product / price / promotion / place

Product / Price / Promotion / Place

Marketing...

Price:

Price has many names…Price has many names…

Two key factors determine the priceof an item:

–the cost of doing business–the profit the company wants to make

Simple formula:Price = Cost of Doing Business + Profit

DETERMINING THE PRICE

The HMV Scenario•HMV charges $24.99 for a Blu-ray

•Expectations:–HMV expects customers to pay $24.99 plus taxes to own the Blu-ray –Customers expect to pay $24.99 plus taxes to own the Blu-ray, since most cost that amount–HMV paid less than $24.99 for the Blu-ray, added an amount to get to that figure – markup–HMV gets to keep the money left after all expenses have been paid – profit


The HMV Scenario cont’d •HMV charges $24.99 for a Blu-ray

•Expectations cont’d:–The Blu-ray costs the manufacturer less to make than what they charge HMV–The manufacturer uses that money to pay for the factory, materials, salaries…–Money left over is theirs to keep (profit)–The makers of the materials used in the Blu-ray production sell items for more than they cost…and so on…


Important Terms

MARKUPA percentage of the cost of an item added to cover expenses and make a profit

Example: If a blu-ray costs the customer $30, and costs HMV $20, the markup is then 50%:

markup 10 –––––– = ––– = 50%

cost to retailer 20

cost to customer > $30


Important Terms cont’d…

MARGINThe percentage of the price charged for the item which is not used to pay for the cost of the item

Example: for a $20 item, if customer pays $30 there is a $10 markup and the margin would be:

markup $10––––––––– = ––– = 33.3%selling price $30


Important Terms cont’d

GROSS PROFITMoney left over after all “variable costs” have been paid.

businessgross profit = markup - expenses


Wal*mart / Skittles Markup Example

$0.20 +.11$0.34

Expenses = $0.11

Markup = $0.20

Store Cost = $0.34

Markup as % = = 91%



Wal*mart / Skittles Margin Example

$0.11 + 0.20 $0.65

Expenses = $0.11

Markup = $0.20

Selling Price = $0.65

Margin = = 48%

Margin = Markup + Expenses Selling Price

Wal*mart / Skittles Margin Example

Therefore, every time Wal*Mart sells Skittles it makes a 48%

profit margin


Breakeven AnalysisHow many units must be sold at a given price to cover all operating costs?

Three parts to break-even analysis:1.Variable Costs: Costs that depend on the quantity of products or services sold.2.Fixed Costs: Costs that are constant. Do not depend on # of sales and remain the same for long periods of time (rent, salaries, utilities, etc)3.Gross Profit: The selling price minus the variable costs (money left over after variable costs have been paid)

Breakeven Analysis Gross Profit Ice Cap Example

Selling Price = $1.49Variable Cost = $0.35GP = Selling Price - VC

Therefore, $1.14 of Gross Profit is made with every sale of an Iced Cap

Breakeven AnalysisBreak-Even Point:BEP is the # of units that must be sold at a given price to cover all operating costs

BEP = Fixed Costs Gross Profit

Breakeven AnalysisThe BEP for just Ice Caps is hard to calculate because Tim Horton’s sells many other items ( Bagels, donuts, coffee, etc), however, lets say a typical Tim’s has a fixed cost of $57 on Ice Cap sales per day:

$57 (Fixed Costs) = 50 (BEP)

$1.14 (Gross Profit)

Tim’s must sell 50 Ice Caps per day to reach the BEP.

Breakeven AnalysisSubway Pricing and BEP Example

Subway has the following costs for a “Footlong” assorted sub it sells:

Bread = $0.27Meat = $1.08Toppings = $0.20Expenses = $1.05 (includes all other VC )

Subway wants to make $2.40 per sub.

What should the price be?

$5.00Duh…!

Breakeven Analysis

What is subway’s cost of a footlong?(.27+1.08+.20)= $1.55

What is the margin?(1.05+2.40)/5= 69%[ Margin = Markup + Expenses / Selling Price ]

Total Variable costs? 1.55+1.05=$2.60What is the markup? $3.45As a percentage:(2.40+1.05)/1.55= 222%[ cost of an item added to cover expenses and make a profit / base cost of item ]

What is the gross profit? 5 – 2.60 = 2.40

The Numbers:Base Costs:Bread = $0.27Meat = $1.08Toppings = $0.20Expenses = $1.05 (includes all VC)Subway MARKUP = $2.40Cost to customer = $5.00

Subway Pricing and BEP Example

Breakeven AnalysisSubway Pricing and BEP Example

So what is the BEP?

Assume Subway pays the following monthly Fixed Costs:

Wages $10,400 Rent $1,900 Hydro $650

FC = $12,950

BEP = $ 12,950 / $2.40 = 5,395 subs

Therefore, Subway needs to sell 5,395 subs per month just to break even! If a subway is open 30 days a month that would require a typical subway to sell 180 subs a day (or 15 an hour) to reach the BEP.

Approaches to Reaching the Breakeven Point Faster…

1. ↓ selling price, ↑ demand, higher sales = reach the BEP sooner

2. ↑ sales costs (ads, promos) to try to ↑ demand, resulting in ↑ sales = reach the BEP sooner

3. ↓ fixed costs to reduce BEP

Product / Price / Promotion / Place

End of Part 1

To do: complete work sheet

Go to Part 2

product / price / promotion / place

Documents