proceedings of the international conference on materials...

ISBN 978-602-97444-3-9

Proceedings of The International Conference on Materials Science and Technology

ICMST 2010

Materials Science

& Technology

Research and Development of Advanced Materials for a Better Future

Editors

Evvy Kartini B.V.R. Chowdari Aziz Khan Jahja

S. Selvasekarapandian Tutun Nugraha

Junichiro Mizusaki Sudaryanto

S. J. Kennedy Heri Jodi

ISBN 978-602-97444-3-9

Materials

Science &

Technology


ii

@ Center for Technology of Nuclear Industry Materials Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by means, without permission. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

First Published, 2011

PT. TRIMOKSA MEDIATAMA PROMOSINDO Jl. Kalibaru Timur VI / L95, Jakarta Pusat 10640 Telp. (021) 42870253, 42880625 Fax. (021) 42870253 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-602-97444-3-9 Published by PTBIN-BATAN & MRS-INA Printed at Jakarta, Indonesia

This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person or any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action.

ISBN 978-602-97444-3-9

Materials Science

& Technology


Serpong, Indonesia 19-23 October 2010

Editors

Evvy Kartini BATAN, Indonesia

B.V.R. Chowdari National University of Singapore, Singapore

Aziz Khan Jahja BATAN, Indonesia

S. Selvasekarapandian Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India

Tutun Nugraha BATAN, Indonesia

Junichiro Mizusaki Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

Sudaryanto BATAN,Indonesia

S. J. Kennedy ANSTO, Australia

Heri Jodi BATAN, Indonesia

iv

Katalog dalam Terbitan (KDT)

International Conference on Materials Science and Technology (2010 : Jakarta) Proceedings of the International Conference on Materials Science and Technology (ICMST) 2010 : materials science & technology : research and development of advanced materials for a better future : Serpong, Indonesia 19-23 Oktober 2010 / editor, Evvy Kartini ... [et. al.]. -- Jakarta : BATAN, 2011. xii + 372 hlm. ; 17,6 x 25,0 cm. Termasuk bibliografi. ISBN 978-602-97444-3-9

1. Ilmu bahan – Kongres. 2. Teknik Bahan – Kongres. I. Judul. II. Evvy Kartini. 620.110.6

v

ORGANIZATION

Organizers

BATAN - Indonesian National Nuclear Energy Agency Center for Technology of Nuclear Industry Materials

PUSPIPTEK - Serpong, Tangerang, Indonesia 15314

MRS-INA, Materials Research Society of Indonesia

International Advisory Committee

Chaterina Pappas TU Delft, Netherland

Masatoshi Arai J-PARC, Japan

Robert Robinson Bragg Institute, Australia

Junichi Kawamura Tohoku University, Japan

John White Australian National University

Masaru Aniya Kumamoto University, Japan

S. J. Kennedy ANSTO, Australia

Junichiro Mizusaki Tohoku University, Japan

Katsuhiko Nakamae Hyogo Science & Technology Association,

Japan

Takashi Sakuma Ibaraki University, Japan

B.V.R. Chowdari NUS, Singapore

Local Advisory Committee

Azwar Manaf The University of Indonesia, Jakarta

Bondan Tiara Sofyan The University of Indonesia, Jakarta

Ismunandar Bandung Institute of Technology, ITB

Suminar Achmadi Bogor Agriculture Institute, IPB

Khairurrijal Bandung Institute of Technology, ITB

Irzaman Bogor Agriculture Institute, IPB

Khairul Basar Bandung Institute of Technology, ITB

Andrianto Handojo The Indonesian National Research Council

DRN Jakarta

Masbach The Indonesian National Research Council

DRN Jakarta Darminto

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember ITS, Surabaya

Pratondo Busono Agency for the Assessment of Application of

Technology BPPT, Jakarta Sunit Hendrana

The Indonesian Institute of Sciences LIPI, Jakarta

Eniya Listiani Dewi Agency for the Assessment of Application of

Technology, BPPT, Jakarta Bambang Prihandoko

The Indonesian Institute of Sciences LIPI, Jakarta

Agus Hadi Santosa W. Agency for the Assessment of Application of

Technology, BPPT, Jakarta

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Organizing Committee

Chair Evvy Kartini

Co-Chair Aziz Khan Jahja

Sudaryanto

Secretary Elman Panjaitan

Yualina Riastuti P.

Treasury Evy Hertinvyana

Evi Yulianti

Finance Sulistioso G.S.

Aloma Karokaro

Technical Committee

Scientific Program Tutun Nugraha Arby Dimyati

Social Program Wisnu Ari Adi

Wahyudianingsih

Conference Program Heri Jodi

Puji Untoro Syahfandi Ahda

Mirah Yulaili

Poster Program B. Bandriyana

Parikin Supardi Sumaryo

Workshop Mardiyanto

Wagiyo Muhammad Ihsan

Publication Sudirman Heri Jodi Saryati

Mujamilah

Sponsored By

RISTEK PT. HILAB Sciencetama - Indonesia

Materials Research Society of Singapore PT. Vanadia Utama - Indonesia

Park Systems - Indonesia ITS Indonesia

Supported By

IUMRS - International Union of Materials Research Societies BPPT – Agency for the Assessment of Application of Technology

ITS – Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya DRN – The Indonesian National Research Council

LIPI – The Indonesian Institute of Sciences ITB – Bandung Institute of Technology

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PREFACE Materials Science is an interdisciplinary branch of Science and Technology. It is a very wide spectrum of science covering subjects such as soft matters, eg. polymers, gels, bio materials, as well as hard matters, eg. semiconductors, superconductor, metallic material etc.. The applications of materials science range from energy, environment, health, transportation, military, as well as the multitude of manufacturing industries. This means that our daily life is not separable from the use of advanced materials coming out from research in this field. The International Conference on Materials Science and Technology (ICMST) 2010 was held in Serpong, Indonesia, on 20-22th of October 2010. The event has provided not only regional but also international forum to discuss the latest development, and to share knowledge in interdisciplinary materials research along with its applications. Furthermore, the ICMST 2010, has also provided a platform for international collaborations among national and international participants from more than 10 countries. It was a good opportunity for the Indonesian scientists to promote their research in the international forum The editors received about 101 articles that were distributed into several publications, namely 34 articles in Indonesian Journal of Materials Science, 8 articles in Atom Indonesia Journal, and 49 articles in this proceeding book. We are pleased to inform all authors that the editors decided to publish these articles into a book style, in the hope that it can optimize its uses for learning the latest development in materials sciences and technologies. The book is divided into four sections i.e. (i) invited papers, (ii) hard matter, (iii) soft matter, and (iv) material energy & devices. There were five invited papers mainly on the research and application of solid state ionics. All these articles have been presented by the invited lecturers in the ‘Asian Workshop on Solid State Ionics” that was held one day prior to the ICMST2010. The hard matter part was dedicated for contributed papers that cover magnetic and metallic materials, composite, ceramic, catalyst converter and the application of various neutron scattering methods. The soft matter section covers various topics from cellulosic material, natural rubber, nano-sphere, and nano-emulsification for drug delivery system. The 4th part contains materials useful for energy and devices, starting from different storage materials for fuel-cell, rechargeable batteries, sensors, ion transport modeling, and soft phonon in copper selenide. We are grateful to all the plenary and invited speakers and also to all the authors of papers for participating in this conference. Our gratitude also goes to all the funding agencies and sponsors for their generous support. Finally, we are also thankful to those who served in International & Local Advisory Committee and Technical Committee for their efforts in making the event a successful one. 24 February 2011 Editors

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Message from President of Asian Society of Solid State Ionics It is my pleasure and honor to greet you on behalf of the Materials Research Society of Singapore (MRS-S), Asian Society for Solid State Ionics (ASSSI) and the International Union of Materials Research Societies (IUMRS). I am delighted that Dr. Evvy Kartini took lead in organizing the Workshop on Solid State Ionics and The International Conference on Materials Science and Technology (ICMST 2010). I am particularly pleased to learn that a large number of overseas delegates are participating in this Workshop and upcoming Conference. Both Materials Science and Solid State Ionics are multidisciplinary in nature drawing researchers from Chemistry, Physics, Chemical-, Electrical- and Mechanical- Engineering disciplines. I hope all participants take advantage of this unique situation and interact among themselves to contribute to the advances in this new field of research. It is often difficult for members from Asia, particularly students, to travel to overseas for participating in conferences of interest. In this context, efforts put in by ICMST 2010 organizers will go a long way in promoting scientific research within the country and also establishing international networks. I congratulate the organizers for bringing such a high quality speakers to the door steps of Indonesia and enabling large number of students and non-specialists to participate and get benefited. I am particularly happy that part of MRS-S sponsorship has gone towards supporting students’ participation. I sincerely hope that the efforts put in by the organizers and the contacts developed through this will lead to international collaborations and the organization of much larger conferences. I wish you all a fruitful Workshop and look forward for the pleasure of meeting you at ICMST 2010. Professor B.V.R. Chowdari National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore President of Asian Society of Solid State Ionics (ASSSI) President of Materials Research Society, Singapore

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CONTENTS Preface viiMessage from President of Asian Society of Solid State Ionics viii

PART I: INVITED PAPERS

1. Neutron Scattering Techniques For Solid State Ionics ....................................... Sergey A. Danilkin

3

2. Solid Crystalline Superionics: Two Decades Of Research At Batan …………. A. K. Jahja, N. Effendi, S. Purnama, P. Purwanto, E. Kartini and A. Widowati

19

3. Synthesis And Characterization Of Cathode Materials For Rechargeable Lithium Batteries ………………………………………………………………… S.Selvasekarapandian, A.Sakunthala, M.V.Reddy, B.V.R.Chowdari, P.Christopher Selvin

33

4. Possibility Of Fuel Cell And Hydrogen Technology’s Developments In Indonesia ………………………………………………………………………….. Eniya Listiani Dewi

39

5. Development Of Superionic Conducting Glasses For Solid State Rechargeable Battery …………………………………………………………… E. Kartini, Gunawan, H. Jodi

51

PART II: HARD MATTER

6. Ferritic Stainless Steel Synthesis From Mining Materials …………………….. A.K. Jahja

61

7. Magnetic Susceptibility And Magnetization Plateaus In Cd0.5Mn0.5Te DMS Material ………………………………………………………………………… Sujito, L. Rohman, M. Rofiq

69

8. Negative Magnetoresistance Of Small Y-Doping La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 Perovskite Manganese ……………………………………………………………………… Sujito, E. Supriyanto, L. Rohman

75

9. Casting And Cold Rolled Process Of Brass Sheet As A Radiator Material ...... Dwita Suastiyanti, Marlin Wijaya

79

10. Effect Of Titanium Ions Implantation On The Corrosion Resistance Of SS 304 In A NaCl Medium …………………………………………………………...Diah Astuti Indarwati, Priyo Tri Iswanto, Tjipto Sujitno

85

11. Neutron Diffraction Technique On The Structural Identification Of ZrNbMoGe Alloy..................................................................................................... Parikin, Andika Fajar, A.H. Ismoyo and B.Bandriyana

91

12. Construction Of Automation On Instrumentation & Control System For Plasma Nitriding Machine ………………………………………………………. Sugiyanto, Tjipto Sujitno, I Made Miasa, Slamet Santosa

99

13. A Comparison Of The Influences Of Nano-Scaled And Micro-Scaled Zinc Oxide On The Performance Of Automotive Brake Pads ……………………… Tippawan Rassamee, Sirijutaratana Covavisaruch

107

14. Crystal Structure Analysis Of NdBa2Cu3O7-δ Superconductor ……………….. I Made Hardiyasa, Wayan Gede Suharta, Andika Fajar, Darminto

113

x

15. The Influence Of Milling On The Quality Enhancement Of Iron Sand

Sutrisno, Arif Tjahjono 119

16. Neutron Stress Measurement Of Coarse Crystal Grain In Aluminum Casting Alloy ………………………………………………………………………………. Masayuki Nishida, Takao Hanabusa, Tatsuya Matsue, Hiroshi Suzuki

125

17. Residual Stress Measurement Of High Molecular Matter By Transmission X-Ray Diffraction …………………………………………………………………Masashi Kitamura, Masayuki Nishida, Takao Hanabusa

131

18. Determination Of Zn Composition Of α-Brass Using Diffraction Method: A Comparison With Vegard’s Law…………………………………………………Tri Hardi P, Mirza Wibisono

137

19. Derivation Of Longitudinal Optic Phonon-Induced Cyclotron Resonance Half-Linewidth For Parabolic Quantum Wells Due To Isolation Projection Technique ………………………………………………………………………….Vo Thanh Lam, Tran Cong Phong

143

20. Electrophonon Resonance In Parabolic Quantum Wells ………………………Tran Cong Phong, Vo Thanh Lam

149

21. Elemental Analysis Of Antimony Ternary Compound Semiconductor Grown By MOVPE ……………………………………………………………………….. Ari Handono Ramelan, Harjana, Pepen Arifin and Ewa Goldys

157

22. A Crack-Free YSZ/AL2O3 Composite Film Coating Onto The AISI-316L Steel Substrate ……………………………………………………………………. Kemas A. Zaini Thosin

165

23. Fe1-xNixO3± Catalyst For Converting CO2/H2 To Alcohol Compounds ……… Rudy Situmeang, R. Supryanto, Sukmawibowo, Fitri Julianti and Sarah Aliana

173

24. Fabrication And Characterization Of Nd-Fe-B Magnetic Alloy Prepared By Arc Melting Furnace Method For Permanent Magnet ………………………... Erfan Handoko and Azwar Manaf

181

25. SuperHRPD And iMATERIA: Super High Resolution And Versatile High Throughput Neutron Powder Diffractometer At J-PARC…………………….. Teguh Yulius Surya Panca Putra, Shuki Torii, Masao Yonemura, Ryoko Tomiyasu, Junrong Zhang, Miao Ping, Takashi Muroya, Setsuo Sato, Toru Ishigaki, and Takashi Kamiyama

187

PART III: SOFT MATTER

26. Nano Technology Of Zeolite Mineral For Slow Release Nitrogen Of Urea Fertilizer On Vertisols Paddy Soil ……………………………………………….M. Al-Jabri

205

27. Photopolymerization Of Cellulosic Palmitate And Methyl Metachrylate (MMA) Under UV Irradiation And Their Mechanical Characterization ……. Asep Riswoko, Primalia Swariputri

211

28. Free Carcinogenic And Allergenic Natural Rubber Foam For Dutch Wife And Pillow …………………………………………………………………………Marga Utama, Syamsul Aziz, Yusman

215

29. Development Of Polyethylene-CaCO3 Polymer Composite With Addition Of Silane As Coupling Agent ………………………………………………………...Deswita, Indra Gunawan, Sudirman

221

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30. The Effects Of Adding 1 M NaOH, KOH And HCl Solution To The Framework Structure Of Natural Zeolite ……………………………………… Supandi Suminta, Supardi and Parikin

229

31. Development Of Biodegradable Micro And Nanosphere For Medical Application ……………………………………………………………………….. Sudaryanto, Evi Yulianti, Mujamilah, Wahyudianingsih, Ari Handayani and Abdul Mutholib

235

32. Production Of Flexible Polyurethane Foam From Commercially Soybased Precursor …………………………………………………………………………. Flora E. Firdaus

241

33. The Influence Of Oils And Surfactants On The Formation Of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (Snedds) Containing Therapeutic Protein …………………………………………………………………………….. Heni Rachmawati, Dita Herawati Rasaputri, Raphael Aswin Susilowidodo, Sasanti Tarini Darijanto, Yeyet Cahyati Sumirtapura

247

PART IV: MATERIAL ENERGY AND DEVICES

34. Effect Of Graphite-Epoxy Composition To The Properties Of Composite Bipolar Plate For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Application ………. Andi Suhandi, Bambang Prihandoko, and Bambang Soegiono

255

35. Production Of Semiconductor Materials Silicon From Silica Rice Husk Waste As Alternative Silicon Sources …………………………………………... E. Rohaeti, Hikmawati, Irzaman

265

36. Modelling Of Porosity Influences On Charge Storage Stability In Polyimide Thin Films …………………………………………………………………………Mochamad Chalid

273

37. Controlling Car Movements With Fuzzy Inference System Using Aid Of Various Electronic Sensors ……………………………………………………… Rizqi Baihaqi A., Agus Buono, Irzaman, Hasan Mayditia

281

38. Photodiode Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 Thin Film As Light Sensor ………………………… Sucipto, I. Surur, I. Deni, R. Solihat, S. Bessie, I. Budiman, H. Syafutra, Irzaman, T. Djatna, T. T. Irawadi, A. M. Fauzi

287

39. Integrated Visible Light Sensor Based On Thin Film Ferroelectric Material Ba0,25Sr0,75TiO3 to Microcontroller AtMega8535 ………………………………. Heriyanto Syafutra, Irzaman, I Dewa Made Subrata

291

40. Fe, Ni, And B Doped On The Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube: Computational Study ……………………………………………………………………………….Muflikhah, Setyo Purwanto

297

41. Electric And Pyroelectric Properties Of LiTaO3 And LiFe2TaO3 Films ........... M.N.Indro, Irzaman , B. Sastri, L. Nady, H.Syafutra, Siswadi

303

42. Inclusion Of Polyvinyledene Fluoride Polymer As Binding Agent For Graphite And LICoO2 Granules ………………………………………………... T. Nugraha, E. Panjaitan, E. Kartini

309

43. Photoluminescence Properties Of ZnO Thin Films Doped By Rare Earths (Er, Eu, Tm) ……………………………………………………………………… S. Iwan, S. Bambang, X.W. Sun, S.T. Tan

315

44. Vibration-Electronic Analysis Base On DFT Theory To Determine Surface Functionalities Of Nitric Acid Treated Carbon ……………………………….. Nirwan Syarif, Widayanti Wibowo

319

xii

45. Finite Difference Method For Computational Modeling Of Amperometric Biosensors ………………………………………………………………………… Pratondo Busono, Agus Kartono, Eka Sulistian and Ardian Arief

327

46. Effects Of Polarizability In Ion Transport: A Study Based On An Analytical Expression Of The Velocity Autocorrelation Function ………………………... Takaki Indoh, Masahiro Fujiwara and Masaru Aniya

335

47. Soft Phonon Modes In Copper Selenide ………………………………………... Sergey A. Danilkin, Mohana Yethiraj and Gordon J. Kearley

341

48. Ag+ Ion Implantation On Glassy Electrolyte AgPO3 ………………………….. W. Honggowiranto, E. Kartini, E. Panjaitan, T. Nugraha, M. Ihsan

347

49. Performance Characterization Of NiCd Battery By ARBIN BT2000 Analyzer In BATAN ……………………………………………………………... H. Jodi, E. Kartini, T. Nugraha

355

Author Index 363 Keywords 367

PART III

SOFT MATTER

MATERIALS SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY Edited by Evvy Kartini et.al.

NANO TECHNOLOGY OF ZEOLITE MINERAL FOR SLOW RELEASE NITROGEN OF UREA FERTILIZER ON VERTISOLS

PADDY SOIL

M. Al-Jabri Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia

e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT A Series Of experiments aimed to study the effect of zeolite as soil conditioner to the nitrogen (N) uptake, and to the dry rice grain yield in the greenhouse and the field condition have been done. The zeolites in this research was zeolite with trade mark Zeolite Kap Kan (ZKK). The results show that the higher addition of ZKK zeolite, the higher N concentration was observed. The highest N concentration (2.96%) was obtained at dosage of 1 ton ZKK ha-

1. The weight of dry rice grain yield in the greenhouse increased with the addition of zeolite. Similar tendency was observed when zeolite was used as soil conditioner in field. 6.52 ton ha-

1 of dry rice grain has been reached at the ziolite addition of 2 ton ZKK ha-1. Keywords: Slow Release, Ammonia, Zeolite, Paddy soils; Vertisols. INTRODUCTION Four years succesion, 2005 – 2009, rice production in Indonesia has increased because of fertilizer subsidization, irrigation improvement, and using of high yielding varieties. Since 2007, Indonesia success to reach rice self sufficient for the second time and have positively effect to the increasing farmer income. Rice production year 2007 – 2008 was increased from 57.16 million tons in 2007 become 60.33 million tons in year 2008, its mean that has happened the increased rice production more or less 3.69% or surplus 3.17 million tons dry grain yield. Dry grain yield year 2009 with target 63.5 million tons, till Juny 2009 was 63.8 million tons or reach out for 100.5% from target year 2009. In the coming year, it difficult to increase dry grain yield without contribution of technology innovations such as the application of zeolite as soil conditioner.

In other hands, the use of anorganic fertilizer such as urea for long time is not efficient due to the high dosage, i.e. more than 300 kg ha-1, and especially the applied urea fertizer is not mixed well into the soil up to 20 cm in deep, thus the production cost will be very expensive. The farmer usually spread the urea fertilizer in upper layer of the soil only, sothat the fertilizer is not mixed well into the soil as deep as 20 cm. Consequently, many NH4

+ ion (about 70%) are lost through leaching both horizontally and vertically,as well as the denitrification and the volatilization of ammonia (NH3).

Practically, the use of urea fertilizer result in relatively low NH4+ efficiency uptake,

about 30%. However, the NH4+ uptake efficiency can be increased with the technology

innovation using zeolite as soil conditioner. It is because of zeolite has unique cationic exchange, adsorption, hydration-dehydration, and catalytic properties. Technically, the

Materials Science and Technology

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zeolite can be applied by following several methods, e.g. (1) the zeolite can be directly applied to the soil and followed by urea fertilizer; (2) the urea fertilizer is mixed with zeolite in a proportional dosage (70% urea : 30% zeolite), then is granulated by granulator and applied to the soil; (3) The zeolite is formulated with urea fertilizer an other nutirents proportionally, i.e. the zeolite is mixed with urea, compost of animal feces or rice straw compost, and other nutrient from anorganic fertilizer (P, S, Zn, and Cu) in the form pellet.

Zeolite have prompted their use in recent years in a wide variety of agricultural processes as soil conditioner, slowly released fertilizer, heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn) trapper, dietary supplements in animal nutrition, carrier of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides, and deodorizers and moisture-control agents for animal manure[1]. Zeolite as soil conditioner is suggested to improve the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil [2,3,4]

The typical zeolite characteristics are three-dimensional crystal structure having abilities to hydrate and dehydrate reversibly and to exchange some of their constituent cations. When urea fertilizer is added together with zeolite into the paddy soils, NH4

+ cations will be trapped temporarily in the zeolite pores and then it is slowly released to be taken up by the crop root. Therefore, the zeolite are playing the role for holding NH4

+ cations, result in the increasing of the efficiency of NH4

+ cations uptaken. It was reported that urea fertilizer in the soil could be suppressed by making slow release fertilizer (SRF) which is made from mix up urea and zeolite with ratio 70% urea : 30% zeolite, sothat the used of urea fertilizer could be saved up to 30% [5]. Comparing to the other soil conditioner (such as lime and gypsum), zeolite was stable and the tendency of its residual effect in the soil relatively higher.

The amount of NH4+ cations from urea fertilizer enter the porous space of zeolite

structure in relation to ion-exchange depends on a number of other factors: (i) framework topology (channel configuration and dimensions), (ii) size and shape (polarizability) of the ions, (iii) charge density in the channels and cages, (iv) valency and charge density of the ions, and (v) electrolyte composition and concentration in the external solution[6]. Based on XRD determination, more than 50% of zeolites are dominated by clynoptilolite and modernite structure which are the higher cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) and the higher ion-exchangeable. Therefore the NH4

+ cations from urea fertilizer can enter the porous space of zeolite. The NH4

+ cations in the porous zeolite will be slowly released to be taken up by the root crop.

The result of zeolite affectivities test demonstrated that zeolite having trade mark ZKK with 6 ton ha-1 dosage could increase the yield of dry rice grain almost 20%. That is the average yield of dry rice grain without zeolite was 61.22 gram per pot, while the dry rice grain yield with zeolite was 73.30 gram per pot [7]. Similarly, zeolite having trade mark ZKK with 800 kg ha-1 dosages were mixed with compost of animal feces could increase the corn dry grain yield 8.44 ton ha-1 higher than without ZKK with the corn dry grain yield 5.65 ton ha-1[8]. The implementation of zeolite and organic fertilizer is reasonable as effort for improving soil degradation.

The objectives of this research were: (1) to study the effect of zeolite to the nitrogen (N) upatake in the greenhouse condition; (2) to study the efect nanotechnology of zeolite to the dry rice grain yield in the greenhose condition; (3) to study the effect zeolite to the dry rice grain yield in the field condition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment-I:

The first experiment have been conducted in the greenhouse using small pot which is filled 2 kg dry soils of the Vertisols soil order from Ngawi (East Java) and have been inundated for three weeks until become muddy. Randomized block design to be used as

Nano Technology of Zeolite Mineral……

207

experiment design consist of 10 treatments which is replicated three times. Those treatments were: (1). Complete control; (2) NPK-farmer; (3). NPK-soiltesting; (4). 125 kg ZKK ha-

1+NPK-soil testing; (5) 250 kg ZKK ha-1+NPK-soil testing; (6). 500 kg ZKK ha-1+NPK-soil testing; (7). 1.000 kg ZKK ha-1+NPK-soil testing; (8). 2.000 kg ZKK ha-1+NPK-soil testing; (9). 4.000 kg ZKK ha-1+NPK-soil testing; (10). 8.000 kg ZKK ha-1+NPK-soil testing. The test crop was rice of Ciherang variety 12 days old have been planted three crops per pot, then harvested after 6 weeks after transplanting, then leaf samples were analyzed for measurement the N concentration.

Experiment-II:

The second experiment using the same as soils in the experiment-I, but using bigger pot which is filled 8 kg dry soils and have been inundated for three weeks become muddy. The treatments were constructed into seven levels as follow: 1/8, ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ½ and 2 x ZKK-Nanotechnology, where 1 x ZKK were zeolite nano technology formulation consist of mixing of 2.000 kg ZKK+ 2.500 kg rice straw compost + 350 kg urea ha-1 + 50 kg (NH4)2SO4 ha-1 + 100 kg KCl ha-1 + 350 kg rock phosphate ha-1+ 10 kg ZnSO4 ha-1+ 10 kg CuSO4 ha-1 + 1 kg Borax ha-1 + 50 kg FeCl3 ha-1. The test crop was rice of Ciherang variety 12 days old have been planted three crops per pot, then harvested after 16 weeks after planting.

Experiment-III:

The third experiment have been conducted in five villages in two subdistrict Padas and Kasreman respectively at Ngawi district (East Java Province). After the first plowing, then land preparation to be plotted sized 5 meter x 10 meter and followed by the second plowing until the topsoil become muddy. Randomized block design to be used as experiment design consist of 9 treatments which is replicated three times. Those treatments were: (1). NPK-farmer; (2). NPK-soiltesting; (3). 250 kg ZKK ha-1 + NPK-soil testng; (4). 500 kg ZKK ha-1 + NPK-soil testing; (5). 1.000 kg ZKK ha-1 + NPK-soil testing; (6). 2.000 kg ZKK ha-1 + NPK-soil testing; (7). 4.000 kg ZKK ha-1 + NPK-soil testing; (8). 8.000 kg ZKK ha-1 + NPK-soil testing; (9). Urea mixed with zeolit (70% urea: 30% zeolite) + PK-soil testing. Rice crop variety Ciherang have been planted three crops per hole at a distance 20 cm x 20 cm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experiment-I:

The effect of zeolite to the nitrogen concentration and nitrogen uptake to the rice crop for 6 weeks old after transplanting have been represented in Figure 1.

Figure 1: The effect of zeolite to the nitrogen concentration (upper side) and nitrogen uptake (bottom side) to the rice crop 6 weeks old after transplanting.


208

The higher addition ZKK 125 – 1.000 kg ha-1, the higher N concentration was observed, except at 250 and 500 kg ZKK treatment level were 2.62 and 2.69% respectively. The highest N concentration at level 1.000 kg ZKK was 2.96%. The higher level at level 2.000 (No.8), 4.000 (No.9), and 8.000 kg (No.10) ZKK ha-1, the lower N concentration, it caused NH4

+ cations entered zeolite porous but will be slowly released. Hypothesis: “The wider ratios between zeolite to urea, the higher NH4

+ cations entered the porous space zeolite and NH4

+ cations much stronger fixed in the zeolite porous with high negative charge because of high value of the cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), so NH4

+ cations much slower release. The nanotechnology in relation to the mixing zeolite and urea material proportionally could increased NH4+ uptake to the crop, but it should be proofed in the future research to study relation between zeolite with high CEC value which is mixed to the soil in the rooting zone and the ability NH4

+ cations could be slowly released from the zeolite porous space to the soil, then it could be taken up by the crop root.

It have been proved with fact, that the highest N uptake as many as 623 gram/pot at level 125 kg ZKK ha-1 was pointed out that the amount NH4

+ cations entered porous space zeolite correlated to zeolite CEC which is characterized with negative charge in the porous space of zeolite which have a nano size (1–100 nm). The higher quality of zeolite, the better of reversible ion-exchange is. It is when the minimum number of zeolite mineral was 50% and the CEC value of zeolite higher than 100 cmol (+) kg-1. Experiment-II:

The effect level Zeo-Nano (1/8, ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ½, 2 x ZKK) significantly different to the dry rice grain yield 6 weeks after transplanting in the greenhouse condition (Figure 2).

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253035

4045

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8No.1= Complete control; No.2=1/8xZeo-

Nano;No.3=1/4xZeo-Nano;No.4=1/2xZeo-Nano;No.5=3/4xXeo-Nano;No.6=1xZeo-

Nano;No.7=1 1/2xZeo-Nano;No.8=2xZeo-Nano

Ric

e d

ry y

ield

(g

ram

/po

t)

Figure 2: The effect level Zeo-Nano (1/8, ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ½, 2 x Zeo-Nano) significantly different to the dry rice grain yield; Zeo-Nano was formulation of mixing of zeolite with straw of rice compost, urea, ammonium sulphate, rock phosphate, micronutrient Cu, Zn, and B in the form pellet.

The highest weight of dry rice grain yield in this study increased with the addition of

zeolit and reached 40 gram/pot at level 2 x Zeo-Nano (No.8). The weight of dry rice grain yield was 40 gram/pot at level 2 x Zeo-Nano significantly different to the all treatments and totally higher than the control one which is only 15 gram/pot. Although in the short-term the utilization high level of 2 x Zeo-Nano was not profit yet, but if the Zeo-Nano added at low level (1/4 x Zeo-Nano) continuously at each planting time of rice, undoubtedly its effect not only the dry rice grain yield could be increased, but also the physical, chemical, and biological soil characteristics could be improved in relation to the sustainable agriculture

Nano Technology of Zeolite Mineral……

209

achievement. According to Zeo-Nano formulation which have been made of mixing zeolite, rice straw compost, urea, ammonium sulphate, rock phosphate, KCl, FeCl3, CuSO4, ZnSO4, and Borax, then the C, N, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Al, Si, P, S concentration have been detected with SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometry) (Figure 3).

Zeolite from this formulation was pointed out by concentration of oxygen (45.87%), silicate (13.25%), and aluminum (3.23%). The ratios of Si: Al was 4/1 have proofed that zeolite with trade mark ZKK produced by CV. Mina Tama at Bandar Lampung was the best zeolite. Carbon content (20.98%) was came from rice straw compost, while N (7.77%), S (0.22%), P (0.64%), K (1.78%), Fe (1.27%), Cu (0.86%), Zn (0.43%) were came from anorganic fertilizer. Actually, SEM-EDS not detected particle nano less then 2 nm. For detecting particle nano less then 2 nm should be used transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Figure 3: The C, N, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Al, Si, P, S concentration has been detected with SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometry)

Experiment-III:

The highest dry rice grain yield as many as 6.520 ton ha-1 has been reached at the addition 2 ton ZKK ha-1. It is totally higher than the control one which is only 2 ton ha-1 (Figure 4).

Figure 4: The effect level zeolite (ZKK) to the dry rice grain yield


210

The addition of ZKK more than 2 ton ZKK ha-1, the dry rice grain yield decreased. The higher level ZKK, the higher NH4

+ cations entered the porous space zeolite and NH4+

cations much stronger fixed in the porous space zeolite, and NH4+ cations from urea slower

release NH4+ cations. But the residual NH4+ cations could be released for the next rice crop;

moreover zeolite in the soil could not break down. CONCLUSION Based on the above results it can be concluded that:

1. The higher addition ZKK 125 kg ha-1 ~ 1 ton ha-1, the higher N concentration was observed, except at level 250 and 500 kg ZKK ha-1 that were 2.62 and 2.69%, while the highest N concentration at level 1 ton ZKK ha-1 was 2.96%.

2. The highest weight of the dry rice grain yield was 40 gram/pot at level 2 x Zeo-Nano. 3. The highest weight of the dry rice grain yield as many as 6.520 ton ha-1 has been reached

at the addition 2 ton ZKK ha-1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my deepest thanks to Mr. R. Sugianto, MBA, Director CV. MINA TAMA in Tanjungkarang (Bandar Lampung, Indonesia) who has provided donation and zeolite materials with the trade mark Zeo Kap Kan (ZKK) for this research. REFERENCES

[1]. Pond, W. G., and F. A. Mumpton (Ed). “Zeo-agriculture: Use natural zeolites in agriculture and aquaculture”. International Committee on Natural Zeolite, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1984.

[2]. Torii, K. M., M. Hotta, and M. Asaka.. Quantitative Estimation of Mordenite and Clinoptilolite In Sedimentary Rock (II). Journal Japan Association Mineral Economic Geology 74 (8) 1979.

[3]. Townsend, R. P. The properties and application of zeolites. “The Proceeding of A Conference Organized Jointly by the Inorganic Cehemicals Group of the Chemical Society and the Chemical Industry”. The City University, London, April 18th – 20th, 1979.

[4]. Suwardi. “Pemanfaatan zeolit untuk Perbaikan Sifat-sifat Tanah dan Peningkatan Produksi Pertanian”. Presented at Semiloka Pembenah Tanah Menghemat Pupuk Mendukung Peningkatan Produksi Beras, Departemen Pertanian, Jakarta 5 April 2007.

[5]. Prakoso, T. G. “Studi slow release (SRF): Uji efisiensi formula pupuk tersedia lambat campuran urea dengan zeolit” (Thesis) Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan. Fakultas Pertanian. IPB, 2006.

[6]. Barrer, R. M. Cation-exchange equilibria in zeolites and feldspathoids . p. 385- 401. In L. B. Sand and F. A. Mumpton (ed.) Natural zeolites : Occurence, properties, use. Pergamon Press Inc., Elmsford, NY, 1978.

[7]. Al-Jabri, M. Kajian Metode Penetapan Kapasitas Tukar Kation Zeolit sebagai Pembenah Tanah untuk Lahan Pertanian Terdegradasi. Jurnal Standardisasi, 10, 2, 2008.

[8]. Al-Jabri, M. The Utilizing of Zeolite Mineral as Agricultural soil Conditioner in Relation to Its Standardization and Increasing Food Crop. Prosiding Seminar Zeolit VI. 2 – 4 November 2009. Ikatan Zeolit Indonesia. Puslit Tekmira, Bandung, 2009.

AUTHOR INDEX

A

Al-Jabri, M. 205

Aliana, Sarah 173

Aniya, Masaru 335

Ardian, Arief 327

Arifin, Pepen 157

Aziz, Syamsul 215

B

Baihaqi A., Rizqi 281

Bambang, S. 315

Bandriyana, B. 91

Bessie, S. 287

Budiman, I. 287

Buono, Agus 281

Busono, Pratondo 327

C

Chalid, Mochamad 273

Chowdari, B.V.R. 33

Covavisaruch, Sirijutaratana 107

D

Danilkin, Sergey A. 3, 341

Darijanto, Sasanti Tarini 247

Darminto 113

Deni, I. 287

Deswita 221

Dewi, Eniya Listiani 39

Djatna, T. 287

E

Effendi, N. 19

F

Fajar, Andika 91, 113

Fauzi, A.M. 287

Firdaus, Flora E. 241

Fujiwara, Masahiro 335

G

Goldys, Ewa 157

Gunawan 51

Gunawan, Indra 221

H

Hanabusa, Takao 125, 131

Handayani, Ari 235

Handoko, Erfan 181

Hardi P., Tri 137

Hardiyasa, I Made 113

Harjana 157

Hikmawati 265

Honggowiranto, W. 347

I

Ihsan, M. 347

Indarwati, Diah Astuti 85

Indoh, Takaki 335

Indro, M.N. 303

Irawadi, T.T. 287

Irzaman 265, 281, 287, 291, 303

Author Index

364

Ishigaki, Toru 187

Ismoyo, A.H. 91

Iswanto, Priyo Tri 85

Iwan, S. 315

J

Jahja, A. K. 19, 61

Julianti, Fitri 173

Jodi, H. 51, 355

K

Kamiyama, Takashi 187

Kartini, E. 19, 51, 309, 347, 355

Kartono, Agus 327

Kearley, Gordon J. 341

Kitamura, Masashi 131

L

Lam, Vo Thanh 143, 149

M

Manaf, Azwar 181

Matsue, Tatsuya 125

Mayditia, Hasan 281

Miasa, I Made 99

Muflikhah 297

Mujamilah 235

Muroya, Takashi 187

Mutholib, Abdul 235

N

Nady, L. 303

Nishida, Masayuki 125, 131

Nugraha, T. 309, 347, 355

P

Panjaitan, E. 309, 347

Parikin 91, 229

Phong, Tran Cong 143, 149

Ping, Miao 187

Prihandoko, Bambang 255

Purnama, S. 19

Purwanto, P. 19

Purwanto, Setyo 297

Putra, Teguh Yulius S.P. 187

R

Rachmawati, Heni 247

Ramelan, Ari Handono 157

Rasaputri, Dita Herawati 247

Rassamee, Tippawan 107

Reddy, M.V. 33

Riswoko, Asep 211

Rofiq, M. 69

Rohaeti, E. 265

Rohman, L. 69, 75

S

Sakunthala, A. 33

Santosa, Slamet 99

Sastri, B. 303

Sato, Setsuo 187

Selvasekarapandian, S. 33

Selvin, P. Christopher 33

Siswadi 303

Situmeang, Rudy 173

Soegiono, Bambang 255


365

Solihat, R. 287

Suastiyanti, Dwita 79

Subrata, I Dewa Made 291

Sucipto 287

Sudaryanto 235

Sudirman 221

Sugiyanto 99

Suhandi, Andi 255

Suharta, Wayan Gede 113

Sujitno, Tjipto 85, 99

Sujito 69, 75

Sukmawibowo 173

Sulistian, Eka 327

Suminta, Supandi 229

Sumirtapura, Yeyet Cahyati 247

Sun, X.W. 315

Supardi 229

Supriyanto, E. 75

Supryanto, R. 173

Surur, I. 287

Susilowidodo, Raphael Aswin

247

Sutrisno 119

Suzuki, Hiroshi 125

Swariputri, Primalia 211

Syafutra, H. 287, 303

Syafutra, Heriyanto 291

Syarif, Nirwan 319

T

Tan, S.T. 315

Thosin, Kemas A. Zaini 165

Tjahjono, Arif 119

Tomiyasu, Ryoko 187

Torii, Shuki 187

U

Utama, Marga 215

W

Wahyudianingsih 235

Wibisono, Mirza 137

Wibowo, Widayanti 319

Widowati, A. 19

Wijaya, Marlin 79

Y

Yethiraj, Mohana 341

Yonemura, Masao 187

Yulianti, Evi 235

Yusman 215

Z

Zhang, Junrong 187

KEYWORDS

A

α-brass 137

AgPO3 347

alcohol formation 173

AlGaSb 157

ALPS open source software 69

aluminum casting alloy 125

Ammonia 205

amperometric biosensor 327

arc melting furnace 181

automation 99

B

band structure 319

BATAN 19

Battery Analyzer 355

biodegradable 235

biohydrogen production 39

biosensor modeling 327

bipolar plate 255

brake pad 107

brass sheet 79

Brønsted-Lowry acid 173

BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) 247

BST (Ba0,25Sr0,75TiO3) 287, 291

C

CaCO3 221

casting 79

cationic conductors 3

Cd0.5Mn0.5Te 69

charge 273

cellulosic palmitate 211

ceramic coatings 165

clinoptilolite 229

CO2/H2 Conversion 173

coarse crystal grain 125

coefficient of friction 107

cold rolled 79

colloidal suspension 165

computational study 297

conductive bipolar plate 39

copper selenide 341

corrosion resistance 85

coupling agent 221

crystal structure 3, 91

crystallinity degree 131

CSD (chemical solution deposition) 303

Cu-conductors 3

cyclotron resonance 143

D

decay 273

DFT (Density Functional Theory)

319

diffusion 3, 335

disk chopper 187

doped-nanotube 297

doping Fe2O3 287

driver assistance system 281

Dutch Wife 215

E

EDX , EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis)

265, 309, 347

electrical conductivity 255, 303

Keywords

368

electrode 309

electrophonon resonance 149

EPD (Electrophoresis Deposition) 165

epoxy resin 255

F

fast ion conductor 341

ferritic stainless steel 61

fluorites 3

foam characteristics 241

friction materials 107

FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)

221

fuzzy car 281

fuzzy inference system 281

G

Gaussian Fitting Analysis 229

graphite 309

graphite composite 255

green band 315

H

Heisenberg model 69

high density polyethylene 131

high-resolution neutron diffraction

113

hot press 255

hot rolled 79

hybrid systems 39

hygienist 215

I

iMATERIA 187

ion implantation 85, 347

iron sand 119

isolation-projection technique 143

L

Lewis acid 173

LFT (LiFe2TaO3) 303

LiCoO2 309

light Intensity 291

light Sensor 287, 291

M

magnetic separator 119

magnetic susceptibility 69

magnetization plateau 69

magnetoresistance 75

manganese 75

MAUD (software) 137

mechanical alloying 119

mechanical milling 119

methanol electrolyzer 39

microcontroller 291

microstrain 229

mining materials 61

MOVPE (Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy) 157

N

nanocomposite 39

nanoemulsion 247

nanosphere 235

nanoporous 273

Nd-Fe-B 181

NdBa2Cu3O7-δ phase 113

neutron 125


369

neutron diffraction 137

neutron scattering 51, 341

NiCd 355

Nitric Acid 319

P

paddy soils 205

parabolic quantum well 143, 149

performance characterization 355

permanent magnets 181

perovskite 75

phonon dispersion 341

phonons 3

photografting 211

photoluminescence 315

pillow 215

plasma nitriding 99

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) 99

polarizability 335

poly(lactic acid) 235

polyethylene 221

polymer composites 221

polyol 241

polyurethane 241

porosity 273

precipitate 91

proton exchange membrane 39

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 255

PVDF (Polyvinyledene fluoride) 309

pyroelectric 303

Q

QMC (Quantum Monte Carlo) 69

quantum kinetic equation 149

R

rare earths 31

rechargeable battery 51

residual stress 125

residual stress measurement 131

rice husk waste 265

Rietveld method 113, 229

rubber foam 215

S

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

265, 303, 347

semiconductor 265

sensors 281

silane 221

silica 265

silicon 265

slow release 205

SNEDDS (Self Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System)

247

solid crystalline 19

solid electrolyte 51

solidification 181

soy 241

SS 304 (Stainless Steel) 85

stability 273

storage 273

superHRPD 187

superionic 19

superionic glass 51

SWNT (Single Wall Nanotube) 297

synthesis 61

Keywords

370

T

thin film 287, 291

transmission diffraction method 131

U

USP (ultrasonic spray pyrolisis) 315

UV (ultraviolet) 315

UV irradiation 211

V

Vegard’s law 137

velocity autocorrelation function 335

vertisols 205

Vibration-Electronic Analysis 319

W wear rate 107

X

X-ray 131

X-ray photoelectron spestroscopy

157

XRD (X-ray diffraction) 113, 229, 265, 347

Z

Z-Rietveld 187

zeolite 205

ZnO (zinc oxide) 107

ZnO thin films 315

ZrNbMoGe Alloy 91

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