productivity enhancement and process waste …
TRANSCRIPT
PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND PROCESS
WASTE ELIMINATION THROUGH THE USE OF
MAYNARD OPERATION SEQUENCE TECHNIQUE
BY
SARAVANAN TANJONG TUAN
A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for
the degree of Master of Science in
Manufacturing Engineering
Kulliyyah of Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia
AUGUST 2014
ii
ABSTRACT
To sustain in business under the current fierce competition a company needs to
explore all avenues of improvement. In this respect, reduction or elimination of idle
and/or down time in operations and improvement of the working methods can play a
significant role. This research project is undertaken to address the problems and
challenges faced by an auto company in meeting the daily production target of a car
rear window assembly line. The operations performed in making this end product are
attributable to inefficient work methods with non-optimal capacity planning for
different workstations. In this respect Maynard Operation Sequence Technique
(MOST) is adopted to exploit the advantages of this PTS system in determining the
accurate work standard, analyzing job activity, planning capacity and manpower, and
designing workplace. This has helped in re-organizing and allocating jobs for work
balancing, and assessing the economic benefit through cost estimation of the existing
and proposed processes. Initial investigation shows that the whole assembly line has
been suffering from the absence of established standard time for activities carried out
by operators, the non-value added activities involved and the inefficient methods such
as manual screwing, unplanned aisle and walking distance, material wastages and
imbalance in the material flow. Subsequently, by application of MOST alternative
methods and work standards are developed which are conducive to capacity planning,
workplace layout design and manning analysis. Thus through the process flow
analysis, material handling and redistribution of activities among the four
workstations an improved process is designed and proposed. It has been revealed that
with this proposed method an enhanced workflow is achievable. Upon preliminary
introduction of the concept, it has been possible to reduce the production cycle time to
cater the higher level of demand with shorter takt time maintaining the current level of
manpower. As a result, the production rate is possible to be enhanced from the current
level of 54 units to 70 units per day with the suggested operational procedure. This
increased capacity is deemed to satisfy the daily production target of 66 units per day.
Thus this study also recognizes the effectiveness of the MOST technique to enable an
analyst to expose wastes and unproductive methods of work in a quicker manner and
help rectify problems at the workplace with an eventual improvement in productivity.
iii
(MOST) PTS
.
MOST
Takt
4507
66
MOST
iv
APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms
to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and
quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science in Manufacturing
Engineering.
…………………………………..
A. N. Mustafizul Karim
Supervisor
I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable
standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a
dissertation for the degree of Master of Science in Manufacturing Engineering.
…………………………………..
Erry Y. T. Adesta
Internal Examiner
…………………………………..
A. K. M. Mohiuddin
Internal Examiner
This dissertation was submitted to the Department of Manufacturing and is accepted
as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in
Manufacturing Engineering.
…………………………………..
Md. Yusof Bin Ismail
Head, Advanced Engineering and
Innovation Centre
This dissertation was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Engineering and is accepted as a
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science.
…………………………………..
Md. Noor Bin Salleh
Dean, Kulliyyah of Engineering
v
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigation, except
where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently
submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
Saravanan Tanjong Tuan
Signature…………………. Date …..................
vi
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION
OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
Copyright © 2014 by International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved.
PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND PROCESS WASTE
ELIMINATION THROUGH THE USE OF MAYNARD
OPERATION SEQUENCE TECHNIQUE
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except
as provided below.
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may
be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print
or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system
and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other
universities and research libraries.
Affirmed by: Saravanan Tanjong Tuan
……..……..…………… …………………..
Signature Date
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to God, with his will and blessings, I have been able to finish my dissertation
as the last module for the Master of Science in Manufacturing Engineering. I feel most
fortunate indeed, when given a chance and had a fruitful experience having done my
PG study at International Islamic University Malaysia. In this respect, first of all, I
would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my Supervisor, Prof.
Dr. A. N. Mustafizul Karim for his constant guidance, constructive suggestions,
encouragement, and his time in editing the chapters, during this long period in
preparation of this thesis. There are a number of people whose direct and indirect
support must be mentioned and in this regard I would like to extend my appreciation
to my co-supervisor Prof. Dr. A.K.M. Nurul Amin for his support and advice in ways
to improvise my studies and for having confidence in me throughout this period.
During the past few years, I have been through indescribable experience and it
would be difficult to achieve what I have today without the support from various
sources. I must recognize my lecturers who taught me the courses and transferred the
knowledge. My special thanks are due to Br. H. M. Emrul Kays and Br. Mekentichi
Abdesselam, PG students of MME department for being supportive in various phases
of this project. This study was conducted as a part of FRGS project (FRGS11-031-
0179) funded by Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia. I am grateful to
MOHE and RMC, IIUM.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my family members for their supports
and all my friends whom I have made from the beginning and along the way in IIUM.
Not forgetting all friends who gave me their sincere friendship. Thank you very much.
May God bless us all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................................................................... ii Abstract in Arabic .................................................................................................... iii Approval Page .......................................................................................................... iv Declaration ............................................................................................................... v
Copyright Page ......................................................................................................... vi Dedication ................................................................................................................ vii
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ........................................................................................................... xi List of Figures .......................................................................................................... xiii
List of Abbreviation ................................................................................................. xv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1 1.1 General Background ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Productivity and Line Balancing ............................................................ 2 1.3 Brief Description of Most ...................................................................... 4
1.4 Problem Statement ................................................................................. 5 1.5 Aims and Objectives .............................................................................. 6 1.6 Scope of Work ........................................................................................ 7
1.7 Significance of the Study ....................................................................... 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 9 2.2 Work and Time Measurement Techniques ............................................ 9
2.2.1 Predetermined Motion Time System (PMTS) ............................. 10
2.2.1.1. MTM Method .................................................................... 11 2.2.1.2. MODAPTS Method .......................................................... 12 2.2.1.3. MOST Method .................................................................. 13
2.3 Advantages and Benefit of Most ............................................................ 26
2.4 Production Line Balancing ..................................................................... 27 2.5 Summary ................................................................................................ 30
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................... 31 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 31
3.2 Research Approach ................................................................................ 31 3.2.1 Approach in Implementation of MOST ....................................... 33 3.2.2 Method for Assembly Line Balancing ......................................... 36
3.2.3 Evaluation of production rate and Balancing Efficiency ............. 37 3.3.4 Economic Validation of the proposed modification .................... 38
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ........................ 40 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 40 4.2 Company Profile .................................................................................... 40 4.3 Current Practices within the Rear Window Assembly Line .................. 41
4.3.1 Current Process Layout ................................................................ 41 4.3.2 Sequence of Operation ................................................................. 43
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4.4 Basic Steps of Assembling the Rear Window ........................................ 45
4.4.1 Workstation 1 ............................................................................... 45 4.4.2 Workstation 2 ............................................................................... 47
4.4.3 Workstation 3 ............................................................................... 49 4.4.4 Workstation 4 ............................................................................... 50
4.5 Work Element for Rear Window Assembly .......................................... 52 4.6 Overview of the Undertaken Assembly Line ......................................... 53 4.7 Takt Time of Rear Window Assembly (Present Situation) ................... 53
4.8 Line Balance Loss for Current Rear Window Assembly Operations .... 55 4.9 Summary of Current Situation Analysis ................................................ 56
CHAPTER FIVE: PROPOSED MODIFICATION IN AND ITS
IMPLICATION ...................................................................................................... 57 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 57
5.2 Rear Window Assembly Operations ...................................................... 58
5.2.1 Workstation 1 ............................................................................... 58 5.2.2 Workstation 2 ............................................................................... 60 5.2.3 Workstation 3 ............................................................................... 63 5.2.4 Workstation 4 ............................................................................... 64
5.3 Possible Scope of Improvement ............................................................. 66 5.4 Proposed Modifications in the Assembly Line ...................................... 68
5.4.1 Proposed Plan for Tool use and Workflow .................................. 69 5.4.2 Proposed Changes for Layout Plan .............................................. 73
5.5 Assessment of Improvement in Productivity ......................................... 74
5.5.1 Proposed WorkStation 1 – Elemental Task Times ...................... 74 5.5.2 Proposed Workstation 2 – Elemental Task Times ....................... 75
5.5.3 Proposed Workstation 3 – Elemental Task Times ....................... 77 5.5.4 Proposed Workstation 4 – Elemental Task Times ....................... 78
5.6 Summary of the Resulting Improvements .............................................. 80 5.6.1 Demand Satisfaction .................................................................... 80 5.6.2 Production Rate Improvement ..................................................... 82
5.6.3 Line Balance Loss Evaluation ...................................................... 83
5.6.4 Economic Validation of Investment ............................................ 84 5.6.5 Summary ...................................................................................... 85
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................. 86 6.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 86
6.2 Recommendations .................................................................................. 88
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 90
APPENDIX 1 ........................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX 2 ........................................................................................................... 94 APPENDIX 3 ........................................................................................................... 97
APPENDIX 4 ........................................................................................................... 100
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
2.1 Notations used for General Move Parameters 16
2.2 Controlled Move Parameters 20
2.3 Index Value for Crank in Controlled Move 21
2.4 Index Value for Machining Time 22
2.5 Index Value for Alignment in Controlled Move 23
2.6 Parameters in Tool Use Sequence 23
4.1 The time function mapping for the W/S-1 46
4.2 The time function mapping for the W/S-2 48
4.3 The time function mapping for the W/S-3 50
4.4 The time function mapping for the W/S-4 51
4.5 Work elements and times taken for workstation 1 52
4.6 Current activity time summary for rear window assembly 53
4.7 Takt Time calculation 54
4.8 Comparative scenario of W/S times 54
5.1 Activity times as estimated for the current workstation 1 58
5.2 Activity times as estimated for the current Assembly operation in
workstation 2 61
5.3 Activity times as estimated for the current Assembly operation in
workstation 3 63
5.4 Activity times as estimated for the current Assembly operations at
workstation 4 65
5.5 Summary of Standard Times for the four different workstations. 67
5.6 Proposed changes for Rear Window Assembly Line 70
5.7 Activity task times as estimated for the proposed workstation 1 74
xii
5.8 Activity task times as estimated for the proposed Workstation 2 76
5.9 Activity task times as estimated for the proposed workstation 3 77
5.10 Activity task times as estimated for the proposed fourth workstation 78
5.11 Takt Time calculation 80
5.12 Comparative scenario of W/S times 81
5.13 Economic evaluation of proposed changes 85
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No.
2.1 Evaluations of Work Measurement Methods 10
3.1 Flow chart of major activities of the research work 33
3.2 MOST Application process flow 35
4.1 Current layout of the undertaken assembly line 42
4.2 Five main assembly operations with on-line and offline tasks for rear
window assembly 44
4.3 Activity of fixing the channel rubber in frame (within workstation 1) 45
4.4 Fixing glass to frame in workstation 2 47
4.5 Applying silicon to frame corner for workstation 3 49
4.6 Preparation of frame for testing for workstation 4 51
4.7 Current line balance loss for rear window assembly 55
5.1 Activity task times in Minutes for workstation 1. 60
5.2 Activity Times in Minutes for Assembly Operations in workstation 2 62
5.3 Activity Times in Minutes for Assembly Operations of workstation 3 64
5.4 Activity Times in Minutes for Assembly Operations in workstation 4 65
5.5 Cycle times for the four workstations 68
5.6 Process flow chart with the online and offline assembly operations
operations 72
5.7 Proposed plan for process layout with four work stations 73
5.8 Activity times in minutes for Workstation 1 with proposed changes. 75
5.9 Elemental times in minutes for Workstation 2 with proposed changes 76
5.10 Activity times in minutes for workstation 3 with proposed changes 78
5.11 Activity times in minutes for workstation 4 with proposed changes 79
5.12 Comparative scenario for improvement 82
xiv
5.13 Proposed Line Balance Loss Analyses 84
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ASSY
CDF
Assembly
Cost-related Design Features
HRS
LBE
LBL
MIN
Hours
Line Balance Loss
Line Balance Efficiency
Minutes
MODAPTS Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standard
MOST Maynard Operation Sequence Technique
MTM Method Time Measurement
PCS
PMTS
Pieces
Predetermined Motion Time System
PTS Predetermined Time Standards
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SWAG
TMU
WIP
W/S
Sophisticated Wild Ass Guess
Time Measurement Units
Work In Process
Work Station
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND
In today‟s world of advanced technology, business has become more diversified and
too competitive in securing its own market share. Moreover, with the introduction of
alternative products by competitors, it has become even much more difficult to keep
track with consumers‟ behavior as they make choices in a fragile manner. Thus,
measures have to be taken in order to sustain in the competitiveness of a business in
the market and at the same time try to achieve higher yield in profitability based on
enhancement of productivity in different spheres of operational activities. Among the
various phases of activities involved in the whole supply chain of a product, the level
of optimal resources in assembly or fabrication process largely influences the overall
productivity. Optimum utilization of manpower and other resources can be a great
challenge. Failure to meet customer demand is sometimes carefully measured in terms
of manpower required to carry out a particular task, leading to surplus and sometimes
deficit in achieving the production target. This situation indirectly affects the
profitability of a business because more wages would be required to pay but in return
there will not be any proportional gains.
To be more accurate in justifying the requirement of manpower for a task to be
performed, it is essential to systematically analyze the time required for completion of
all of its elements. It is often necessary to eliminate or reduce the duration of non-
value added part of the task elements to optimize a work system.
2
This approach may need an organization rebalance its production system
through time study or work measurement which could allow to save the valuable time,
to reduce cost and eventually to become competitive in the market. Moreover,
modification of a task by incorporating a tool and rebalancing the work load may also
lead to reduce the production cycle time. Thus, simultaneous balancing within an
undertaken assembly line by readjusting the cycle time and rebalancing the workloads
among different work stations can result in higher production rate to satisfy the
stipulated customer demand on time.
This project has been undertaken to investigate the scope of making possible
improvement in productivity of an assembly line. In this respect a rear window
assembly line as run by a local auto company for a particular model of car has been
chosen for this investigative study. According to the current operational procedure
practice and by using the existing facilities of machinery and manpower, the company
often fails to reach the daily requirement of 66 pieces as per customer demand. The
achievable average production rate is slightly lower than the dictated by the takt time.
At present, four employees are engaged in this production line to assemble the rear
window. Initiative is necessary to enhance the production rate by utilizing the existing
resources without sacrificing the quality of the product or by incorporating any major
additional resources in the assembly.
1.2 PRODUCTIVITY AND LINE BALANCING
There are various methods that can be applied for productivity improvement.
Assembly line balancing is one of such approaches. A simple process design criterion
is to balance the assembly line so that each workstation takes approximately the same
3
amount of time. A balanced line often means better resource utilization and
consequently lowers production cost.
Line balancing is a classical problem for both the Operations Management and
Research. To retrieve the balance in assembly line, first, the line designer or the
manufacturing engineer should construct a process flow showing all work elements
and their precedence relations. Then, after defining the cycle time, it is necessary to
group work elements into a number of workstations such that (i) the precedence
relations are preserved, i.e., no work can be started unless all its preceding work
elements are completed, and (ii) the workstations time does not exceed the cycle time.
Value stream mapping is another approach through which non-value added activities
can be eliminated or reduced.
In fact, whatever method is adopted, it is essential to measure the work being
performed in each workstation of the assembly line. Thus, work measurement
techniques are necessary to precisely determine the task time of various operation in
the assembly process. For current situation the highest operation time at a workstation
is 9.5 minutes. But the target should be 7.8 minutes, based on customer requirement
and available working hours per day. Since the accomplishment of time study during
the real working time is likely to the production perturbation, stoppage of the process
and valuable time wasting, the Predetermined Measurement Time Standards (PMTS)
are now-a-days widely adopted. Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST) is
one of such systems through which estimation of operation time can be done quiet
precisely.
4
1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MOST
As mentioned earlier, Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST) is a form of
Predetermined Measurement Time Standards (PMTS). In MOST analysis
considerable efforts are made to simplify the work measurement method of the tasks
involved. In this respect a variety of higher-level Method Time Measurement (MTM)
data systems have been developed and which are now widely adopted in practice. This
attitude also leads us to examine the whole concept later to be known as MOST. For
overwhelming majority of work, however, there is a common dominator from which
work can be studied.
This common dominator is the displacement of object. All basic units of work
are (or should be) organized for the purpose of accomplishing some useful results by
simply moving the objects. Movements of objects follow a certain number of
consistently repeating patterns, such as reach, grasp, move, and position the objects.
These patterns are identified and arranged as a sequence of events followed in moving
an object. The process when the objects are picked up and moved freely through the
space is known as general move, and when the objects are moved maintaining contact
with another surface is called the controlled move. For each type of move, a different
sequence of events occurs as a result of the application of the two separate activity
sequence models.
General Move Sequence and Controlled Move Sequence are the two basic
sequences. For use of common hand tools there exists an additional sequence that is a
combination of these two basic sequences are Tool Use Sequence. Sequences have a
firm structure of parameters that represent single sub-activities.
Maynard operation Sequence Technique (MOST) acts as a family of tools.
Depending on the type of activities (building of ships, electronic assembly, etc),
5
MOST can be used to conduct work measurement economically. Moreover, MOST
can guarantee the overall accuracy the time standardization. It dramatically decreases
applicator deviations through pre-printed sequence models. During the procedure of
analysis, the applicator‟s attention is focused on each sequence model parameter as
the calculation sheet is filled out and thereby it solves problems with documentation.
For instance, for a more detailed system, it requires about eight to twenty times more
pages of documentation. Thus, the MOST System is designed to assist an industrial
engineer to become more productive on the job of productivity enhancement. It is
based on concept keywords that represent type of grasping, movement and positioning
in sequence. It enables greater speed, carries out standard calculations, sets and
maintains complete labor time standards, and then updates data and standards.
Because of its simpler structure, the MOST is found to be much faster
compared to other work measurement techniques. Predetermined motion time systems
are traditionally based on assigning selected data from tables. The values are then
added together to arrive at the time for performing the complete operation.
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT
As mentioned earlier, with the current fierce competition in business, a company,
irrespective of what its products are, is driven to find the best way to ensure proper
utilization of the available resources and to improve work practices if there were any
scopes. A common and obvious option is to examine the current working methods
with a view to reducing or eliminating any idle and/or down time prevailing in the
operations.
The problems and challenges the company under study is facing are not
different from this kind of situation and are attributable to lack in capacity planning to
6
execute the activities required for rear window assembly and their distribution among
the various workstations. Due to the inadequate focus in method analysis and
implementation of the standard time for the tasks to be carried out by the operators,
the non-value added activities in the operations such as manual screwing, extra
walking distances by the operators in shop floor, imbalance in the work load among
the various workstations are quite prevalent in the production system. The usage of
work measurement techniques is helpful for setting up time standards. However,
timing by direct observation and rating can sometimes lead to inconsistency and it
becomes impossible to benchmark correctly the time standards with those of the
competitors. To overcome this problem, implementation of MOST technique could be
an appropriate approach in streamlining the activities involved in rear window
assembly to lead to a balanced production line.
1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This project work, by application of the MOST technique in a Rear Window assembly
line, aims at accomplishing an in-depth study with the following objectives:
1. To develop the time-function mapping on the basis of observing the
assembly operations currently performed in various workstations
recording the elemental times of the tasks.
2. To investigate and identify the bottlenecks and the non-value added
activities in the process of the assembly line.
3. To critically analyze the process by applying the MOST for work and time
standards and determine the scope rebalancing the workload and
readjusting the cycle time
7
4. To balance the assembly line with the proposed modification and assess
enhancement of productivity and make suggestions for educating the
operators through standard operation procedures.
1.6 SCOPE OF WORK
The project has been initiated as an attempt to develop a working procedure to
enhance productivity of the rear window assembly which includes the following
activities:
1. To determine standard time using Maynard Operation Sequence
Technique for all the processes.
2. To collect appropriate data on production achievement history
3. To conduct the line balance analysis
4. To propose ideas on improvement of jigs and tools and process
rebalancing.
5. To suggest to re-arrange the production line and manpower segregation
6. To undertake a line trial and review of results.
7. To standardize the operation procedure.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Accomplishment of this project has multiple impacts with respect to operational
improvement of a local industry, development of indigenous capability, gain of
knowledge and experience in applying MOST technique. Development of proper
work methods and standards, improved material handling and process workflow are
expected to guarantee better utilization of the available resources and render a
competitive edge for the manufacturer. Dissemination and replicating of this
8
experience and knowledge in enhancing productivity to similar industries will
eventually improve the overall economy of the country.
9
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the history, the salient features and the concurrent research activities
on work and time measurement techniques, as well as the production line balancing
concepts are briefly discussed with an underlined aim of enhancing the assembly line
balancing productivity chosen for the thesis.
2.2 WORK AND TIME MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
Inside most of the manufacturing industries, the owner can expand their market share
and increase the profitability through the incorporation of productivity improvement.
The term productivity improvement refers to the increase in output per work-hour. To
do so, most of the production shop floor managers are often found to be interested in
adopting the work and time measurement techniques, work design etc., which are also
considered as a tool of production planning. (Niebel & Freivalds, 1999). In his book,
Zandin defined the work measurement as (Zandin, 2003), it is the way of measuring
the time required by an experienced and/or well trained operator to perform a job in a
specific working method at a such speed that he can maintain consistently during his
working periods and without undue fatigue. Generally, these methods are used to
eliminate wastes, reduce operational costs and increase productivity by setting up the
standard time of accomplishing the tasks (Cross, 2008).
Apart from these, the work measurement techniques are also found to be
helpful in determining and rebalancing the work load within the workstations of the
10
assembly line, defining the number of required operators for each of the workstations
etc. This as a result, helps to give up a proper production scheduling and capacity
planning (Almal & Agarwal, 2008). In the work of Mundel, the work measurement
techniques are found to be helpful for improving the work flow, delivering the high
quality products, upgrading the work schedule, allocating material and human
resources efficiently, enhancing the planning and capabilities including more reliable
budget and forecast (Mundel,1996). Additionally, to dig out and illustrates the in-
depth knowledge about the work measurement methods, the process of its evaluation
is shown in Figure 2.1 and some of them are briefly discussed in following sub
sections:
Figure 2.1 Evaluations of Work Measurement Methods
2.2.1 Predetermined Motion Time System (PMTS)
The Predetermined Motion Time systems are widely used in the field of work
measurement to estimate the time needed by qualified workers to perform a particular