production and distribution of program

8/9/2019 Production and Distribution of Program

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IntroductionIntroduction


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Old RadioOld Radio


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Modern RadioModern Radio


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Information is carried by systematicallyInformation is carried by systematicallychanging (changing (modulatingmodulating) some property of) some property of

the radiated waves, such asthe radiated waves, such as amplitudeamplitude,,frequencyfrequency, or, orphasephase..


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Television ProductionTelevision Production


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SatelliteSatellite


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Satellite televisionSatellite television isis televisiontelevisiondelivered by way ofdelivered by way ofcommunicationscommunications

satellitessatellites, as compared to conventional, as compared to conventionalcable televisioncable television..

In many areas ofthe world, satelliteIn many areas ofthe world, satellitetelevision services providing a widerrangetelevision services providing a widerrange

of channels and services, includingof channels and services, includingsubscriptionsubscription--only services.only services.


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HistoryHistory

The first satellite television signal wasThe first satellite television signal wasrelayed fromrelayed from EuropeEurope to theto the TelstarTelstar

satelli

te ove

rsa

telli

te ove

rNo

rthAme

ricaNo

rthAme

rica i

n1962

.i

n1962

.

The firstThe firstgeosynchronousgeosynchronous communicationcommunicationsatellitesatellite,, Syncom 2Syncom 2 was launched in 1963.was launched in 1963.


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The world's firstcommercialThe world's firstcommercialcommunication satellite, calledcommunication satellite, called IntelsatIIntelsatI(nicknamed Early Bird), was launched into(nicknamed Early Bird), was launched intosynchronous orbit onsynchronous orbit onApril 6April 6,, 19651965..


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TechnologyTechnology

Satellite television, like otherSatellite television, like othercommunications relayed by satellite, startscommunications relayed by satellite, startswith a transmitting antenna located at anwith a transmitting antenna located at anuplinkuplink facility.facility.


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Uplink satellite dishes are very large, asUplink satellite dishes are very large, asmuch as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) inmuch as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) indiameter.diameter.

The increased diameterresults in moreThe increased diameterresults in moreaccurate aiming and increased signalaccurate aiming and increased signalstrength atthe satellite.strength atthe satellite.


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The uplink dish is pointed toward aThe uplink dish is pointed toward aspecific satellite and the uplinked signalsspecific satellite and the uplinked signalsare transmitted within a specific frequencyare transmitted within a specific frequencyrange, so as to be received by one oftherange, so as to be received by one ofthetransponders tuned to that frequencytransponders tuned to that frequencyrange aboard that satellite.range aboard that satellite.


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The transponder 'retransmits' the signalsThe transponder 'retransmits' the signalsback to Earth but at a different frequencyback to Earth but at a different frequencyband (a process known as translation,band (a process known as translation,used to avoid interference withthe uplinkused to avoid interference withthe uplinksignal).signal).


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DirectBroadcastSatelliteDirectBroadcastSatellite, (DBS), (DBS)

Also known as "DirectAlso known as "Direct--ToTo--Home" is aHome" is arelatively recentdevelopment inthe worldrelatively recentdevelopment inthe worldoftelevision distribution.oftelevision distribution.

Directbroadcast satellite can eitherreferDirectbroadcast satellite can eitherreferto the communications satellitesto the communications satellitesthemselves that deliverDBS service orthethemselves that deliverDBS service orthe

actualtelevision service.actualtelevision service.


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DBS systems are commonly referred to asDBS systems are commonly referred to as"mini"mini--dish" systems.dish" systems.


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MalaysiaMalaysia

Malaysia's sole satellite televisionMalaysia's sole satellite televisionoperator, Measat Broadcast Networkoperator, Measat Broadcast NetworkSystems (a subsidiary ofSystems (a subsidiary ofAstro All AsiaAstro All AsiaNetworks plcNetworks plc) launched) launchedAstroAstro in 1996.in 1996.


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Itcurrently holds exclusive rights from theItcurrently holds exclusive rights from theMalaysian governmentto offer satelliteMalaysian governmentto offer satellitetelevision broadcasting services inthetelevision broadcasting services inthecountry throughthe year 2017.country throughthe year 2017.


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Wire CommunicationSystemWire CommunicationSystem


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PhysicalDistributionPhysicalDistribution


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Censorship Board; Related Issues inCensorship Board; Related Issues inMalaysiaMalaysia

TheThe Film Censorship Board ofFilm Censorship Board ofMalaysiaMalaysia is an agency oftheis an agency ofthe MalaysianMalaysiangovernmentgovernment that vets films.that vets films.

It is underthe authority ofthe HomeIt is underthe authority ofthe HomeMinistry.Ministry.


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The Board was established under FilmThe Board was established under FilmCensorship Act and was revised againCensorship Act and was revised againunderthe same Acton 1 April 2002.underthe same Acton 1 April 2002.

Any film that is going to be screened inAny film that is going to be screened inMalaysia has to go throughthe censorshipMalaysia has to go throughthe censorshipboard.board.


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Based onthe Act, no one is allowed toBased onthe Act, no one is allowed toscreen any film in public places withoutscreen any film in public places withouthaving the approval and the license fromhaving the approval and the license fromthe Board.the Board.


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The Board watches the uncensored filmThe Board watches the uncensored filmwiththe guidelines approved by thewiththe guidelines approved by thecabinet incabinet in19931993 intheir mind.intheir mind.


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The film receives the approval for viewingThe film receives the approval for viewingonly afterthe Board is satisfied thattheonly afterthe Board is satisfied thatthefilm abide the rules and regulations of Filmfilm abide the rules and regulations of FilmCensorship Board.Censorship Board.


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Among the films thathad been bannedAmong the films thathad been bannedunderthe agency isunderthe agency is Daredevil (film)Daredevil (film),,Homerun (film)Homerun (film), and, and The Prince ofEgyptThe Prince ofEgypt..


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BackgroundBackground

One ofthe source claimed thatMalaysiaOne ofthe source claimed thatMalaysiahas some ofthe toughest censorship lawshas some ofthe toughest censorship lawsinthe world, withtelevision and filminthe world, withtelevision and filmstrictly vetted by the board, which isstrictly vetted by the board, which isunderthe authority ofthe Home Ministry.underthe authority ofthe Home Ministry.


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Film censors inthe country have littleFilm censors inthe country have littletolerance overtolerance overnuditynudity,, sexsex, strong, stronglanguage, violence or sensitive religiouslanguage, violence or sensitive religiousthemes in films.themes in films.


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Films are rated to guide audiences ontheFilms are rated to guide audiences onthenature ofthe content, or banned outrightnature ofthe content, or banned outrightifthe material is considered inappropriate.ifthe material is considered inappropriate.

Scenes of kissing are often cut from filmsScenes of kissing are often cut from filmsand TV shows.and TV shows.


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Examples:Examples:

Austin PowersAustin Powers did not appear in thedid not appear in the

mainlymainlyMuslim

Muslim country because thecountry because theCensorship Board saidCensorship Board said The Spy WhoThe Spy Who

Shagged MeShagged Me contained toomuch sexualcontained toomuch sexualinnuendo.innuendo.


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The Prince ofEgyptThe Prince ofEgyptwas banned soas notwas banned soas nottooffend the country's majority Muslimtooffend the country's majority Muslimpopulation, the reason given by chairmanpopulation, the reason given by chairmanofthe Film Censorship Board was:ofthe Film Censorship Board was: "We"Wefound itinsensitive for religious and moralfound itinsensitive for religious and moralreasons. Because ofthe many races inreasons. Because ofthe many races in

Malaysia, religionis a very sensitiveMalaysia, religionis a very sensitiveissue."issue."


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Partial list of fims banned inPartial list of fims banned inMalaysiaMalaysia

The ExorcistThe Exorcist(1973)(1973) -- passed for VCDpassed for VCDrelease by Movie Masterrelease by Movie Master

Cannibal

HolocaustCanni

bal

Holocaust

(1980)(1980) Schindler'sListSchindler'sList(1993)(1993) -- passed in 2004passed in 2004

forDVD release by Berjaya HVNforDVD release by Berjaya HVN

American PieAmerican Pie (1999)(1999) -- passed forDVD

passed forDVD

releaserelease


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Bruce AlmightyBruce Almighty (2003)(2003) -- passed for VCDpassed for VCDand DVD release by Berjaya HVNand DVD release by Berjaya HVN

SawIII

SawIII(2006)(2006)

Hostel: PartIIHostel: PartII(2007)(2007)

Saw IVSaw IV(2007)(2007)


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Censorship ofInternetCensorship ofInternet

Blogger arrestedBlogger arrested

OnSeptember 12, 2008, bloggerOnSeptember 12, 2008, bloggerRajaRaja

Petra KamaruddinPetra Kamaruddin has been arrestedhas been arrestedunder internal security laws (under internal security laws (InternalInternalSecurity Act (Malaysia)Security Act (Malaysia)..


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He has already been charged with seditionHe has already been charged with seditionand defamation afterlinking the Malaysianand defamation afterlinking the MalaysianDeputy Prime MinisterDeputy Prime MinisterNajib Tun RazakNajib Tun Razakand his wife to the sensational murder ofand his wife to the sensational murder ofaa MongolianMongolian woman.woman.


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The blogger's wife Marina Lee AbdullahThe blogger's wife Marina Lee Abdullahsaid he was arrested by police athis homesaid he was arrested by police athis homeunderlegislationthatallows for detentionunderlegislationthatallows for detentionwithouttrial, saying:withouttrial, saying: "They came here and"They came here andarrested him underthe Internal Securityarrested him underthe Internal Security

Act for inciting hate inhis articles onAct for inciting hate inhis articles on

Islam,"Islam," ..


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