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  • 7/31/2019 Processing and Applications of Metals and Cer

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    Presentation

    on

    Advances

    in

    Material Science

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    Rank Country/Region 2007 2008

    World World 1,351.3

    1China People's

    Republic of China494.9 500.5

    EU European

    Union 209.7 198.0

    2 Japan Japan 120.2 118.7

    3

    United

    States United

    States

    98.1 91.4

    4 Russia Russia 72.4 68.5

    5 India India 53.1 55.2

    http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Worldhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/European_Unionhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/European_Unionhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Japanhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Russiahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Indiahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Indiahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Russiahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Japanhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/European_Unionhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/European_Unionhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/World
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    The ability of metals to resist corrosion is to some extent dependent

    upon their position in the electrochemical series

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    Metal Ion Reactivity Extraction

    K K+

    reacts with water

    electrolysis

    Na Na+

    Li Li+

    Sr Sr2+

    Ca Ca2+

    Mg Mg2+

    reacts with acidsAl Al3+

    C included for comparison

    Zn Zn2+

    reacts with acidssmelting

    with coke

    Cr Cr2+

    Fe Fe2+

    Cd Cd2+

    Co Co2+

    Ni Ni2+

    Sn Sn2+

    Pb Pb2+

    H2 H+ included for comparison

    Cu Cu2+may react with

    some

    strongly oxidizin

    g acids

    heat or

    physical

    extraction

    Ag Ag+

    Hg Hg2+

    Au Au3+

    Pt

    Going from bottomto top, the metals:

    increase in reactivity;

    lose electrons more

    readily to form

    positive ions;

    corrode or tarnish

    more readily;

    require more energy

    (and differentmethods) to be

    separated from their

    ore

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium
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    They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel greathardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few

    steels are fully hardened.

    Martensite is not shown in the equilibrium phase diagram of the iron-carbon

    system because it is not an equilibrium phase. Equilibrium phases form by slow

    cooling rates allowing sufficient time for diffusion, whereas martensite is usually

    formed by fast cooling rates

    Too much martensite leaves steel brittle, too little leaves it soft

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittlenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittlenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram
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    (Fe) accounts for more than 95% by weigh, Carbon and Silicon are

    other alloying elements

    Applications of grey cast irons: gears, flywheels, water pipes,

    engine cylinders, brake discs, gears

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    White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured,

    due to its carbideimpurities which allow cracks to pass straight

    through.

    White cast iron C 3.4, Si 0.7, Mn 0.6

    Applications of white cast irons: brake shoes, shot blasting nozzles, mill

    liners, crushers, pump impellers and other abrasion resistant parts.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide
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    Ductile or nodular iron C 3.4, P 0.1, Mn 0.4,Ni 1.0, Mg 0.06

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel
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    Malleable iron (ASTM A47) C 2.5, Si 1.0, Mn 0.55

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    Die Casting

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    Continuous Casting

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    CO2

    + C ---> 2 CO

    Reaction of Cementite to Carbon

    Monoxide:

    2 CO + 3 Fe --->Fe3C + CO

    2

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    1 % C i di b l f

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    1. % C in medium carbon steels ranges from _____________.

    (a) 0.30.4 (b) 0.30.5 (c) 0.30.6 (d) None

    2. Stainless steel is so called because of its ________________.

    (a) High strength (b) High corrosion resistance (c) High ductility (d) Brittleness

    3. In white cast irons, carbon present as ________________.(a) Graphite flakes (b) Graphite nodules (c) Cementite (d) Carbon does not exist

    4. Refractory metal

    (a) Ag (b) W (c) Pt (d) Ni

    5. Not a noble metal

    (a) Cu (b) Ag (c) Au (d) Pt

    6. Noble metal

    (a) Al (b) Ag (c) Mo (d) W

    7. Usual casting method for making dental crowns

    (a) Sand casting (b) Die casting (c) Continuous casting (d) Investment casting

    8. Prime structural disadvantage of P/M products

    (a) Low density (b) Porosity (c) High damping capacity (d) None

    9. Not an important heat treatment process parameter

    (a) Heating rate (b) Temperature (c) Cooling rate (d) Atmosphere

    10. Final structure of austempered steel

    (a) Pearlite (b) Ferrite + graphite (c) Bainite (d) Martensite

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    11. The following statement is true for Explosive forming

    a. Very large sheets with relatively complex shapes, although usually

    axisymmetric can be formed

    b. Low tooling costs, but high labor cost

    c. Suitable for low-quantity productiond. All

    12. The Drawing Operation is

    a. Shallow or deep parts with relatively simple shapes

    b. High production rates

    c. High tooling and equipment costsd. All

    13. Cold-working metal forming is performed at a temperature above the

    recrystallization

    a. True b False

    14 The most widely used drill is the general-purpose twist drill, which has

    many variations. The flutes

    on a twist drill are helical and are not designed for cutting but for

    removing chips from the hole.

    a. True b. False

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    Thank You