producing food and electricity in the same system

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Producing food and electricity in the same system.Experimental evidence of agrivoltaic systems potential

Hélène Marrou, Jacques Wéry, Lydie Dufour, Christian Dupraz

To cite this version:Hélène Marrou, Jacques Wéry, Lydie Dufour, Christian Dupraz. Producing food and electricity in thesame system. Experimental evidence of agrivoltaic systems potential. 12. Congress of the EuropeanSociety for Agronomy, Aug 2012, Helsinki, Finland. 598 p. �hal-01595297�

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Producing food and electricity in the same system

Experimental evidence of

AGRIVOLTAIC SYSTEMS potential

H. Marrou, J. Wery, L. Dufour, C. Dupraz INRA – UMR SYSTEM (France, Montpellier)

Helsinki, 21st August 2012

MARROU • Aug. 12 •Helsinki

An AVS is a production system that associates on the same land unit at

the same time solar panels and food crops

Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) : what and what for?

Key assets : Intensify land productivity

(food + energy)

Keep arrable land available for food production

Increase food security

A wide range of possibilities

2 Dupraz C., H. Marrou, G. Talbot, L. Dufour, Y. Ferard, A. Nogier. 2011. Combining solar photovoltaic panels and food crops for optimizing land use: Towards new agrivoltaic schemes. Renewable Energy 36 , 2725-2732.


Agrivoltaic system under study

3

44.8m 19.2m

6.4m

4m

NORTH

SOUTH

3.2m

1.6m

Half Density

6.4m

44.8m

Same energy production as a conventional solar plant

50% of the production of a conventional solar plant

Full Density


Agrivoltaic system under study

4

HD FD

3 radiative treatments: FD= Full Density of panels

HD = Half Density of panels

C = Full sun Control

No H20 stress, no N stress

Different species Lettuces (2 seasons, 5 varieties)

French beans

Cucumbers

Wheat

C

C

FD

HD

C

NORTH

SOUTH


5


6


7

How do PVPs affect the microclimate?

What is the impact on crop productivity?


Zénith

West

East

el1 el

2 az1 az2

South

(x,y,z) Solar Panel Strips

Assessment of the available radiation

Light distribution is HETEROGENOUS in FD and HD

Measurements on the field :

Developement of a radiation model

Validation with field data (2010)

RMSE : 9-11%

9 Marrou, H., Wery, J., Dufour, L., Dupraz, C., 2013. Productivity and radiation use efficiency of lettuces grown in the partial shade of photovoltaic panels. European Journal of Agronomy 44 (0), 54-66.


Available radiation at ground level

10

Full Density : 50% GR

Summer 2010 : 51% Spring 2011 : 49%

Half Density : 70% GR

Summer 2010 : 76% Spring 2011 : 67%

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

1:00 5:00 9:00 13:00 17:00 21:00

Glo

bal

rad

(M

J.m

-2)

1st july 2011 full_sun

mean FD

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

1:00 5:00 9:00 13:00 17:00 21:00

Glo

bal

rad

(M

J.m

-2)

1st july 2011 full sun

mean HD


Control point : Temperature and humidity

11

Mean daily Air T° :

no significant changes in the shade

Hourly Air T°, Air VPD, and Wind Speed

Non significant changes either 11

FD HD full sun, Confidence Interval 95%

Marrou et al, in prep

time


Lettuces Summer 2010

Spring 2011

varieties

varieties

Marrou, H., Wery, J., Dufour, L., Dupraz, C., 2013. Productivity and radiation use efficiency of lettuces grown in the partial shade of photovoltaic panels. European Journal of Agronomy 44 (0), 54-66.


Fruit crops

14

FRUITS or GRAIN LEAVES and STEMS

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Gra

in y

ield

(t/

ha)

0

100

200

300

400

Yiel

d (

kg/h

a)

FD HD T

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Yiel

d(t

/ha)

Dwarf French beans

Cucumbers

Durum wheat

Different allocation

of DM

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Veg

DM

(kg

/ha)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Veg

. DM

(t/

ha)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

Veg

DM

(kg

/ha)


0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1

Re

lati

ve D

ry M

atte

r an

d Y

ield

at

har

vest

Relative transmitted PAR

Lettuce FC+

lettuce_FC-

Lettuce_B0

Lettuce_B+

Lettuce_B-

Beans_DM

Beans_Y

Cucumber_DM

Cucumber_Y

Wheat_DM

Wheat_Y

Crops use light more efficiently in the shade

15 Relative variables refer to ratios between the values measured in the shade (FD or HD) and in the full sun.

Increase Interception &/or Conversion

Decrease Interception

&/or Conversion


CO2

O2

(CH2O)n

Decomposing : from light to biomass

16

PARini × RTE × RIE × RCE = DM

Biomass

Climatic resource

Solar Panels Transmitance

Physical Interception

Biological conversion


Main shade compensation relies in increased RIE

Ability to increase RCE depends on variety

Different varieties have different tolerance to shade

17

Decrases Biomass

Increases Biomass

Decrases Biomass

Increases Biomass

Assessing RIE and RCE in the shade

Marrou, et al., 2013. European Journal of Agronomy 44 (0), 54-66.


1/ Increased growth rate?

Growth rate is not affected by shading except in the 3 first weeks of development

19

Lettuces (summer 2011) Cucumbers

Nb

of

leav

es

on

th

e m

ain

ste

m

Figures : Marrou et al, in prep.

Thermal Time(°Cd)

Unchanged growth rate Unchanged growth rate


2/ Morphological adaptations?

Total leaf area significantly increases in the shade

leaf area is distributed differently in the leaf pool

Bigger leaves are larger and wider

Lettuce head diameter increases

20

Marrou, et al., 2013. European Journal of Agronomy 44 (0), 54-66.

In conclusion

21

High productivity is maintained under solar panels

Energy + food production = promising systems

At least 70% of radiation at canopy level (HD)

High yield is achieved through increased RIE

High RIE efficiencies relies on morphological changes

Perspectives for agrivoltaic systems design

22

Further research on plant adaptation to partial/ intermittent shade

Identification of specific traits for plant breeding

Optimize solar panels strips

Solar panels on mobile structure

Integrated assessment

Assessment of productivity at crop rotation level

Economic assessment

Environmental assessment

23

[email protected]

producing food and electricity in the same system

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