Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Community Development

(AMCA 2018) The 5th International Conference on Community Development (AMCA 2018) will be held on July 19-20, 2018, on the Campus of University of The Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. The conference on community development is very important to understand and solve some of the community problems, such as: education, social, culture, economics and religion to review substantially and implemented from various disciplines.

Editors Akhsanul Inam, Ph.D., Djoko Sigit Sayogo Ph.D., Dr. Widayat, M.M. ,

Prof. Dr. Isomudin, Latipun, Ph.D., Zulfatman, Ph.D

ISSN : Part of series: ASSEHR, ISSN: 2352-5398, volume: 231 ISBN : 978-94-6252-561-0 Publisher : Atlantis Press URL : https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/amca-18/articles

Part of series : Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research Publication date : August 2018 Copyright : © The authors.

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A Typology of Fungicide Application in Malang

Raya

Moch. Agus Krisno Budiyanto

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

aguskrisno@umm.ca.id

Abstract. The research aims at analyzing the usage typology

of synthetic and organic fungicides in Malang Raya area.

The research design is descriptive qualitative, a method in

which the research tries to describe fact using certain

theory. There were 15 farmers acted as informants within

Malang Raya area. Sampling techniques is by purposive

sampling. The research applied interview and observation

data collection method. Data analysis is in the form of

qualitative analysis by conducting analysis on its content.

The concept of the usage of fungicide in Malang Raya area

would then be analyzed based on Social Movement

Typology theory). Based on result of the study it can be

concluded: 1) Typology of the use of fungicides in Malang

Raya (Batu City, Malang City, and Malang Regency)

included in the typology of alternative movement, and 2)

The usage of organic fungicide is less effective and massive in

Malang City and Batu City, yet is more effective in Malang

Regency.

Keywords: typology, fungicide, organic, synthetic, malang

INTRODUCTION

Fungicide is pesticide that specifically aimed at

killing or inhibiting fungi that causes certain disease

towards plants. Fungicide can be in the form of liquid

(most widely used), gas, granules and powders. Seed-

producing companies commonly use the fungicide on

seed, tuber, root transplants and other propagating organs

to kill the fungus on material to be planted and to protect

young plant from patogenic fungus (Adnyana, 2011,

Apriani 2014, Sekarsari, 2013, Nuraini, 2014). In

addition, the usage of fungicide can be in the form of

stem injection, direct spray (liquid), and fumigan (gas

spray). Fungicides can be classified into two groups:

selective fungicides (fungicides sulfur, copper, quinon,

heterocyclic) and non-selective (aromatic hydrocarbon

fungicides, anti-oomycota, oxathiin, organophosphates,

fungicides inhibiting sterol synthesis, and other systemic

fungicides). Fungicides selectively kill certain fungi but

do not hurt other fungi. Fungicides can also be

categorized as contact fungicides, translaminar, and

systemic. The contact fungicide only works in the

sprayed part. Translaminar fungicides flow from the

sprayed portion (the leaves and the top of the plant) to

the non-sprayed part (down). Systemic fungicides are

absorbed by plants and distributed through plant vessel

systems (Adawiah, 2014, Daniel et al, 2015, Susilo,

2010, Mc Ewen, 2010). The use of synthetic fungicide has an impact on

plant’s pathogenic resistance, the death of non-targeted

microbes, the emergence of more harmful secondary

pathogen, increase of production cost, the emergence of

environmental pollution especially soil and ground water,

the health of farmers. Therefore, to avoid or to prevent

the negative impacts it requires improvement and

utilization of eco-friendly pesticide, namely organic

pesticide (Souza et al, 2017, Xue et al, 2016, White et.al,

2014, Karlsson et al, 2014, Yoo et.al, 2013).

Research is designed to achieve the following

research objectives 1) Analyze the typology of the use of

synthetic fungicides in Malang Raya and 2) Analyze the

typology of organic fungicide use in Malang Raya.

METHOD

The research approach used in this research is

qualitative research with descriptive qualitative research

design that is a research that wants to describe fact by

using certain theory. In this study, magna findings or

concepts about the use of fungicides in Malang Raya will

be analyzed based on the Social Movement Typology

theory.

Informant research is farmers in Malang Raya. The

sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The

number of research subjects were 15 (fifteen) farmers.

The focus of this research is 1) typology of synthetic

fungicide use in Malang Raya, and 2) typology of

organic fungicide use in Malang Raya that includes:

identifukasi type of fungus disease, type of fungicide

used, dose of usage, frequency of use, and social

movement of fungicide usage.

Data analysis used in this research is qualitative

analysis by content analysis which using Interactive

Model from Miles and Huberman that is: (1) data

collection, (2) data simplification or reduction, (3) data

presentation, (4) withdrawal and testing or verification of

conclusion. Magna or concept about the use of fungicides

in Malang Raya will be analyzed based on the Social

Movement Typology theory.

RESULT

The Typology of Fungicide Usage in Batu

Plants cultivated by Tani Mulya Farmer Group

Tawang Argo Village, Bumiaji District, Batu City is a

plant of chili, eggplant, tomato and corn.

The fungicides used by Tani Mulya Batu Farmers

Group are synthetic fungicides because their effect in

inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi can be seen

5th International Conference on Community Development (AMCA 2018)

Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 231

71

quickly. The mulya farmers group currently does not use

natural fungicides because it is thought that natural

fungicides have a slow effect in halting the growth of

pathogenic fungi in plants. Mulya Batu Farmers Group

using synthetic fungicides since the 90s during the era of

common farmers.

“The use of synthetic fungicide is recommended by

companies and farmer groups following the company's

advice because the results provided by synthetic

fungicides can be seen quickly. In the farmer's group,

there are active members and passive members.

Members who use the advice of the company are mostly

active members"said Abdul Mujib Secretary of Tani

Mulya Farmers Group.

Thus typology of fungicide use in Batu City included

in Alternative Movement. According Aberle in

Kornblum (2014) typology is an effort to categorize

something based on karaterisktik teretntu. While the

meaning of Alterative Movement is a movement that

aims or impacts to change some individual behavior In

this category we can input various counseling, meetings,

promotions, leaflets / brochures that are sometimes done

to change the behavior of the farmers in the direction that

the farmers want to cool.

Typology of Fungicide Usage in Malang City

The most cultivated plants by Tani Jaya Farmer

Group Tunggulwulung Village, Lowokwaru Subdistrict,

Malang City is rice plant. All members of the farmer's

group use synthetic fungicides if their paddy plants are

attacked by fungi. There had been extension services by

the local government regarding the use of organic

fungicides, but when practiced, the results were not good

and the effects were so long that most of the members of

the Jaya Farmers Group continued to use synthetic

fungicides until now.

"We use factory-made fungicides, for a long time we

did not use homemade fungicides, we used homemade

fungicides but the results were not efficient" said Sardani,

a member of Tani Jaya Farmer Group.

The directive of synthetic fungicide use is done by

sales of synthetic fungicide product and not all members

of Kelompok Tani Jaya follow the sales instruction.

Similarly, the direction of use of organic fungicides is

also done several times but also only a small member of

the Farmers Group Jaya who follow saranya it. The

reason of at least members of Farmers Group Jaya who

followed the suggestion of organic fungicide use due to

raw materials that have been relatively difficult to find in

the area of Malang City and also associated with the

effectiveness of fungicides that take a long time

Thus the typology of the use of fungicides in Malang

city included in the typology of Alternative Movement.

This is because the movement of awareness of farmer

group members through various media counseling

product sales and new local government led to changes in

some members of farm groups only.

Typology of Fungicide Usage in Malang Regency

Crops cultivated by Sumber Urip Farmer Group I

Wonorejo Village, Poncokusumo District, Malang

Regency is mostly rice, cabbage, tomato, long bean,

spinach, mustard, bean, chilli, and onion. When facing a

fungal attack, Sumber Urip Farmer Group prioritizes the

use of organic fungicides when compared to the use of

synthetic fungicides This is due to several things, namely

as follows: 1) Wonorejo Village there is a biological

potential that can be used organic fumgicide making

materials, such as betel leaf, ginger, garlic, turmeric,

clove leaves, paper flowers, bougenville flowers, 2)

making organic fungicides easily by fermenting organic

fungicides with moebillin (fermented inoculum); 3) the

price of organic fungicides is much cheaper when

compared to the price of synthetic fungicides; and 4) the

use of organic fungicides organic fungicides has very

little health and environmental impact.

As a group of organic farmers Sumber Urip Farmer

Group continues to make efforts to use organic resources

of fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. In

collaboration with the University of Muhammadiyah

Malang, Sumber Urip Farmers Group continues to raise

awareness to all members of farmer groups through

counseling, monthly routine meetings, posters, and

leaflets. The results are quite encouraging, almost all

members of farmer groups use organic resources such as

fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. It's

just that some farmers are still using synthetic fungicides

when the use of organic fungicides is less effective and

efficient, especially in chronic and chronic (massive)

fungal attack.

"Almost all our members use organic fungicides but if

the fungus do not disappear we need to use a synthetic

fungicide" said Abdul Fatah Chairman of Farmers Group

Sumber Urip I.

Thus the typology of the use of fungicides in Malang

District included in the typology of Alterative Movement

(alternative movement). This is because the awareness

movement of farmer group members through various

media (counseling, monthly routine meetings, posters,

and leaflets) has only caused a change in some members

of the farmer group

Continuous use of synthetic fungicides can lead to

pathogenic resistance, human toxicity and pollute the

environment (Apriani, 2014, Pimentel, 2010, Kenmore,

2010, Efri, 2010). According to Wright et.al (2013),

White et.al, (2014), Walia et al, (2014), Djunaedy (2010)

the use of pesticides, especially synthetic pesticides is

like a double-edged knife. Behind the great benefits of

increasing agricultural production, it is shrouded by

terrible dangers. It can not be denied, the pesticide

hazards are increasingly felt by the public, especially due

to the unwise use of pesticides. Losses in the form of

adverse effects of the use of pesticides, can be grouped

into 3 parts: (1). Pesticides have negative effect on

human health, (2). Pesticides have an adverse effect on

environmental quality, and (3). Pesticides promote the

development of plant-disturbing plant populations.

Fungicides can lead to resistance to plant pathogens

that cause unsuitable chemicals to be used, the killing of

non-targeted microbes and the emergence of more

dangerous secondary pathogens, increasing production

costs due to the higher cost of chemicals, causing

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 231

72

environmental pollution, especially groundwater and soil,

affecting the health of farmers and his family especially

when the face-to-face in the field is the mother who is

pregnant or breastfeeding, and affect the health of

consumers who consume agricultural products

contaminated with these chemicals Therefore, to prevent

or avoid the negative impacts, it is necessary to strive for

the development and utilization of environmentally

friendly pesticides, namely organic pesticides, which is

one of the scope of "green revolution sustainable", to

support the achievement of robust strong food security

(Souza et al, 2017, Xue et al, 2016, Daniel et al, 2015,

Karlsson et al, 2014, Yoo et.al, 2013).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the above research, it can be

concluded several things are as follows: 1) Typology of

the use of fungicides in Malang Raya (Batu City, Malang

City, and Malang Regency) included in the typology of

Alternative Movement, this is because the awareness

movement of farmer group members through various

media (counseling, monthly routine meetings, posters,

and leaflets) has only caused a change in some members

of the farmer group.and 2) The usage of organic

fungicide is less effective and massive in Malang City

and Batu City, yet is more effective in Malang Regency.

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