac pacemaker relying on a reliable energy source may

choose a battery, while an intraocular IMD usually choose wireless power since there is no room for a battery. The requirements on the wireless transceivers for different IMDS are quite diverse, in terms of data rate, signal transmission distance, and communication directions (single direction or two-way). The data integrity and bit-error rate (BER) tolerance are also of great importance, and the poor performances on these aspects may lead to harmful and even fetal malfunction.

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IMD power and wireless data requirements

IMDs Power consumption Target data rate Life-Time Energy Source

Biomonitoring System <100 μW < 10 kb/s a few days Primary Battery

Capsule endoscope <15mW >1 Mb/s 10 Hours Primary Battery

Pacemaker <100 μW 10 Years Primary Battery

Cardioverter-Defibrilator Cont: <100 μW; Peak: 5–10 W 10 Years Primary Battery

Cochlear Processor 200 μW >100Kb/s 1 Week Rechargeable Battery

Hearing Aid 100–2,000 μW 200 kb/s 1 Week Rechargeable Battery

Retinal Implant 40–250 mW > 500kb/s NA Inductive Power

Neural Recorder/Stimulator 1–100 mW <1 Mb/s NA Inductive Power

Artificial Heart 10–100 W NA Inductive Power


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Frequency band selection for IMD transceiver design • considering the huge variation of EM signal propagation characteristics through human

tissues with different frequencies. Based on FCC frequency regulations, the MedRadioband (composed of several inconsecutive bands in 401–457 MHz) has superior propagation characteristics for implants, quiet channel properties, and worldwide availability, which are the primary reasons for its popularity for implant applications. The 2.45GHz ISM band, with the mature circuit technologies, wide support for connecting to smart phones and other mobile devices, convenient access to the network, is also widely used for implantable medical systems.

Global

Frequency bandsCategory Comments

9 – 315 kHz EU medical implant Not so allocated outside EU

13.56 MHz ISM and SRD RFID transponders for patient ID

27.12 MHz ISM and R/C Congested

40.68 MHz ISM and SRD Protocol restrictions in USA

402 – 405 MHz Medical Implant Comm. Reserved for implants

2.45 GHz

ISM and SRD and

microwave oven 802.11b/g (BT, Wi-Fi)

5.8 GHz ISM 802.11a

Table 2. Radio standards – Implantable Medical devices

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Antenna design for IMDs

• IMD antenna design is also very challenging due to the size and shape restrictions, and the complicated working environment in human bodies. Since the electrical properties of the human tissues varies a lot with the patients' weight, age, posture changes, etc., the IMD antennas may adopt different sizes and shapes depending on the implantation location, which further limits the freedom of the designer


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Burst data rate and much longer working time• It is noted that the data transmission from IMD to EHD sometimes

requires very high burst data rate, while the control/command information exchange between them requires continuous connection with a much lower data rate but much longer working time. Since the power efficiency is a key consideration for IMDs, people have tried many ways to design communication protocols and circuits to provide a good compromise between these two types of communication. However, the huge gap between two types of communication turns to be the major factor to limit the system efficiency by using a single band/mode transceiver. A nature solution is to design an IMD transceiver with multi-band and multi-mode options.

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Proposed Transceiver for the IMDs

• A dual-band/mode transceiver architecture with high energy efficiency

• working in the 400MHz frequency band and the 2.4GHz band simultaneously with a shared antenna.

• The 400MHz data link transceiver will be used for biomedical data transmission from IMD to a EHD, with a raw data rate of up to 10 Mbps, and the power consumption less than 10mA current.

• The 2.4GHz Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol transceiver consumes no more than 5mA current from 1.0V supply, and will be used to build wireless connection between the IMD and EHD such as a smart phone. The BLE transceiver effective data rate is around tens of kbps.

Dual-Band

ANT

400 MHz Data Link TRX

LNA

PA

LNA

PA

ADC

ADC

ADC

PGA & LPF

PGA & LPF

0o

90o

PFD& CP LPFDIV/2

/2

DCOC &

Auto-tune

FM-I

FM-II

AM

-A

DCOC &

Auto-tune

2.4G Bluetooth Low Energy TRX

400M BPF

2.4G BPF

ADC

PLL

400M

0o

90o

90o

180o

270o

90o

PLL

400M

Phase

selector

Shaping

filter

AGC & DCOC

& Auto-tune

Bloker

Calibration


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Real time digital signal processingCase study for two applications

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Smart cap

sule,

chip

design

and

app

lication

Capsule Endoscopy

2003 2008

Phase I

Research

Phase III

Production

2010

Supporting

Equipment

Phase II

Pre-Application

Sodar 2009.10

2003.04 Applied Patent:

Digital Wireless Capsule

Endoscopy

2004.08 Applied National Key

Technologies R&D Program

2005.04 Patent is Granted

2005 A-SSCC

Demo PCB System

2006.05 support students to

Founded

Beijing E-Core Technology Co.

2006

2008 A-SSCC Student

Design Award, EL 2008.7,

TBCAS 2009.1 CJE 2009.6

Kelvin 2008.6

2006 JSSC

Production-Prototype

2008 Two National 863 Project

with total 18 Million

Sodar

System Design

IC Design


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Multi-camera capsule (camera ball)• Whole levels of lower power design

• High energy efficient digital

• Lower power RF/ Aanlog/mix-mode

• Energy transmission through wireless

• The sensor for the movement and direction of capsule

• Image processing• Compress and cording

• Reorganization

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Digital Signal Processing: 2D representation of pictures


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Intelligent Hearing Aid - High-performance hearing aids in two ears

• Ear to ear communications to provide better clarity and Directionality

• Ear - Equipment: Connecting to smartphone, TV, MP3, etc.

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Wire

les

s h

ealth

mo

nito

ring

Gas

troin

tes

tinal

exa

min

atio

n

As

sis

ted

orth

op

ed

ic

su

rgery

Nerv

e s

timu

lato

rDecember,

2012Band-Aid

ECG

Heart

sounds

Monitor

Ph value

Capsule

Capsule

endoscope

Balloon

Endoscopy

Knee pressure

monitoring

Hip posture

monitoring

Gastric

electrical

stimulation

Vagus nerve

stimulatorCochlear

2001

2005

1997

Knee pressure 2012 clinical

trials

2010 Improved

System

2007

Prototype

capsulesSuccessful

development of SoC,

2006

2009 Clinical trials

2011 Medical Device

Registration

2012 Wireless Power

supply

2012

Balloon prototype

2012 Animal testing

Productive inspection

2009 Prototype

2012 Prototype

Successful

development of SoC,

2000 2010 Prototype

2009 Prototype

Clinical

picture

Wireless Medical and Health Progress and outlook


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One Sentence to academic: If you achieve good research results, you can get good publications also• 11 papers published on IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuit (JSSC)

• 35 papers published on IEEE Transactions

• 72 papers published on other Journals cited by Science Citation Index (SCI)

• 6 papers published in International Conference of Solid-State Circuit (ISSCC)

• 12 papers published in Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)

• 29 papers published in Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)

• 14 papers published in Radio Frequency Integrated Cir. Symp. (RFIC)

• 75 papers published in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

• 223 papers published in other International Conferences

• Holding 75 Chinese patents

• Holding 4 US patents

11 published books and book chapters

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Conclusions

• Medical application should be one of the main driving force for semiconductor

• Medical grade Portable and/or Implantable Medical Systems gives new challenges in low power and high-speed real-time signal processing

• To be patient and to cooperate with the medical people

• Application is the source of innovation, long-term persistence is the key to success


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Thank you for your attentionQ&A

prof. zhihua wang, tsinghua university, beijing, china

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