processing and applications of metals and cer

7/31/2019 Processing and Applications of Metals and Cer

1/47

Presentation

on

Advances

in

Material Science


2/47


3/47


4/47


5/47


6/47

Rank Country/Region 2007 2008

World World 1,351.3

1China People's

Republic of China494.9 500.5

EU European

Union 209.7 198.0

2 Japan Japan 120.2 118.7

3

United

States United

States

98.1 91.4

4 Russia Russia 72.4 68.5

5 India India 53.1 55.2
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Worldhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/European_Unionhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/European_Unionhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Japanhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Russiahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Indiahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Indiahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Russiahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Japanhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/European_Unionhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/European_Unionhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/World


7/47


8/47

The ability of metals to resist corrosion is to some extent dependent

upon their position in the electrochemical series


9/47

Metal Ion Reactivity Extraction

K K+

reacts with water

electrolysis

Na Na+

Li Li+

Sr Sr2+

Ca Ca2+

Mg Mg2+

reacts with acidsAl Al3+

C included for comparison

Zn Zn2+

reacts with acidssmelting

with coke

Cr Cr2+

Fe Fe2+

Cd Cd2+

Co Co2+

Ni Ni2+

Sn Sn2+

Pb Pb2+

H2 H+ included for comparison

Cu Cu2+may react with

some

strongly oxidizin

g acids

heat or

physical

extraction

Ag Ag+

Hg Hg2+

Au Au3+

Pt

Going from bottomto top, the metals:

increase in reactivity;

lose electrons more

readily to form

positive ions;

corrode or tarnish

more readily;

require more energy

(and differentmethods) to be

separated from their

ore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium


10/47


11/47


12/47


13/47


14/47


15/47


16/47


17/47


18/47


19/47


20/47

They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel greathardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few

steels are fully hardened.

Martensite is not shown in the equilibrium phase diagram of the iron-carbon

system because it is not an equilibrium phase. Equilibrium phases form by slow

cooling rates allowing sufficient time for diffusion, whereas martensite is usually

formed by fast cooling rates

Too much martensite leaves steel brittle, too little leaves it soft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittlenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittlenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram


21/47

(Fe) accounts for more than 95% by weigh, Carbon and Silicon are

other alloying elements

Applications of grey cast irons: gears, flywheels, water pipes,

engine cylinders, brake discs, gears


22/47

White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured,

due to its carbideimpurities which allow cracks to pass straight

through.

White cast iron C 3.4, Si 0.7, Mn 0.6

Applications of white cast irons: brake shoes, shot blasting nozzles, mill

liners, crushers, pump impellers and other abrasion resistant parts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide


23/47

Ductile or nodular iron C 3.4, P 0.1, Mn 0.4,Ni 1.0, Mg 0.06
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel


24/47

Malleable iron (ASTM A47) C 2.5, Si 1.0, Mn 0.55


25/47


26/47


27/47


28/47


29/47

Die Casting


30/47


31/47

Continuous Casting


32/47


33/47


34/47


35/47


36/47


37/47


38/47


39/47


40/47


41/47


42/47

CO2

+ C ---> 2 CO

Reaction of Cementite to Carbon

Monoxide:

2 CO + 3 Fe --->Fe3C + CO

2


43/47


44/47

1 % C i di b l f


45/47

1. % C in medium carbon steels ranges from _____________.

(a) 0.30.4 (b) 0.30.5 (c) 0.30.6 (d) None

2. Stainless steel is so called because of its ________________.

(a) High strength (b) High corrosion resistance (c) High ductility (d) Brittleness

3. In white cast irons, carbon present as ________________.(a) Graphite flakes (b) Graphite nodules (c) Cementite (d) Carbon does not exist

4. Refractory metal

(a) Ag (b) W (c) Pt (d) Ni

5. Not a noble metal

(a) Cu (b) Ag (c) Au (d) Pt

6. Noble metal

(a) Al (b) Ag (c) Mo (d) W

7. Usual casting method for making dental crowns

(a) Sand casting (b) Die casting (c) Continuous casting (d) Investment casting

8. Prime structural disadvantage of P/M products

(a) Low density (b) Porosity (c) High damping capacity (d) None

9. Not an important heat treatment process parameter

(a) Heating rate (b) Temperature (c) Cooling rate (d) Atmosphere

10. Final structure of austempered steel

(a) Pearlite (b) Ferrite + graphite (c) Bainite (d) Martensite


46/47

11. The following statement is true for Explosive forming

a. Very large sheets with relatively complex shapes, although usually

axisymmetric can be formed

b. Low tooling costs, but high labor cost

c. Suitable for low-quantity productiond. All

12. The Drawing Operation is

a. Shallow or deep parts with relatively simple shapes

b. High production rates

c. High tooling and equipment costsd. All

13. Cold-working metal forming is performed at a temperature above the

recrystallization

a. True b False

14 The most widely used drill is the general-purpose twist drill, which has

many variations. The flutes

on a twist drill are helical and are not designed for cutting but for

removing chips from the hole.

a. True b. False


47/47

Thank You

processing and applications of metals and cer

Documents