Proceedings of the1996 International Conference on Incineration and

Thermal Treatment Technologies

Savannah, Georgia U.S.A.

Lori B. CohenConference Coordinator

University of California, Irvine

John McFeeTechnical Chairman

IT Corporation

Joyce FeldmanTechnical Vice-Chairman

Environmental Consultant

James G. TripodesOversight Chairman

University of California, Irvine

Sponsored byAir & Waste Management Association (AWMA)

American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AICHE)American Nuclear Society (ANS)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration (CRWI)

Health Physics Society (HPS)Institution of Mechanical Engineers (United Kingdom)United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

United States Department of Energy (DOE)

UB/TIB Hannover 89114 069 220

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Table ofContents

SESSION 2 — INNOVATIVE & EMERGING THERMAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIESChair: H. Nugent Myrick, SARP IndustriesCochair: Philippe Pichat, SARP Industries Groupe, France

Cement-Lock Technology for Decontaminating Dredged Estuarine Sediments 1Amir Rehmat and Michael C. Mensinger, Institute of Gas Technology; Javed I. Bhatty and Alex Mishulovich,Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc.

Oxygen Enriched Incineration of Radioactive Graphite 9P. Beaudoin, P. Duperray and O. Charon, Air Liquide S.A. Claude; F. Jackow and L. Philippe, AirLiquideAmerica Corporation; L.E. Draus, FRAMATOME TECHNOLOGIES Environmental & Waste Technologies;J.J. Guiroy, FRAMATOME Dismantling and Waste Management

Destruction of Hazardous Wastes using Gravitational Moving Bed Incineration System 15S.S. Son, K.H. Choi, K.J. Lee, I.H. Han andJ. W. Chung, Kolon Engineering Inc.

Practical Experience with Dioxin Synthesis and Control in a Variety of Full Scale Gas Cleaning Trains 19R. Ullrich, Rollins Environmental Services, Inc.; S. Davidson andL. Grater, Aptus Environmental Services

Demonstration of Hazardous Waste Incineration/Soil Remediation with Sonotech's Pulse Combustion Technology 25B.T. Zinn, B.R. Daniel, Z.Z. PlavnikandM.Y. Shekhter, Sonotech, Inc.

SESSION 3 — IMPACT OF CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS ON INCINERATIONChair: Melvin Keener, Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration (CRWI)Cochair: Nathaniel Miullo, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPA'sNew Comparable Fuels Exemption 33Bill Schofield, Focus Environmental, Inc.; Barry S. Neuman, Jenner and Block

Technologies and Costs for Compliance with the Proposed HWC MACT Standards 37W. Clark, R.C. Sanford and B.R. Springsteen, Energy and Environmental Research Corporation

Monitoring Strategies for Compliance with the HWC MACT Standards 45R.G. Joklik, W.S. Lanier and W. Clark, Energy and Environmental Research Corporation

Continuous Emission Monitoring 2000 53Robert W. Baxter, B3 Systems, Inc.; Richard A. Carnes, Carnes & Associates

Enhanced Techniques of Data Collection and Reduction for Waste Combustion Facilities 57M. Robert Guest and Robert W. Wood, DRE Technologies, Inc.

SESSION 4 — COMPLIANCE ISSUESChair: Clyde (Gene) Riley, Triangle LaboratoriesCochair: Beth Antley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Update on the Compliance Assurance Monitoring Rule Development 63Peter R. Westlin and Robin R. Segall, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

An Approach to Enhance Compliance Through Data Management Systems 65Joan F. Berner and Annette Licata, Eastman Kodak. Company

New York Organic Fertilizer Company Operations Manuals and Training Program Development 73John L Stottlemire, General Physics Corporation

Laboratory, Regulatory, and Field Leaching of Solidified Wastes 75J.A. Stegemann, R.J. Caldwell and C. Shi, Wastewater Technology Centre

Highlights of Emission Test Method Development Activities for 1995-96 81F. Curtis and P.R. Westlin, U.S Environmental Protection Agency

Exhaust Gas Measurements During Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification of Thorium Oxide Surrogates andAssociated Packaging Materials 85L.V. Gibson, Jr., LA. Harris, W.H. Hermes andD.P. Hoffmann, Lockheed Martin Energy Systems

SESSION 5 — U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROGRAMSChair: Richard Kimmel, U.S. Department of EnergyCochair: Paul Hart, U.S. Department of Energy

Mixed Waste Treatment and Regulations 91C.C. Lee and G.L. Huffman, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; P. Siebach and R. Kimmel, U.S.Department of Energy

The Role of Thermal Treatment in the Decontamination and Decommissiong of theRocky Flats Environmental Technology Site 99Scott A. Anderson and Jeffrey C. Petersell, Kaiser-Hill Company; Timothy J. McKeown, Rocky MountainRemediation Services

Waste Characterization and Trial Burn Activities for Mixed Waste Thermal Treatment Systems 107B. Springsteen, W. Clark and W.R. Seeker, Energy and Environmental Research Corporation

Ready, Set, ... Quit! A Review of the Controlled-Air Incinerator 115Garth E. Reader, Los Alamos National Laboratory

Design Considerations for Demonstration of DetoxSM Catalyzed Wet Oxidation on Hazardous and Mixed Wastes 119Patrick M. Dhooge, Scott D. Goldblatt, Donald T. Robertson and James E. Moslander, Delphi Research, Inc.

SESSION 6 — DEMONSTRATED THERMAL TREATMENT EXPERIENCE FORHAZARDOUS WASTEChair: Jack Brady, Andersen 2000 Inc.Co chair: Peter J. Rafferty, National Environmental Preservation Company (BeeA'h), Saudi Arabia

Design Features and Operating Parameters of Liquid Injection Incinerators for Aqueous Wastes 123Olavo Curiha Leite, T-Thermak Company

A Case Study for Incineration of Hazardous Waste from Insecticide and Herbicide Production Plant 129N. Mistry, T-Thermal (Europe) Division ofSelas

Saudi Arabia Acquires State-of-the-Art Hazardous Waste Incinerator 133Peter J. Rafferty, BeeA 'h - National Environmental Preservation Company

Mobile Rocket Propellant and Oxidizer Incineration System 137Jack D. Brady, Andersen 2000 Inc.

Incineration of Halogenated Waste Streams 143Th. Kolb, M. Christill, I.H. Dorn and H. Seifert, BASF AG; A. Kufferath and W. Leuckel, Engler-Bunte-Institut

Catalytic Destruction of Ethylene Oxide at Low Temperature 149N. Singh, K.S. Pisarczyk and R.M. Leonard, Carus Chemical Company

Research Investigations at the Municipal (2.35 MW) and Clincal (2 5MW) Waste Incinerators in Sheffield, UK 155J. Swithenbank, V. Nasserzadeh, B.C.R. Ewan and I. Delay, Sheffield University Waste Incineration Centre(SUWIC); D. Lawrence and B. Jones, Sheffield Heat & Power Ltd.

SESSION 7 — BEHAVIOR OF MERCURY DURING THERMAL TREATMENTChair: David Charlton, University of North DakotaCochair: K. Thomas Klasson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Removal and Recovery of Mercury for Mixed Wastes 181Casimir J. Koshinski, J. Brendan McLaughlin and Thomas E. Weyand, Mercury Recovery Services, Inc.

Low Temperature High Vacuum Rotating Retort for the Removal and Recovery of Mercury from the East ForkPoplar Creek Soils in Oak Ridge, Tennessee 189Randy Aulbaugh and Greg Hawk, Scientific Consulting Laboratories, Inc.

Development of a Process for Treating Chlorine Industry Wastes: Treatability Tests and Process Development Study 193Charles W. Kenney, Hazen Research, Inc.; Barry J. Hansen, H2 Technology Inc.

Removal of Mercury Using the X*TRAX* Thermal Desorption System 201Carl R. Palmer, Rust Federal Services Inc.

High Vacuum, Low Temperature Thermal Desorption Remediation of Mercury Impacted Soil 207Jeffrey V. Dagdigian, PhD and Craig A. Stolz, PE, McLaren/Hart, Inc.

A Fludized Bed Desorption System for Recycling Mercury from Contaminated Soil 213Donald L. Baum, Jr., P.E., John Noland, P.E. and Wayne L. Read, P.E., Philip Environmental ServicesCorporation

RTG's Thermal Screw Processor: Recovering Mercury from Contaminated Soils 219Michael S. Navetta, PE, Remedial Technologies Group, LLC

SESSION 8 — THERMAL TREATMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTEChair: David Dalton, Scientific Applications International Corporation (SAIC)Cochair: Josef Neubauer, Austrian Research Centre, Austria

Incineration of Radioactive Waste by Applying Powder Metal Fuel 223I.A. Sobolev, S.A. Dmitriev, A.S. Barinov, M.I. Ojovan, E.M. Timofeev, S.V. Stefanovsky, K.N. Semenov, V.V.Kropochev, T.I. Vasendina and G.A. Petrov, Scientific and Industrial Association "Radon"

Integrated Management and incineration of Low Level Radioactive Waste at a Research Based PharmaceuticalCompany 229Scott A. Lauer, Merck and Company, Inc.

Pyrolysis of Radioactive Ion Exchange Resins 233RolfHesbol, Studsvik RadWaste AB; Lars Hoist, Gesellschaft fiir Nuklear-Service

Incineration of Ion-Exchange Resins Operational Experience 239Josef Neubauer, Austrian Research Centre Seibersdorf

High Temperature High Vacuum Rotating Retort for the Volume Reduction ofRadioactively Contaminated Calcium Carbonate Filter Cake 243Randy Aulbaugh and Greg Hawk, Scientific Consulting Laboratories, Inc.

Plasma-Activated Radioactive Waste Incineration 247S.A. Dmitriev, I.A. Knyazev, F.A. Lifanov, A.E. Savkin, S.V. Stefanovsky and I.D. Tolstov, SI A "Radon"

SESSION 9 — ASH AND RESIDUESCochair: Garry Briggs, Chem-Security (Alberta) Ltd., CanadaCochair: William Bostick, Lockheed Martin Energy Systems

Treatment Options for Low-Level Radiologically Contaminated ORNL Filtercake 253Hom-Ti Lee, Oak Ridge Associated Universities; William D. Bostick, Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc.

Thermoplastic Process Treatability for Contaminated Hearth Ash from the Republic of Belarus 265P.D. Kalb and LW. Milian, Brookhaven National Laboratory; A. J. Grebenkov, Institute of Power EngineeringProblems; S.P. Rutenkroger, University of Missouri-Rolla

Mineralogical Aspects of Environmentally Relevant and Structural Engineering Properties ofMunicipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ashes 271G. Pfrang-Stotz, Research Center Karlsruhe (ITC/TAB); J. Reichelt, University of Karlsruhe

Thermal Technologies for Treatment and Valorization of Radioactive Wood Waste Generated inContaminated Chernobyl Area 279AlexandreJ. Grebenkov, Igor A. Savushkin and VitaliN. Solovjev, Institute of Power EngineeringProblents/Ac.Sc; Andre" Jouve, Institut de Protection et de S&reli Nucliaire/CEA; Paul D. Kalb, BrookhavenNational Laboratory

Total Solubility Parameter as a Performance Standard for Chemical Stabilization of Ashes 285H. Nugent Myrick, SARP Industries, Inc.

A Methodology to Select Optimum Waste Stabilization Process 289Philipp J. Pichat, Ultimate Waste Management Technology Center

Manufacture of Supplementary Cementitious Materials from Industrial Wastes 297Alex Mishulovich and Javed I. Bhatty, Construction Technology Laboratories; Hamid A. Abbasi and DavidRue, Industrial Combustion Processes, Institute of Gas Technology; Vladimir M. Olabin and Leonard S. Plow,Gas Institute of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences

SESSION 10 — NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONSChair: Joyce Feldman, Environmental ConsultantCochair: Martin Quinn, UK Environment Agency, United Kingdom

"Best Available Techniques" and their Environmental Performance: A Regulator's Review ofIncineration and other Thermal Technologies , ..........303P. Martin Quinn and Clive R. Williams, Environment Agency

Kodak's Approach to Streamlining RCRA Permitting Activities, Focusing on Reductions in Cycle-Time and Defects 307John Williams, Eastman Kodak Co.

EPA's Evolving Guidance on Waste Testing Frequency and Its Impact on Selected BIF Facilities 313Bill Schofield, Focus Environmental, Inc.; Ron Copeland, Fina Oil and Chemical Corporation; JamesLeitheiser, Arizona Chemical Company; John Schroer, 3V, Inc.

ISO 14000 and Thermal Treatment 319Joyce Feldman, Consultant

RCRA Permit Modifications and the Functional Equivalency Demonstration: A Case Study 325J. Kinker, W. Lyon, R. Carnes and C. Loehr, Benchmark Environmental Corporation; K> Elsberry andJ.P.Garcia, Los Alamos National Laboratory

Environmental Justice and Risk Communication 331Eileen Gay Jones, Southern University Law Center

SESSION 11 — ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND RESTORATIONChair: Kevin Smith, IT CorporationCochair: Mark Swientoniewski, Bechtel Environmental Inc.

Indirectly Heated Thermal Desorption of PCB Contaminated Soil 335Anthony J. Pisanelli and Neal A. Maxymillian, Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.

European Regulations for the Continuous Gas and Paniculate Emissions Monitoring from Municipal and HazardousWaste Incinerators and the Use of Reliable and Cost Effective Instrumentation to Establish and Maintain Compliance 341F. Tony Griguoli, Environnement U.S.A.; Gilles Gonnet, Emission S.A.

Drake Chemical Superfund Site: Case Study of Incineration of Soil Containing Carcinogens 345Robert J. Biolchini, Timothy D. Briggs, Gary L Jones and Randall T. Camp, OHM Remediation Services Corp.

Status of the Times Beach Remediation Project 351Michael L. Foster and Melissa L. Douglas, IT Corporation; Peter James Nicotri, Foster WheelerEnvironmental Corporation; A. Walter Wyss, Syntex (USA), Inc.

SESSION 12A — PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONSChair: Gary Severson, Clean Harbors Environmental Services Companies

Building Constructive Community Partnerships 359Gary J. Severson, Clean Harbors Environmental Services Companies

An Approach to Managing Public Interactions for a Chemical Waste Incinerator 365Joan Berner and Cynthia Ames, Eastman Kodak Company

Risk Communication and Public Acceptance of Hazardous Waste Incineration 369Anthony J. Sadar, Center for Hazardous Materials Research

SESSION 13 — INNOVATIVE AND EMERGING EMISSIONS MONITORING SYSTEMSChair: Nina Bergan French, Sky +

Innovative Continuous Emission Monitors: Results of the EPA/DOE Demonstration Test Program 373Larry R. Waterland and S. Behrooz Ghorishi, Acurex Environmental Corporation Incineration ResearchFacility; Marta K. Richards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Dan B. Burns, Westinghouse SavannahRiver Company

Design of Mobile Device Based on Jet-REMPI for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Trace Gas Compounds 387H. Oser, R. Thanner and H.-H. Grotheer, DLR Stuttgart

Smart-Film Sensors Hydrocarbons for Halogenated and Vocs 393Basil I. Swanson, DeQuan Li, Jing-xaun Shi, Sabina Johnson and Xiaoguang Yang, Los Alamos NationalLaboratory

A Status Report on Multi-Metal CEM Technologies 399Nina Bergan French, Sky +; Michael Durham, ADA Environmental Solutions

Continuous Monitoring of Mercury: Beyond the Analyzer 403Daryl L Roberts, Gary Anderson, Frank Sagan and Robin Stewart, ADA Technologies, Inc.

A Survey of Continuous Emissions Monitoring Technologies for Organic Compounds, Total Chlorine, and Ammonia 409William J. Haas, Jr. and Stephan J. Weeks, Ames Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy; Nina Bergan French,Sky +; Jack Demirgian and Christine Snyder, Argonne National Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy

SESSION 14 — BEHAVIOR OF METALS DURING THERMAL TREATMENTChair: Gary Hinshaw, Midwest Research InstituteCochair: Richard Blauvelt, BDM International

Effect of Chlorine and Sulfur on Metal Capture by Sorbents During Fluidized Bed Incineration 415T.C. Ho, C. Shie, K. Wang andJ.R. Hopper, Lamar University

Vaporization and Deposition of Cadmium and Lead with Halogenated Waste Incineration 423Hee-Chul Yang and Joon-Hyung Kim, Nuclear Environment Management Center, KAERI; Yong Kang,Choongnam National University

Paper Mill Waste Sludge Incineration; Ash Formation and Trace Metal Distribution in Combustion Ashes 431Jouko Latva-Somppi, Esko I. Kauppinen, Tuomas Valmari and Petri Ahonen, VTTAerosol Technology Group;Bo Johanson, Geological Survey of Finland; Mikko Moisio, Tampere University of Technology

SESSION 15 — BEHAVIOR OF ORGANICS DURING THERMAL TREATMENTChair: Kevin Bruce, Acurex Environmental CorporationCochair: Paul Lemieux, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Benzene and Biphenyl Distributions from Chlorobenzene Pyrolysis 439James A. Mulholland, Umesh Akki and Yun Yang, Georgia Institute of Technology

Development of PIC Target Analyte List for Hazardous Waste Incineration Processes 445Jeffrey V. Ryan and Paul M. Lemieux, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Christopher Lutes and DennisTabor, Acurex Environmental Corporation

Estimation of Unmeasured Hazardous Emissions from Hazardous Waste Incinerators 455R.G. Barton, A.R. Trenholm, S. Shoraka-Blair, G.A. Jungclaus and G.D. Hinshaw, Midwest Research Institute

SESSION 16 — COMBUSTION RESEARCH AND RECENT ADVANCES INCOMBUSTION TECHNOLOGYChair: Thomas Ho, Lamar UniversityCochair: Christopher Leger, Praxair

Evaluation of Bed Agglomeration in a Bench-Scale Fluid-Bed Incineration of Simulated Red Water 461Prakash Acharya, Saleem K. Zwayyed and Bill Scoville, IT Corporation

Investigations on Co-Combustion of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Pulverized Fuel Firing Systems 473Th. Gerhardt, H. Spliethoff and K.R.G. Hein, University of Stuttgart, IVD

Thermal Destruction of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate in a Laboratory Scale Thermal DestructionFacility 479Azzedine Missoum and Ashwani K. Gupta, University of Maryland; Eugene L. Keating, Naval SurfaceWarfare Center

Induction Coupled Plasma Technology and the PERC™ Process — An Alternative to Incineration 485Andreas S. Blutke, John F. Serino and John S. Vavruska, Plasma Technology, Inc.

Evaluation of Rotary Kiln Incinerator Operation at Low to Moderate Temperature Conditions 489Johannes Lee, Charly King and Shyam Venkatesh, Acurex Environmental Corporation

Fundamental Research on RDF Combustion Characteristics in Circulating Fluidized Bed 497Kimihito Narukawa, Hidenori Goto, Yong Chen, Ryouhei Yamazaki and Shigekatsu Mori, Nagoya University,Furo; Toshimasa Hirama and Hideo Hosoda, Hokkaido National Industrial Research Institute; YukihisaFujima, Nagoya University

SESSION 17 — NOX EMISSION CONTROL IN COMBUSTION/INCINERATION SYSTEMSChair: Prakash Acharya, IT CorporationCochair: Joseph Paceilli, Jacobs Engineering Group

Development and Testing of an Ultra Low NO^ Burner for Recuperative Thermal Oxidizers 503Joseph M. Klobucar, Diirr Industries, Inc.

NOX Emission Control in Combustion/Incineration Systems 509Peter W. Falcone, T-Thermal Company

Post Combustion NOX Control Technologies for Incinerators 511Penelope Stamatakis and William H. Sun, Nalco Fuel Tech

Experiments on the Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides in TAMARA 517J. Furrer, H. Dropsch and J. Stohr, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH

A Novel Approach to the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) fromWaste Incinerator Flue Gas Streams Using the Shell Denox System 523D.M. Hamilton,, CRI Catalyst Company; D.M. Clark, O.L Maaskant and W. Ylstra, CRI Catalyst CompanyU.K. Ltd.

Oxygen Lancing to Improve Municipal Solid Waste Incineration 527T. Niehoff, R. Dudill and C.E. Baukal, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

SCR Catalysts for Low Temperatures in the Flue Gas of Municipal Waste Incinerators 531J. Stohr, H. Dropsch andJ. Furrer, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH

The Use of Lean Premix Ultra Low Emission Burner Technology to Extend the Operations of aFixed Site Soil Remediation Facility 535Ted Jablkowski, Dennis Quinn, North American Mfg. Co.

SESSION 18 — THERMAL TREATMENT OF MIXED WASTEChair: Robert Gillins, Scientific Applications International Corporation (SAIC)Cochair: Mort Wacks, University of Arizona

Application of an Operating Production-Scale System for Treatment and Recycling of Hazardous and NonhazardousSpent Catalysts to the Treatment of Mixed Low Level Waste 539Robert A. Howard, Dakota Catalyst Products, Inc.

Facility Status and Progress of the INEL's WERF MLLW and LLW Incinerator 543Dennis Conley and Shannon Corrigan, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

In Situ Vitrification (ISV): An Evaluation of the Disposition of Contaminant Species During Thermal Processing 547Brett E. Campbell, James E. Hansen and Craig L. Timmerman, Geosafe Corporation

Fluidized-Bed Incineration as a Treatment Technology for Mixed Waste 553Cynthia H. Kyle-Fischer and Martin Vorum, Advanced Sciences, Inc. (ASI)

Evaluation of the Graphite Electrode Arc Melter for Processing Heterogeneous Mixed Waste 559W.K. O'Connor and P.C. Turner, Albany Research Center; N.R. Soelberg and G.L. Anderson, Idaho NationalEngineering Laboratory

Recent Accomplishments on the Plasma Hearth Process Pilot-Scale System 571James A. Batdorf, William P. Wolfe and Garth Hassel, Science Applications International Corporation

Latest Developments in the Plasma Hearth Process Demonstration Program for Treatment of RadioactiveMixed Waste 5 7 7

R.L. Gillins andS.D. Poling, Science Applications International Corporation

SESSION 19A — DIOXIN FORMATION AND CONTROL - PART IChair: Bill Schofield, Focus Environmental Inc.Cochair: Kevin Whiting, Independent Consultant, United Kingdom

A Survey of Post-Combustion PCDD/PCDF Control Technologies 583B. Siret, Lab SA; K. Gilman, BELCO Technologies

Dioxin Compliance Strategies for the HWC MACT Standards 587W.S. Lanier, F.M. Stevens, B.R. Springsteen and W.R. Seeker, Energy and Environmental ResearchCorporation

Comparison of Dry sorbent Injection of Sodium Bicarbonate, Lime, and Carbon and their Control ofDioxins/Furans, Mercury, Chlorides and Sulfur Dioxide 595John Maziuk, Jr., Church & Dwight Co., Inc.

Rotary Kiln Incinerator at Bayer AG in Germany Sets New Performance Standards for Air Emissions 603Hans Piechura and Peter K. Zeeb, MAN Gutehoffnungshutte AG

A New Wet Technology for Control of PCDD/PCDF Emissions 609Scott T. Eagleson, Belco Technologies Corporation

Catalyst Development for the Destruction of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Flue Gas of MunicipalWaste Incinerators 613H. Dropsch, J. Stdhr and J. Furrer, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe

Reduction of Dioxins by Combustion Control and Prevention of Reformation (Control of theDeNovo Reaction) 617William Prescott, Associated Energy Products (UK)

SESSION 20 — GASIFICATION AND PYROLYSISChair: Mark Swientoniewski, Bechtel Environmental Inc.Cochair: Kevin Smith, IT Corporation

DC Graphite Arc Melter for Vitrification of Low-Level Waste 621Arthur E. Desrosiers, Bartlett Services, Inc.; Peter J. Wilver, Svedala Industries, PyroDiv.;J. Kenneth Wittle,Electro-Pyrolysis, Inc.

A Review of Pyrolysis/Gasification Processes as Applied to the Disposal of Wastes 627K.J. Whiting, Independent Consultant

An Overview of the Safety, Environmental and Process Control Features Inherent to the Thermoselect Energy andRaw Material Recovery Process 635Bernd Calaminus, Thermoselect S.r.l; David J. Runyon, Thermoselect Inc.

SESSION 21 — ENERGETICSChair: Ralph Koenig, Merlin Company/Boulder Inc.Cochair: Peter Kiang, QTS Environmental, Inc.

Effect of Temperature on the Adhesion of Dioxins on Particles 645Kevin Gilder, U.S. Army Program Manager for Chemical Demilitrazition

Evaluation of a Transportable Hot-Gas Decontamination System for the Decontamination ofExplosives-Contaminated Debris and Piping 653Vu X. Huyhn and Colleen A. Parker, Roy F. Weston Inc.; Louis Kanaras, United States Army EnvironmentalCenter

Decomposition of DNT Particles in Molten Salt 663Michelle B. Lacchia and Benjamin D. Shaw, University of California

Incineration of Rocket Propellant Fuel and Oxidizer from Ukrainian Missies 669James J. Cudahy, Ronald E. Bastian, Anthony R. Eicher and Terry L Schomer, Focus Environmental, Inc.;Gregory A. Kenith, Andersen 2000 Inc.

SESSION 19B — DIOXIN FORMATION AND CONTROL - PART IIChair: Kevin Whiting, Independent ConsultantCochair: Kevin Bruce, Acurex Environmental Corporation

Interactions Between Bromine and Chlorine in a Pilot-Scale Hazardous Waste Incinerator 673Paul Lemieux and Jeffrey Ryan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Chris Lutes and Kevin Bruce, AcurexEnvironmental Corporation

Effects of Facility Contamination on Dioxin Emissions 681K. Raghunathan, Acurex Environmental Corporation; Chun Wai Lee and Jim Kilgroe, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency

Dioxin/Furan Formation and Control in Waste Combustors 685K. Raghunathan, Acurex Environmental Corporation; Brian K. Gullett, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Dioxins in the Flue Gas Emissions and Residual Discharges from the Incineration andThermal Desorption of Wastes and Soils 689Larry R. Waterland, Shyam Venkatesh and Johannes W. Lee, Acurex Environmental Corporation

Emissions of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans of an Industrial Incineration Process at aPrecious Metal Recovery Facility in Germany and their Reduction 697R. Berger, G. Baumbach, J. Vatter and H. Hagenmaier, University of Stuttgart

Sources of PCDDs/PCDFs in Cement Kiln Emissions 703David L. Constans, Grossman Consulting, Inc.

SESSION 22 — INNOVATIVE & EMERGING EMISSIONS CONTROLSYSTEMS TECHNOLOGYChair: Ron Patterson, EnvitechCochair: Narendrabhal Mistry, T-Thermal, United KingdomCochair: John Vavruska, Equinox, Ltd.

A Summary of the Cost Effectiveness of Innovative Off-Gas Treatment Technologies 707Mark Cummings and Steven R. Booth, Los Alamos National Laboratory

Pilot Testing of Several Enhanced Paniculate Removal Methods in a Commercial Incinerator 715R. Ullrich and R. Waked, Rollins Environmental Services, Inc.

Testing of Cleanable HEPA Prefilters in a 1/10 Scale Mixed Waste Incinerator Air Pollution Control System 721Dan B. Burns, Albert Wong, B.W. Walker and Joseph D. Paul, Westinghouse Savannah River Company

Modeling and Optimization of the TSCA Incinerator Quench Vessel 725John A. Pendergrass and John S. Vavuska, Equinox, Ltd.; James E. Dunn, Jr., Lockheed Martin EnergySystems, Inc.; T.K. Thompson, T.K. Thompson, Inc.

Results of Membrane-Base Processing of Off-Gas from the Rocky Flats Microwave Vitrification System 731R.D. Knecht, Colorado School of Mines; W.J. Roushey, Kaiser-Hill

Demonstration of the Flameless Oxidation Treatment of Chlorinated Volatile Organic CompoundsExtracted from Contaminated Soils 737Robert Wilbourn and Marshall Allen, Thermatrix, Inc.; Timothy Jarosch, Westinghouse Savannah RiverCompany; Richard Machanoff, Martin Marietta Energy Systems

SESSION 23 — CHARACTERIZATION, SYSTEM DESIGNS, MODIFICATION & STARTUPChair: Don Leavitt, CEntry Constructors & EngineersCochair: George Conover, CEntry Constructors & Engineers

Design, Startup and Testing of Air Pollution Control Equipment (APCE) for a Sludge Incinerator 743John Neubauer, Karichangal Parthasarathy, Thomas Pizzo and Clyde Siverd,, Jr., Eastman Kodak Company

A Mass and Energy Balance Process Model for Thermal Treatment Processes 747Jim C. Fisher and John S. Vavruska, Equinox, Ltd.; T.K. Thompson, T.K. Thompson, Inc.

Optimization of Throughput and Profitability for Hazardous Waste Incinerators 755Peter J. Rafferty, Bee A 'h - National Environmental Preservation Company

Characterization and Modeling of the Thermal Processing of Hazardous Wastes and Propellants 761Ashot Nazarian and Boris M. Smirnov, Science Applications International Corporation

Evaluation of Pressure Response in the Los Alamos Controlled Air Incinerator During Three Incident Scenarios 765JohnS. Vavruska, Equinox, Ltd.; Kathy Elsberry, Los Alamos National Laboratory; T.K. Thompson and JohnA. Pendergrass, T.K. Thompson, Inc.

SESSION 24 — MULTI-PATHWAY RISK ASSESSMENTChair: Kathryn Kelly, Delta Toxicology Inc.Cochair: Gary Parker, Glaxo Wellcome Inc.

An Evaluation of the Uncertainty Inherent in EPA's Screening Level Risk Assessment Process 773John U. Bell and Susan A. Ferenc, SAF'Risk

Inplication of the Deposition Algorithms in the EPA's Industrial Source Complex Model,Version 3 to Multipathway Risk Assessment 777David W. Heinold, ENSR

The Increasing Role for Risk Assessment Screening Models in the Permitting of Waste Combustion Facilities 781Douglas G. Smith, ENSR

SESSION 25 — DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONSChair: Eugene Keating, Am Dyne CorporationCochair: Jean Luc Ontivaros, U.S. Army

Actively Controlled Afterburner for Compact Waste Incinerator 787Tim P. Parr, Kenneth J. Wilson, Kenneth Yu, Robert S. Smith and Klaus C. Schadow, Naval Air Warfare Center

Plasma Arc Destruction of Hazardous Military Wastes 795Donald J. Freeman, U.S. Army Armament Research; Robert E. Haun, Retech; Louis Kanaras, U.S. ArmyEnvironmental Center; Mahmood Qazi, Concurrent Technologies Corporation

Development of U.S. Navy Shipboard Systems for Solid and Liquid Waste Thermal Treatment 809Brian K. Gullett, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Plasma Arc Destruction of Naval Shipboard Waste 817Steven H. Peterson and David A. Counts, Geo-Centers, Inc.; Bruce D. Sartwell, Surface Chemistry Branch

SESSION 26 — THERMAL OXIDATION TO MEET CLEAN AIR AMENDMENTSChair: Robert Apa, Morrison Knudson Environmental

Destruction of Halogenated VOCs Using Premixed Radiant Burner 823David F. Bartz, Bruce N. Marshall and John D. Sullivan, Alzeta Corporation; Kevin Bruce and AnthonyLombardo, Acurex Environmental Corporation

Regenerative Thermal Oxidation for Control of Pharmaceutical Process Emissions 831

Joseph J. Seiwert, Jr., Smith Environmental Corporation

AUTHOR INDEX 839

ATTENDEE LIST 843