processes affected by co 2 1) pathways that consume co 2 2) pathways that release co 2 3)...
TRANSCRIPT
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Processes affected by CO2
1) Pathways that consume CO2
2) pathways that release CO2
3) transpiration & stomatal number
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisAdaptations that reduce PR & water lossBoth fix CO2 with a different enzyme
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisAdaptations that reduce PR & water lossBoth fix CO2 with a different enzymelater release CO2 to be fixed by rubiscouse energy to increase [CO2] at rubisco
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisAdaptations that reduce PR & water lossBoth fix CO2 with a different enzymelater release CO2 to be fixed by rubisco
use energy to increase [CO2] at rubiscoC4 isolates rubisco spatially (e.g. corn)
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisAdaptations that reduce PR & water lossBoth fix CO2 with a different enzymelater release CO2 to be fixed by rubiscouse energy to increase [CO2] at rubiscoC4 isolates rubisco spatially (e.g. corn)CAM isolates rubisco temporally (e.g. cacti)
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisC4 isolates rubisco spatially (e.g. corn)CAM isolates rubisco temporally (e.g. cacti)Advantages: 1) increases [CO2] at rubisco
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisAdvantages: 1) increases [CO2] at rubisco
reduces PRprevents CO2 from escaping
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisAdvantages: 1) increases [CO2] at rubisco
reduces PRCO2 compensation point where CO2 uptake by PS = CO2 loss by “dark” respiration is 20-100 ppm in C3
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisCO2 compensation point where CO2 uptake by PS = CO2 loss by “dark” respiration is 20-100 ppm in C3 0-5 ppm in C4 & CAM
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisCO2 compensation point where CO2 uptake by PS = CO2 loss by “dark” respiration is 20-100 ppm in C3 0-5 ppm in C4 & CAMC4 and CAM also get saturated at lower pCO2
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisAdvantages: 1) increases [CO2] at rubisco
2) reduces water loss
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C4 and CAM photosynthesisreduces water loss: don't need to open stomata as wideC3 plants lose 500 -1000 H2O/CO2 fixed
C4 plants lose 200 - 350CAM plants lose 50 - 100
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationC4 plants have Kranz anatomyMesophyll cells fix CO2 with PEP carboxylase
Bundle sheath cells make CH20 by Calvin cycle
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationC4 plants have Krantz anatomyMesophyll fix CO2 with PEP carboxylase
Send 4C product to B-S cell
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationB-S cells convert 4C to pyruvate releasing CO2 Calvin cycle fixes itChange pyruvate to PEP in mesophyll
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationB-S cells convert 4C to pyruvate releasing CO2 Calvin cycle fixes itChange pyruvate to PEP in mesophyllHas evolved independently>50 times!
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationHas evolved independently >50 times!Found in 18 families: both monocots & dicotsSome have C3 and C4 spp!
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationHas evolved independently>50 times!Found in 18 families:both monocots & dicotsSome have C3 and C4 spp!3 ways to shuttle C!
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolation3 ways to shuttle C!All generate C4 acid inMesophyll & release CO2
in BS, but details vary
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationHas evolved independently >50 times!3 ways to shuttle C!Can occur w/in same cell! 3 diff spp do it 3 diff ways!
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationBenefits over C3
1) no PR2) less water loss
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationBenefits over C3
1) no PR2) less water loss
DisadvantageC4 use 30 ATP/ glucose; C3 use 18 ATP
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationBenefits over C3
1) no PR2) less water loss
DisadvantageC4 use 30 ATP/ glucoseC3 use 18 ATPLower Quantum efficiency
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C4 photosynthesis = spatial isolationC4 use 30 ATP/ glucose; C3 use 18 ATP
At high T C4 grow betterAt high CO2 C3 grow betterBoth T and CO2 are going up!Hard to predict whichwill do better!
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) Also uses C3 & C4 pathwaysUses C4 pathway at night: open stomata, let CO2 in
Close stomata & use C3 pathway during day
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) At night open stomata, let CO2 in
Fix with PEP carboxylasebuild up C4 acidsall nightstored invacuole
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) During day
close stomatadecarboxylate stored C4 acids fix CO2 using Calvin cycle
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) advantages 1) no PR
2) minimal water loss3) photosynthesize when have lots of energy
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) advantages 1) no PR
2) minimal water loss3) photosynthesize when have lots of energy
disadvantages1) can’t store much C4 acid2) uses lots of energy
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) CAM is mainly used in dry environmentsSome aquatic plants do CAM
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) Some aquatic plants do CAMTake up CO2 at night when concentration is higher: can be very low during the day!also some in tropical rainforests! >20,000 CAM spp!
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) CAM is mainly used in dry environmentsFacultative CAM induce CAM during drought, do C3 when humid
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) CAM is mainly used in dry environmentsFacultative CAM induce CAM during drought, do C3 when humidInactivate PEPC & openstomatanormally
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) CAM is mainly used in dry environmentsFacultative CAM induce CAM during drought, do C3 when humidInactivate PEPC & openstomatanormallyCan tell by 13C
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) Can tell by 13C• rubisco discriminates against 13C, so C3 plants have 13C of -280/00 if it can choose
• CAM & C4 have 13C of -140/00 because 13C diffuses more slowly
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) Can tell by 13C• rubisco discriminates against 13C, so C3 plants have 13C of -280/00 if it can choose
• CAM & C4 have 13C of -140/00 because 13C diffuses more slowly•Can tell if sugar came from C3 or C4/CAM by 13C
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) Can tell by 13C• rubisco discriminates against 13C, so C3 plants have 13C of -280/00 if it can choose
• CAM & C4 have 13C of -140/00 because although use up most CO2 in leaf 13C diffuses more slowly
•Can tell if sugar came from C3 or C4/CAM by 13C• Also tells about stomatal opening &water use efficiency
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Processes affected by [Sugar]
Energy BiosynthesisStorageStructureOsmotic regulation
Signaling molecules
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Processes affected by [Sugar]
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Processes affected by [Sugar]1) Flowering: adding sucrose promotes early flowering
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Processes affected by [Sugar]1)Flowering: adding sucrose promotes early flowering•[Sucrose] @apex in induction
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Processes affected by [Sugar]1)Flowering: adding sucrose promotes early flowering•[Sucrose] @apex in induction•affects FT & LFY expression,also mir399
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Processes affected by [Sugar]1)Flowering2)Photosynthesis
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis
• Sugar turns downlight & dark rxns
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis
• Sugar turns downlight & dark rxns• Represses rbcS & CAB genes
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis
• Sugar turns down light & dark rxns• Sensed by hexokinase: acts as both an enzyme and a
sensor• Catalytically-inactive mutants still sense glucose!• Form complex in nucleus with subunits of the
proteasome and of the vacuolar H+ pump!
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HXK1/GIN2 Flavonoid synthesis
Cell wall synthesis
Cytokinin signaling Auxin signaling Light signaling Ca2+ signaling
ROS scavenging / Detoxification Antioxidant protection
Sucrose metabolismStarch biosynthesisRespiration
Nitrogen metabolism
Fatty acid synthesis &mobilization
Defense
PhotosynthesisPhotorespiration
AtHXK1-Dependent Gene Expression
WT vs. gin2
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis• Sugar turns down light & dark rxns• Affects partitioning inside cells• 1 in 6 G3P becomes (CH2O)n • either becomes starch in cp (to store in cell)
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis• Sugar turns down light & dark rxns• Affects partitioning inside cells• 1 in 6 G3P becomes (CH2O)n • either becomes starch in cp (to store in cell)• or is converted to
DHAP & exported to cytoplasm to make sucrose
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis• Sugar turns down light & dark rxns• Affects partitioning inside cells• 1 in 6 G3P becomes (CH2O)n • either becomes starch in cp (to store in cell)• or is converted to
DHAP & exported to cytoplasm to make sucrose•Pi/triosePO4 antiporter only trades triosePO4 for Pi:mechanism to regulate PS
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis
• Sugar turns down light & dark rxns• Affects starch accumulation
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis
• Sugar turns down light & dark rxns• Affects starch accumulation
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Processes affected by [Sugar]Photosynthesis
• Sugar turns down light & dark rxns• Affects starch accumulation & degradation