proceedings impact assessment and post management · of environmental impact assessment korean...

VIETNAM ASSOCIATION FOR CONSERVATION

OF NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT

VIETNAM ASSOCIATION FOR CONSERVATION

OF NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT

Korean society

of environmental impact assessment

Korean society

of environmental impact assessment

Impact Assessment

and Post Management

THE 6 KOREA-VIETNAM EIA CONFERENCE

THE 6 KOREA-JAPAN-CHINA TRIPARTITE EIA CONFERENCE

THE 1 VIETNAM-JAPAN-KOREA-CHINA EIA CONFERENCE

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THE 6 KOREA-VIETNAM EIA CONFERENCE



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GOLDEN SEA 3 HOTEL

August 9-12, 2017

Danang, Vietnam

ProceedingsProceedings

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Coming Events

KSEIA Autumn Conference

IAIA Special Symposium

IAIA18

Steering Committee

“Ecosystem Services and Impact Assessment”

October 19-21, 2017

Jeju National University, Korea

“Mainstreaming the Mitigation Hierarchy in Impact Assessment”

November 14-16, 2017

IDB HQ, Washington D.C., USA

“Environmental Justice in Societies in Transition”

May 17-20, 2018

Durban, South Africa

Nguyen Ngoc Sinh, Vietnam: [email protected], VACNE

Dang Hoan Le, Vietnam: [email protected], VACNE

Sookjin Jeon, Korea: [email protected], KSEIA

Shinsuke Otaguro, Japan: [email protected], JSIA

Wei Li, China: [email protected], Beijing Normal University

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PROGRAM OF

THE 6th KOREA-VIETNAM EIA CONFERENCE THE 6th KOREA-JAPAN-CHINA TRIPARTITE EIA CONFERENCE THE 1st VIETNAM-JAPAN-KOREA-CHINA EIA CONFERENCE

Impact Assessment and Post Management

August 9-12, 2017 Venue GOLDEN SEA 3 HOTEL Danang, Vietnam August 9

19:00 – 21:00 Reception

August 10

07:30 - 08:00 Registration

Opening Plenary Chair: Sang Hee Lee National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

08:00 - 08:30 Statement 1 Nguyen Ngoc Sinh, President of VACNE, Vietnam

Statement 2 Sang-Pyo Hong, President of KSEIA, Korea

Statement 3 Akira Tanaka, Chairperson of IC of JSIA, Japan

Statement 4 Wei Li, Beijing Normal University, China

Statement 5 Representative of Danang Government, Vietnam

Statement 6 Nguyen Van Tai, General Director of VEA, Vietnam

Statement 7 Myungjin Kim, Board Director of IAIA and NIER, Korea

Award Ceremony: Regional Award to Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Sinh and Dr. Dang Hoan Le from Sang-Pyo Hong, President of KSEIA

08:30 - 08:40 Tea Break

Presentation Session

Session I Environmental Monitoring and Management Chair: Nguyen Ngoc Sinh and Myungjin Kim

08:40 - 10:20 Cumulative Effects of the Local Economic Boosting Measures in Oil Spill Damage Site

Jong-Gwan JungChungnam Institute, Korea

- ii -

Improvement of Sea Gull Egg Sampling Method Considering the Egg Laying Order for Marine Environmental Monitoring

Jangho Lee, Jongchun Lee, Jonghyouk Park, Heeyeon Jang, Kyuyoung Shim, and Sooyong Lee

National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

Some Information Concerning Existing Regulations Concerning the EIA Follow up Activities of Developmet Projects in Vietnam

Le Thac CanVietnam Environment & Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI), Vietnam

Some Experiences in Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring of Post-Environmental Impact Assessment

Le Van Thang, Duong Van Hieu, and Tran Anh Tuan Hue University, Vietnam

Requirements of Post-EIA Environmental Protection Monitoring of Investment Projects

Mai The ToanMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam

Lesson learned from Analysis of Monitoring Reports and its Further Improvement: Vietnamese Case Study

Suwanteep Kultip Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan

Efforts on Strengthening of Environmental and Social Monitoring for Ongoing Projects in Developing Countries

Noriaki Murase Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan

10:20 - 10:50 Poster Session

Session II Ecosystem and Biodiversity

Chair: Jong-Gwan Jung and Akira Tanaka

10:50 - 12:30 Can EIA be an Effective Tool for Creating Ecologically Sustainable Society? – From the Aspect of “Green Region”

Akira Tanaka Tokyo City University, Japan

An Ecosystem Service based Approach to Identify the Top-soil Management Areas in the EIA: Focusing on Carbon Storage and Erosion Control Services

Jongsung Kim1, Choongki Kim1, Keunje Yoo1, Sang-pyo Hong2, and Sang-il Hwang1

1Korea Environment Institute, 2Cheongju University, Korea

Evaluation of Subgrade in the Abandoned Railway for a Soil Amendment Gui Nam Wee, Il Han, Jee Hyun No, and Tae Kwon Lee

Yonsei University, Korea

Global Warming and Phenology Change in Korea Sang Don Lee1 and Jong-Min Oh2

1Ewha Womans University, 2Kyunghee University, Korea

- iii -

Habitat Evaluation for Luehdorfia japonica in the Aichi Pref. Takafumi Kawamura1, Akira Tanaka1, and Yuriko Nojima2

1Tokyo City University, 2Marunishi Sangyo. Inc, Japan

An Application of Ecological Space into Strategic Environmental Assessment of an Urban Planning

Jiaxuan Chen, Liting Guo, and Wei LiBeijing Normal University, China

Some Issues of Quantitative Impact Assessment on Biodiversity Le Hoang Lan

Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE), Vietnam

12:30 - 13:30 Lunch (Hotel Restaurant)

Session III Climate Change

Chair: Wei Li and Kenichiro Yanagi

13:30 - 15:00 Toward SEA Framework for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Japan Kenichiro Yanagi, Eiji Komatsu, and Akihiro Nakamura

Meiji University, Japan

Long-term Trend and Correlation between Vegetation Greenness and Climate Variables in Asia based on Satellite Data

Munkhnasan Lamchin, Woo-Kyun Lee, Seong Woo JeonKorea University, Korea

A Study on Policy Strategy Addressing Long-term Environmental Liability for CCS Eiji Komatsu, Kenichiro Yanagi, and Akihiro Nakamura

Meiji University, Japan

Potential of Carbon Emission Reduction and Economic Assessment of Urban Rooftop Photovoltaics Power Generation: A Case Study in Beijing, China

Xianqiang Mao and MudanWangBeijing Normal University, China

Climate Change Adaptation of Legal Strategies

Xianglan Yu Zhejiang Gongshang University, China

Approach to Rationally Use the Climate Resources and Climate Change Scenarios in the Assessment of Climate Impacts and Consequence of the Management in Guidance to the Agricultural Product

Nguyen Van VietVietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE), Vietnam

15:00 – 15:20 Tea Break

Session IV Water Management

Chair: Sang-il Hwang and Dang Hoan Le

15:20 – 16:50 Water Quality Impact Assessment in Korea Jong Ho Lee

Cheongju University, Korea

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Status and Improvement of Accuracy of Real Time Data of Automated Water Quality Monitoring Network in Korea

Hang Soo Cho, Hye Ran Noh, Young Joon Lee, and Soon Ju YuNational Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

A Study on Improving Water Quality of Lake in Da Nang Jung A Han1, Du Le Thuy Tien2, Hee Sagong1, and Sang Ki Choi1

1Korea Environment Institute, Korea, 2Danang Institute for Socio-Economic Development, Vietnam

Long-term Water Quality Prediction & Assessment using Climate Change Scenario based HSPF Model & Load Duration Curve Method in Miho-river Basin

Ji Heon Lee1, Hae jin Han2, Byung Sik Kim3, and Sung Ryong Ha1

1Chungbuk National University, 2Korea Environment Institute, 3Kangwon National University, Korea

Environmental and Social Guidelines for Development of Hydroelectric Projects in Vietnam

Le Trinh, Pham Tien Dung, and Dinh Kim Chi Vietnam Institute for Environmental Science and Development (VESDEC), Vietnam

Augmentation and Monitoring of an Endanged Fish, Gobiobotia Naktongensis in Naeseongcheon Stream, Korea

Byung-Don Park1, Jin-Young Na1, Sang-Chul Hwang1, and Hyun Yang2

1K-water, 2Institute of Biodiversity Research, Korea

16:50 – 17:00 Tea Break

Session V Environmental Policy and Communication

Chair: Le Trinh and Renzhi Liu

13:30 – 15:00 The Environmental Effectiveness Assessment of the Implementation of Green-Credit Policy Supervisionon the Coal Industry - Empirical Analysis on the Listed Companylevel

Xianqiang Mao and Chao CheBeijing Normal University, China

Impact Assessment is not only an Environmental Tool but also a Science Nguyen Khac Kinh

Vietnam Association for Environment Impact Assessment (VAFEIA), Vietnam

Environmental Impact Assessment in Vietnam: Distance from Theory to Reality Nguyen Van Phuoc

Institute of Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Vietnam

Develop and Communicate Recommendations on Effective Mechanisms of Public Participation on EIA

Tran YemVietnam Environment & Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI), Vietnam

A Study of the Potential Risks of Carcass-Derived Leachate in Different Land-Use Types

Bo Ram Kang, Il Han, Jee Hyun No, Gui Nam Wee, and Tae Kwon LeeDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea

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Effort to Energy Saving Audit and Measurement in DaNang Yasutoshi Sagami

The 2 research Group, OSUMI Co.,Ltd, Japan

15:00 – 15:20 Tea Break

Session VI Integrated Management and Sustainable Development

Chair: Le Thac Can and Takehiko Murayama

15:20 – 16:50 Discourse on Resettlement and Livelihood in Advisory Committee for JICA Projects Takehiko Murayama

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Accidental Air Pollution Modelling and Risk Analysis in Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment

Jing Liu and Renzhi Liu Beijing Normal University, China

Linking Methods of Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control and EIA Youngsoo Lee and Seunghyun LeeKorea Environment Institute, Korea

Discussion of Alternatives Using Principle Component Analysis Tetsuya Kamijo

JICA Research Institute, Japan

Hanoi Pilot Urban Railway Line No.3 Project–Environmental Impact Management:

A Good Practice Trinh Thi Bich Thuy

Environmental and Climate Change Consultant, Vietnam

Methodology for Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment - Application for Integrated Impact Assessment on Water Resources in the Mekong Delta

Phung Chi SyEnvironmental Technology Center (ENTEC),


16:50 – 17:00 Tea Break

Closing Plenary

17:00 - 18:00 Wrap up and Discussion

Meeting between Vietnam and Tripartite

19:00 - Dine Out

August 11 Technical Visit: UNESCO Heritage Hoi An

August 12 Ecotrekking in Bach Ma National Park and Hai Van Pass

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Poster Presentation P-1. Classification of Land Use Zoning Change Reasons in Strategic Environment Impact Assessment Reports: Focused on the Plan Control Zone

Tae-ho Lee, Young-ho Cho, and Min-ho Chang National Institute of Ecology, Korea

P-2. Evaluation of OHS Transparency for Sustainability Reports: Case of Korean Public Enterprises

Wan Cheon1 and Jakon Koo2

1Graduate School of Yonsei University, 2Yonsei University, Korea P-3. Fitness Test of Automated Water Quality Monitoring System in Han River

Young Joon Lee, Hang-Soo Cho, Hye-Ran Noh, and Soon-Ju Yu National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

P-4. Policy Instrument Options for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Japan

Akihiro Nakamura, Kenichiro Yanagi, and Eiji Komatsu Meiji University, Japan

P-5. Population Dynamic of Archaeomysis Vulgaris (Crustacea: Mysidacea) at Sulfzone on the West Coast of South Korea after the Hebei Spirit Oil Accident

Hyoungsum Han, Yangho Kim, and Kwanghyun Choi Korea Environment Corporation, Korea

P-6. Technology Development of Long-term Environmental Monitoring System and the Safety Standards of Maritime Activities to the Offshore Wind Farm

Jinsung Seo, Seonyoung Park, and Taeyun Kim Korea Environment Institute, Korea

P-7. The Environmental Impacts and Assessments of Brines from the Seawater Desalination Plants Seonyoung Park, Jinsung Seo, and Taeyun Kim

Korea Environment Institute, Korea P-8. Future Challenges in Geothermal Development in Japan

Ayumi Hori and Yuki Shibata Toho University, Japan

P-9. Time Series Changes and Future Prospects of Population-Greenspace Distribution: Case Study of Tokyo Metropolitan Area, 1996–2016

Natsuki Ito1, Yuki Shibata1, Satoru Sugita2, and Kiichiro Hayashi3 1Toho University, 2Chubu University, 3Nagoya University, Japan

P-10. Consensus-based Sustainability Assessment for Geothermal Development

Yuki Shibata1, Mihoko Kanasugi1, and Jouju Uechi2 １Toho University, 2Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

- vii -

CONTENTS OF

THE 6th KOREA-VIETNAM EIA CONFERENCE THE 6th KOREA-JAPAN-CHINA TRIPARTITE EIA CONFERENCE THE 1st VIETNAM-JAPAN-KOREA-CHINA EIA CONFERENCE

Impact Assessment and Post Management Presentation Session Session I: Environmental Monitoring and Management

Cumulative Effects of the Local Economic Boosting Measures in Oil Spill Damage Site: ................................................................................................. 06

Jong-Gwan Jung Chungnam Institute, Korea

Improvement of Sea Gull Egg Sampling Method Considering the Egg Laying Order for Marine Environmental Monitoring: .................................. 07

Jangho Lee, Jongchun Lee, Jonghyouk Park, Heeyeon Jang, Kyuyoung Shim, and Sooyong Lee


Some Information Concerning Existing Regulations Concerning the EIA Follow up Activities of Developmet Projects in Vietnam: ........................... 08

Le Thac Can Vietnam Environment & Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI), Vietnam

Some Experiences in Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring of Post-Environmental Impact Assessment: .................................................. 09

Le Van Thang, Duong Van Hieu, and Tran Anh Tuan Hue University, Vietnam

Requirements of Post-EIA Environmental Protection Monitoring of Investment Projects: ...................................................................................... 10

Mai The Toan Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam

Lesson learned from Analysis of Monitoring Reports and its Further Improvement: Vietnamese Case Study: ........................................................ 11

Suwanteep Kultip Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan

Efforts on Strengthening of Environmental and Social Monitoring for Ongoing Projects in Developing Countries: ................................................. 12

Noriaki Murase Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan

- viii -

Session II Ecosystem and Biodiversity Can EIA be an Effective Tool for Creating Ecologically Sustainable Society? From the Aspect of “Green Region” : .......................................... 13

Akira Tanaka Tokyo City University, Japan

An Ecosystem Service based Approach to Identify the Top-soil Management Areas in the EIA: Focusing on Carbon Storage and Erosion Control Services: ........................................................................................... 14

Jongsung Kim1, Choongki Kim1, Keunje Yoo1, Sang-pyo Hong2, and Sang-il Hwang1 1Korea Environment Institute, 2Cheongju University, Korea.

Evaluation of Subgrade in the Abandoned Railway for a Soil Amendment: ....................................................................................................................... 15

Gui Nam Wee, Il Han, Jee Hyun No, and Tae Kwon Lee Yonsei University, Korea

Global Warming and Phenology Change in Korea: ..................................... 16 Sang Don Lee1 and Jong-Min Oh2

1Ewha Womans University, 2Kyunghee University, Korea

Habitat Evaluation for Luehdorfia japonica in the Aichi Pref.: ................... 17 Takafumi Kawamura1, Akira Tanaka1, and Yuriko Nojima2

1Tokyo City University, 2Marunishi Sangyo. Inc, Japan

An Application of Ecological Space into Strategic Environmental Assessment of an Urban Planning: ............................................................... 18

Jiaxuan Chen, Liting Guo, and Wei Li Beijing Normal University, China

Some Issues of Quantitative Impact Assessment on Biodiversity: .............. 19 Le Hoang Lan


Session III Climate Change

Toward SEA Framework for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Japan: ....................................................................................................................... 20

Kenichiro Yanagi, Eiji Komatsu, and Akihiro Nakamura Meiji University, Japan

Long-term Trend and Correlation between Vegetation Greenness and Climate Variables in Asia based on Satellite Data: ...................................... 21

Munkhnasan Lamchin, Woo-Kyun Lee, Seong Woo Jeon

Korea University, Korea

A Study on Policy Strategy Addressing Long-term Environmental Liability for CCS: ......................................................................................... 22

Eiji Komatsu, Kenichiro Yanagi, and Akihiro Nakamura Meiji University, Japan

- ix -

Potential of Carbon Emission Reduction and Economic Assessment of Urban Rooftop Photovoltaics Power Generation: A Case Study in Beijing, China: ............................................................................................................ 23

Xianqiang Mao and MudanWang Beijing Normal University, China

Climate Change Adaptation of Legal Strategies: .......................................... 24 Xianglan Yu

Zhejiang Gongshang University, China

Approach to Rationally Use the Climate Resources and Climate Change Scenarios in the Assessment of Climate Impacts and Consequence of the Management in Guidance to the Agricultural Product: ................................ 25

Nguyen Van Viet Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE), Vietnam

Session IV Water Management

Water Quality Impact Assessment in Korea: ................................................ 26 Jong Ho Lee

Cheongju University, Korea

Status and Improvement of Accuracy of Real Time Data of Automated Water Quality Monitoring Network in Korea: .............................................. 27

Hang Soo Cho, Hye Ran Noh, Young Joon Lee, and Soon Ju Yu National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

A Study on Improving Water Quality of Lake in Da Nang: ......................... 28 Jung A Han1, Du Le Thuy Tien2, Hee Sagong1, and Sang Ki Choi1

1Korea Environment Institute, Korea, 2Danang Institute for Socio-Economic Development, Vietnam

Long-term Water Quality Prediction & Assessment using Climate Change Scenario based HSPF Model & Load Duration Curve Method in Miho-river Basin: .................................................................................................... 29

Ji Heon Lee1, Hae jin Han2, Byung Sik Kim3, and Sung Ryong Ha1 1Chungbuk National University, 2Korea Environment Institute,

3Kangwon National University, Korea

Environmental and Social Guidelines for Development of Hydroelectric Projects in Vietnam: ...................................................................................... 30

Le Trinh, Pham Tien Dung, and Dinh Kim Chi Vietnam Institute for Environmental Science and Development (VESDEC), Vietnam

Augmentation and Monitoring of an Endanged Fish, Gobiobotia Naktongensis in Naeseongcheon Stream, Korea: ......................................... 31

Byung-Don Park1, Jin-Young Na1, Sang-Chul Hwang1, and Hyun Yang2

1K-water, 2Institute of Biodiversity Research, Korea

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Session V Environmental Policy and Communication The Environmental Effectiveness Assessment of the Implementation of Green-Credit Policy Supervisionon the Coal Industry - Empirical Analysis on the Listed Companylevel: ........................................................................ 32

Xianqiang Mao and Chao Che Beijing Normal University, China

Impact Assessment is not only an Environmental Tool but also a Science: 33 Nguyen Khac Kinh


Environmental Impact Assessment in Vietnam: Distance from Theory to Reality: .......................................................................................................... 34

Nguyen Van Phuoc Institute of Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Vietnam

Develop and Communicate Recommendations on Effective Mechanisms of Public Participation on EIA: ..................................................................... 35

Tran Yem Vietnam Environment & Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI), Vietnam

A Study of the Potential Risks of Carcass-Derived Leachate in Different Land-Use Types: ........................................................................................... 36

Bo Ram Kang, Il Han, Jee Hyun No, Gui Nam Wee, and Tae Kwon Lee Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea

Effort to Energy Saving Audit and Measurement in DaNang: ..................... 37 Yasutoshi Sagami

The 2 research Group, OSUMI Co.,Ltd, Japan

Session VI Integrated Management and Sustainable Development

Discourse on Resettlement and Livelihood in Advisory Committee for JICA Projects: ............................................................................................... 38

Takehiko Murayama Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Accidental Air Pollution Modelling and Risk Analysis in Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment: .......................................................... 39

Jing Liu and Renzhi Liu Beijing Normal University, China

Linking Methods of Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control and EIA: ....................................................................................................................... 40

Youngsoo Lee and Seunghyun Lee Korea Environment Institute, Korea

Discussion of Alternatives Using Principle Component Analysis: .............. 41 Tetsuya Kamijo


Hanoi Pilot Urban Railway Line No.3 Project–Environmental Impact

- xi -

Management: A Good Practice: .................................................................... 42 Trinh Thi Bich Thuy

Environmental and Climate Change Consultant, Vietnam

Methodology for Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment - Application for Integrated Impact Assessment on Water Resources in the Mekong Delta: ................................................................................................. 44

Phung Chi Sy Environmental Technology Center (ENTEC),


Poster Presentation Classification of Land Use Zoning Change Reasons in Strategic Environment Impact Assessment Reports: Focused on the Plan Control Zone: ............................................................................................................... 45

Tae-ho Lee, Young-ho Cho, and Min-ho Chang National Institute of Ecology, Korea

Evaluation of OHS Transparency for Sustainability Reports: Case of Korean Public Enterprises: ............................................................................ 47

Wan Cheon1 and Jakon Koo2

1Graduate School of Yonsei University, 2Yonsei University, Korea

Fitness Test of Automated Water Quality Monitoring System in Han River: ............................................................................................................... 48

Young Joon Lee, Hang-Soo Cho, Hye-Ran Noh, and Soon-Ju Yu National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

Policy Instrument Options for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Japan: ............................................................................................................. 49

Akihiro Nakamura, Kenichiro Yanagi, and Eiji Komatsu Meiji University, Japan

Population Dynamic of Archaeomysis Vulgaris (Crustacea: Mysidacea) at Sulfzone on the West Coast of South Korea after the Hebei Spirit Oil Accident: ....................................................................................................... 50

Hyoungsum Han, Yangho Kim, and Kwanghyun Choi Korea Environment Corporation, Korea

Technology Development of Long-term Environmental Monitoring System and the Safety Standards of Maritime Activities to the Offshore Wind Farm: ................................................................................................... 52

Jinsung Seo, Seonyoung Park, and Taeyun Kim Korea Environment Institute, Korea

The Environmental Impacts and Assessments of Brines from the Seawater Desalination Plants: ....................................................................................... 53

Seonyoung Park, Jinsung Seo, and Taeyun Kim Korea Environment Institute, Korea

- xii -

Future Challenges in Geothermal Development in Japan: ........................... 54 Ayumi Hori and Yuki Shibata

Toho University, Japan

Time Series Changes and Future Prospects of Population-Greenspace Distribution: Case Study of Tokyo Metropolitan Area, 1996–2016: ........... 55

Natsuki Ito1, Yuki Shibata1, Satoru Sugita2, and Kiichiro Hayashi3 1Toho University, 2Chubu University, 3Nagoya University, Japan

Consensus-based Sustainability Assessment for Geothermal Development: ................................................................................................ 56

Yuki Shibata1, Mihoko Kanasugi1, and Jouju Uechi2 １Toho University, 2Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

1 | 1st VIETNAM-JAPAN-KOREA-CHINA EIA CONFERENCE

Opening Speech in the Workshop Nguyen Ngoc Sinh

President of VACVE

Dear Representative of Viet Nam Environment Agency Dear Representative of People's Committee of Danang City Dear Representative of International Association for Impact Assessment, Dr. Kim Myungjin Dear representatives - Head of the Association of Environmental Impact Assessment from Korea, Japan, China Dear Vietnamese delegates Dear Ladies and gentlemen, Today I am honored on behalf of Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment, Da Nang Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment, Vietnam Environment Impact Assessment Association opens the regular workshop of EIA associations in our four countries. The title of this workshop "Environmental and post-management environmental impact assessment" is an issue that not only members of our associations are interested in. It is an environmental issue, environmental management issues that countries have been paying attention to. We are very grateful to the authors of nearly 40 reports submitted to the Workshop; Thanks to more than 60 delegates from Korea, Japan and China; Thanks to more than 80 delegates from provinces and cities of Vietnam, especially Da Nang city gathered here to meet, exchange and learn from each other to solve problems on impact assessment and post-management. We are very grateful to the Danang People's Committee for hosting the seminar here, in Vietnam's most livable city, as many foreign organizations have evaluated. We are very grateful to the International Association for Impact Assessment and the Korea Environmental Impact Assessment Association for supporting such workshops for many years. Hopefully, we have more opportunities to meet each other Wishing you good health, very useful day in Danang. We wish you a successful seminar. Thank you

Impact Assessment and Post Management | 2

Congratulatory Statement President of KSEIA, Sang-Pyo Hong

Good morning! The honorable members of Vietnam Association for Environmental ImpactAssessment (VAFEIA), respectable Chinese delegates, Japanese delegates and all distinguished participants of Korean Society of Environmental Impact Assessment (KSEIA). I am greatly honored and delighted to address you commemoratory speech for the 6th China-Japan-Korea tripartite EIA conference and also 6th Vietnam-Korea EIA conference under the title of “Impact Assessment and Post-management” here at culturally prestigious Da Nang city located in the vicinity of fantastic My Khe beach. I would like to remark my deepest gratitude to the program steering committee members, especially Dr. Le Dang Hoan and Dr. Kim Myungjin who is now contributing for IAIA Board member. My heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr. Sinh as a President of the Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE), for his invaluable support and unsparing cooperation in this conference. As well, I highly appreciate all the participants who have come to present, discuss, and contribute to the findings of their research achievements on EIA. As you know, the theme of this conference is ‘Impact Assessment and Post-management’. EIA system has been introduced as precautionary measures to enable prior consideration of environmental aspects in the process of large development projects. However, until now, there are some areas that need to be supplemented and developed to carry out sustainable development through EIA especially Post-management domain. To deal with this situation, generally setting assessment indicators and criteria in EIA is not easy to commit, particularly in the practical aspects of Post-management in EIA. Our Far Eastern 3 countries and Vietnam have influenced mutually in the long history. As the Confucianism cherished countries, Vietnam, China, Japan and Korea, we have long fostered traditions of respect for nature in common. But this valuable heritage has been under disintegration from indiscreet exploitation and materialistic inclination. Impact assessment can serve to predict and help prevent such adverse impacts, and to devise alternatives and preventive measures that protect, enhance and rehabilitate environmental resilience and cultural coherence. By applying EIA procedures and methodologies, impact assessment practitioners as leading advocates can assist in promoting natural biodiversity and social stability, and achieving sustainable development ultimately. We should recognize the fact that we can cocreate our common destiny in Eastern Asia region sustainably. In this context, the philosophy of ‘Great Harmony’ in the Confucian Analects has been emphasized in traditional Oriental cultures can contribute to achieve sustainable development. KSEIA has performed a vibrant utilitarian mission since its establishment in 1992 to pursue ‘Great Harmony’. KSEIA has accomplished consistently international collaboration to cultivate capacity building and to consolidate multilateral network for sustainable development. Our diverse and proactive discussions at this conference can contribute to not only our Eastern Asia 4 countries but also global society for sustainable development. I am extremely grateful to you all here today for experiences sharing and academic communication in ‘Impact Assessment and Post-management’. I would like to appreciate all devoted participants dedicating their efforts to 6th China- Japan-Korea tripartite EIA conference and 6th Vietnam-Korea EIA conference under the title of “Impact Assessment and Post-management”. I hope this conference become the 1st Vietnam-China-Japan-Korea EIA conference which will flourish in the future. Finally, I express my earnest wishes forsuccessful outcomes to all the attendee throughout this conference. Thank you all for honoring us with your presence! August 10, 2017


Greetings for 6th Japan-Korea-China Tripartite (11th Japan-Korea Bilateral) EIA Conference

Akira Tanaka, Ph.D. MLA

Chairman of International Committee, JSIA

Vice President of IAIA-Japan

Dear colleagues, Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, and all participants, It is a great honor to have been asked to deliver this greeting to the 6th Japan-Korea-China Tripartite (11th Japan-Korea Bilateral) EIA Conference.

First of all, I’d like to express my gratitude to our colleagues in Vietnam who prepared this commemorable Asian EIA Conference, AEC in Vietnam. We are very happy to welcome Vietnam as the fourth member.

Let me look back at the brief history of our conference. It began as two countries’ conference, Korea and Japan at Tokyo in 2003 and four conferences were held afterwards. Then China joined in 2011 and a tripartite meeting style began. This year we count the 6th conference as our honorable achievements. I have the deepest respect for all your efforts during these conferences.

Since our first conference was held in Roppongi, Tokyo, Japan in 2003, we have met almost every year. We are now about to begin our 11th conference. Whereas the membership of our first convention did not exceed 25, this present convention has brought together more than 100!

I have an announcement for the next year; we are expecting to have the 12th conference in Shizuoka, Japan, where Mt. Fuji is located. Some of you must have visited Shizuoka on an excursion during the IAIA16. It is a beautiful place to visit. I hope many of you will join next year’s Asian EIA conference, AEC 2018 in Shizuoka, Japan.

In conclusion, I offer to this memorable conference my best wishes for success and to the participants and I wish a happy and meaningful discussion. Thank you very much for your kind attention.

August 10, 2017


A Brief Greetings of Chinese delegate to the 1st Vietnam-Japan-Korea-China EIA Conference

Wei Li

Beijing Normal University

Dear friends and colleagues

It is a great honor for the Chinese delegate to be invited to join this great meeting on EIA in such a beautiful city Danang.

Many thanks for our Vietnamese host to provide us such a wonderful opportunity to hug old friends and make new friends here.

Indeed, this meeting is also the 6th Korea-Japan-China tripartite EIA Conference.

I am really impressed by this rapid meaningful extension of this communication mechanism, which is initially only a bilateral meeting between Japan and South Korea, to now a regional platform composed of the four neighboring nations of V-J-K-C.

This big accomplishment in EIA exchanges across countries has been much attributed to several pioneers because of their far insights and continuous endeavors.

We need learn from those great men, and to make a good “post-management” of this VJKC mechanism by deepening EIA/SEA studies and exchanges and meanwhile engaging more young people from more regional countries.

I am convinced that it will in Asia become a more influential Multinational EIA communication mechanism with diversified knowledge and robust components in a short future.

Now, I wish a remarkable success of this meeting and, a terrific time to have for all of you!


Keynote Speech

IAIA Director of Board and NIER, MYUNGJIN KIM

Good morning, Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Sinh, honorable President of VACNE (Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment), all distinguished Vietnamesescientists, Japan Society of Impact Assessment (JSIA) scholars, EIA Committee of Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences (EIAC of CSES) Professors, and the Korean Society of Environmental Impact Assessment (KSEIA) members. Three IAIA branch and affiliate members and coming important Vietnam members are here today. As one IAIA director of board, I am honored and delighted to greet you in opening the 6th Korea - Japan - China, the 6th Vietnam - Korea, and the 1st Vietnam - Japan - China - Korea EIA Conference. Here historically Danang City, the commercial and educational center of Central Vietnam. Danang is located within 100 km of several UNESCO World Heritage, including the Imperial City of Hue, the Old Town of Hoi An, and the My Son ruins. Near Danang is ecologically rich and has several biodiversity hotspots.

Today’s theme is “Impact Assessment and Post Management.” Last April Vietnam experienced mass death of fish on central cost by toxic industrial waste discharge of the Formosa. Vast numbers of dead fish have appeared some 200 km of coastline. Ecosystems are often affected and damaged by human development. Impact assessment is answer to preserve ecosystems. We control development activities such as industrial plant and urban development through impact assessment process before development. Post management in impact assessment is also so important after development like Formosa incident. In Korea with the amendment of the EIA Act in 2015, we designated several post management institutions for post management enforcement. Today’s fruitful discussion can ensure a better future for global and Vietnam society.

IAIA is the International Association for Impact Assessment. IAIA was organized in 1980. IAIA is the leading global network on the best practice in the use of impact assessment. IAIA’s strategic Plan 2016-2018 has been implemented by the IAIA Board to guide the association work. IAIA is to contribute to be seen as the global network of impact assessment professionals and achieve greater impact and influence in the field of impact assessment. IAIA thanks again today conference participants and cooperation on EIA. In closing I would like to cite Charlie Wolf’s saying “The future of Impact Assessment is the future of IAIA.”

Thank you very much all.


Cumulative Effects of the Local Economic Boosting Measures in Oil Spill Damage Site

Jong-Gwan Jung

Chungnam Institute, Korea

Keywords: Local Community, Disaster Risk Management, Cumulative Effects Assessment

1. Introduction

The objectives of the research are: (i) to provide effective and efficient support to local residents in reducing disaster risks and (ii) to facilitate rapid and appropriate assistance by the local government to its residents after an oil spill accident. Usually in the case of emergency, many local residents require rapid and effective livelihood allowances support programs for the activation of their local economic boosting. For conducting this process, we had examined project list of rehabilitation which had been submitted to central government. And then applied the protocol with the flowchart of scoping, impact evaluation, mitigation and follow-up procedure. Cumulative effects are part of the framework for the local community dispute resolution at the project levels according to the principles of the Disaster Risk Management.

2. Methods and Discussion

2.1 Disaster Risk Management

There are four possible strategies to manage risks: (i) acceptance tolerable by the parties involved; (ii) prevention and mitigation; (iii) sharing risks; and (iv) avoidance acceptable at a reasonable cost.

2.2 Economic Boosting Measures

In the implementation process of emergency response, promoting local residents relaxation and restoring community programs are urgent and indispensable. It is important to build mutual trust with respect to disaster risk management and compensation. To draw out the economic boosting measures as response to enhance livelihood, local residents’ awareness and interest to restore from accident are focused on tourism and ecosystem recovery as 41.1% and 24.5%, respectively.

2.3 Cumulative Effects Assessment

Lessons learned through experience gained from extracting the programs for economic boosting events may be transferable to the other accidents. The key propositions for rehabilitation of local communities are as follows; (i) governments and support agencies must recognize that communities drive their own recovery, (ii) local governments must be empowered to manage recovery efforts, and related agencies must devote greater resources to strengthening government recovery institutions, and (iii) good recovery must leave communities safer by reducing risks and building resilience in the context of cumulative effects assessment.

3. Conclusions

To decide desirable extent of local economy boosting measures of the EA to be carried out, we have been undertaking socioeconomic screening of each proposed program. Potential environmental and social impact items taking into account are type, location, sensitivity, and scale of proposed schemes. One key task within scoping is related with the selection of valued ecosystem components. The items of components are fishery productivity, recovery of tourists, setup of infrastructure and local economic contribution.

To guarantee sustainable restoration of local communities, emergency economic and social reunification support programs are good measures to assure the restoration even though they are not satisfactory to all the stakeholders in the oil spill accident site.

References

Canter, L. (2015), Cumulative Effects Assessment and Management, pp.269~273.

Therivel, R. (2010), Strategic Environmental Assessment in Action, pp. 249~250.

World Bank (2017), Environmental Assessment: Emerging Lessons Series #3, Washington DC, pp. 31~36.


Improvement of Sea Gull Egg Sampling Method Considering the Egg Laying Order for Marine Environmental Monitoring

Jangho Lee, Jongchun Lee, Jonghyouk Park, Heeyeon Jang, Kyuyoung Shim, Sooyong Lee


Keywords: Environmental Pollutant Monitoring, Non-invasive Sample, Black-tailed Gull

1. Introduction

Sea Gull eggs as non-invasive samples have been studied for marine environmental pollutants monitoring. The National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) of South Korea has been taking the eggs of the black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) as a monitoring sample in order to represent the background environmental quality of the coastal area around the Korean Peninsula. However, the sampling method was yet to be tested for the statistical representativeness based on the gulls’ physiological attributes such as the egg laying order. Therefore, this study aims to test the rationale of the existing sampling SOPs relating pollutants’ variability depending on the egg laying order.

2. Method

Eighteen clutches of the black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) consisting of two eggs each were sampled during the early breeding period (25~28 April 2016) on the Baengnyeong Island in Yellow Sea of South Korea. We measured mass, width, and length of the eggs, and analysed the total mercury (THg), DDTs, and PCBs which are some of the bio-accumulated and bio-magnificated pollutants in marine ecosystem.

3. Results

As a result, statistical differences in THg concentrations of the first eggs from the second eggs were found from the Baengnyeong Island as well as the physical differences as the first eggs being heavier and longer. However, the discrepancies between the first and the second eggs were insignificant for DDTs and PCBs.

In the ANOVA analysis relating THg variability levels, among-clutches variability (59 %) of the THg was much higher rather than within-clutches (27%).

These findings led us to revising the sampling method from selecting fresh eggs among nests which may introduce bias, to taking eggs randomly regardless of the laying order in order to better represent the whole colony.

References

Ackerman et al. (2016) Egg-laying sequence influences egg mercury concentrations and egg size in three bird species: Implications for contaminant monitoring programs, Environ. Toxicol., 35(6): 1458-1469.

Becker (1992) Egg Mercury levels declines with the laying sequence in Charadriiformes, Bull. Envrion. Contam. Toxicol., 48: 762-767.

Klein et al. (2012) Standardization of egg collection from aquatic birds for biomonitoring – a critical review, Environ. Sci & Tech., 1-40.

Lee et al. (2016) Application of the cryogenic environmental samples for the coastal environment pollutants background monitoring, NIER, Incheon, 27pp.

Sanpera et al. (2000) Variability of mercury and selenium levels in clutches of Audouin's gulls breeding at the Chafarinas Islands, Southwest Mediterranean, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 39: 119-123.


Some Information Concerning Existing Regulations Concerning the EIA Follow Up Activities of Developmet Projects in Vietnam

Le Thac Can

Vietnam Environment & Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI), Vietnam

Since the year 1993 so far the National Assembly of the Socialistic Republic of Vietnam (SRV) has issued 3 laws concerning Environmental Protection in Vietnam: the 1st in the year 1993, the 2nd in the year 2005 and the 3rd in the year 2014. Each of these laws has been followed by related Governmental Decreeses issued by the Prime Minister of the Government concerning the implementation of the law. After that each decree has been followed by related ministerial circulars and regulations issued by the related ministries or governmental organizations that have the rank of ministry.

All of these laws and related governmental decrees, circulars and regulations have defined the task of carrying out the EIA report of development project by the project proponent, the review of this report by the related governmental organizations based on the assessment of these organizations and the results of Public Participation activities carried out by related public people organization directly or indirestly impacted by development activities defined in the project proposal.

EIA Follow-up activities of the EIA report of proposed development project have been

generally consdidered as an important part of public participation activities indicated in these laws, but theses laws and related decrees and circulars have not clearly definesd the contents, the tasks of the project proposal institution and the related organizations and people which should be involved in the EIA Follow-up activities of the development project. The above mentioned EP laws of Vietnam have not clearly mentioned the task of EIA Follow-up activities, as well as the related activities that have to be carried out, the participants, the necessary time and resources needed for the implementation of these activities.

The EIA Follow-up activities related to the implementation of the EAI report linked with of the Formosa Project in Ha Tinh province during the last months and some other important and complex development projects in the country have clearly shown the weaknesses in implemetaion of the EIA reports of complexe develpment projects in our country and the need for the careful carrying out of the Follow-up Activities of the EIA reports of the relatively complex development projects in Vietnam.


Some Experiences in Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring of Post- Environmental Impact Assessment

Le Van Thang*, Duong Van Hieu, Tran Anh Tuan

Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Sciences, Hue University

*E-mail: [email protected]

Given many years of experiences in conductingan teaching environmental impact assessment (EIA), a number of their challenges were pointed outin this study with an aim ofpartlycontributing to better enforcement of Vietnamese EIA legislation. Some problemspresented with project investors, relevant environmental protection bodies, consulting units and local residents in both making EIA and monitoring of post-EIA were taken into account. For investors, many of them still regarded EIA as a formality. With respect to environmental protection bodies, they were presented with some constraintssuch asthe unclear guideline on EIA statement, the unsecured establishment of EIA appraisal committee, the long-lasting EIA appraisal that failed to meet legal requirements, etc. Meanwhile, there still existed a considerable number of EIA

consulting units that were incompetent in making EIA statementseven though they had been qualified for such work. In terms of local residents, many of them didn’t show their interest in the project development. To make matters worse, some project developments were objected and hindered by local residents due to the lack of transparency in project information. For the monitoring of post-EIA, this task is considered very crucial in Vietnam because many investors ignored to perform their commitments on environmental protection stated in EIA. Some lessons learnt were also withdrawn with a hope of partly improvingthe EIA performance in Vietnam.


Requirements of post – EAI environmental protection monitoring of investment projects

Mai The Toan

Department EIA, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Keywwords: Post- EIA, environmental monitoring,....

Recently, the serious and urgent issues of environmental pollution have occurred more in many localities of Vietnam. The violations of environmental protection law exist in different forms, scales and levels. There have been many cases of long-term violations, causing serious impacts on the environment and community's health. As a result, the quality of the environment continues to deteriorate in some places leading to appearance of many environmental hotspots and considerably impacting the environment, people’s health and quality of life.

In recent years, the quality of the EIA report in Vietnam has been significantly improved with more comprehensive contents included. Basing on assessment of EIA report, the environmental protection authorities have done screening on the projects and decided whether to accept a project. However, the nature of EIA is said to be a forecasting

science, it is difficult to make a detailed EIA report which is quantifiable, and to identify appropriate mitigation measures for all impacts, risks, and environmental incidents throughout the life of the project. Therefore, for sensitive projects in terms of environment, it is necessary to consider environment monitoring (post-EIA activities) after EIA appraisal as the most important element in environmental management program.

This paper identifies the requirements of post-EIA environmental protection monitoring of investment projects, including the proposed methods and concept of environmental monitoring in order to monitor the negative impacts caused by project activities on the environment and also to tackle these issues in timely manner.


Lesson learned from analysis of monitoring reports and its further improvement: Vietnamese case study

Suwanteep Kultip

Environmental and Social Considerations Supervision Division/Review Division

Credit Risk Analysis and Environmental Review Department

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan

Keywords: Vietnam, monitoring report, lesson learned, improvement

1. Introduction

The activities during construction and operation period may effect to existing environment in project area. Therefore, an environmental monitoring measurement is an important tool to prepare for monitor discharges and emissions caused by project implementation including preventing and solving the variety of the environmental impacts. Many previous scholars have developed guideline for monitoring to increase their effectiveness of the procedures. However, the monitoring in practice still needs improvement in several points including its reports. To considering for improvement in which EIA monitoring report occurs, it is important to consider its purpose and the cases in practice.

Pointing out which area need improvement, identifying any deficiencies in monitoring procedures and its report would be a good start in helping improve future effectiveness. The objective of this study is to strengthen the monitoring procedures of supervision division and enhancement the monitoring results in order to decrease the environmental and social impacts from the project implementation by using Vietnamese projects as case study.

2. Lesson learned

2.1 Methodology

The monitoring reports of 6 cases from Vietnam were selected in this study. The quality of the information on monitoring parameters and their results were then analyzed according to its shortcoming and strengthening.

2.2 Cases analysis

Regarding the analysis of the reports, there are good points which need to be promoted as follow:

+ Provided graph with the past monitoring values (visual),

+ Provided baseline values parallel with standard mentioned on agreement,

+ Conducted adequate parameters for monitoring measurement.

However, knowledge, skill and experiences of the proponent and consultant are one of the important factors that cannot be neglected.

2.3 Strategy for improvement

The results demonstrate that Vietnamese monitoring reports need several improvements especially on selecting the monitoring parameters to conduct, interpreting the monitoring results and making the monitoring reports. Moreover, the following methods are the solution on increasing the efficiency of monitoring reports.

+ Monitoring Management Sheet strategy

+ Strengthen on the review results process

+ Selecting the consultant company

3. Conclusions

Adequate mechanisms for conducting the monitoring measurement including updating the situation of all activities throughout the project bring about enhancement the monitoring reports and avoid the potential conflicts of stakeholders


Efforts on Strengthening of Environmental and Social Monitoring for Ongoing Projects in Developing Countries

Noriaki Murase

Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan

Keywords: Environmental and Social Considerations, Monitoring, Capacity Building, JICA

1. Introduction

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) established the Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (the Guidelines) in order to encourage project proponents etc. to have appropriate considerations for environmental and social impacts, as well as to ensure that JICA’s support for and examination of environmental and social considerations are conducted accordingly. JICA is responsible for checking and confirming the results of monitoring reports referring the Guidelines.

However, it has been difficult to confirm the results and request necessary measures timely due to late submission of the reports from project implementing agencies. In addition, the main problem we found is low quality of the monitoring reports such as inadequate on conducting the monitoring parameters, exceeding of monitoring results from the environmental standards without any description of mitigation measures and so on. This paper presents new approaches of JICA in order to strengthen monitoring of project implementing agencies.

2. Efforts for improvement the monitoring

Concerning the improvement on the existing issue of late submission of the monitoring reports, Environmental and Social Considerations Supervision Division (Supervision Div.), JICA implemented the Monitoring Management Sheet (MMS) strategy for ongoing loan projects of 16 JICA overseas offices including requested them to submit the monitoring results from project implementing agencies in April, 2017.

After filling all information required concerning MMS, the JICA overseas offices need to submit it to Supervision Div. to categorize the

risk. The MMS of each country was then analysed according to the monitoring performance of project implementing agencies and seriousness of existing issues on the environmental and social considerations. The result of this trial strategy demonstrated that almost of the monitoring reports and its necessary information have been collected.

Recently, the Supervision Div. is closely checking on quality of monitoring reports of the projects which risk category designated as “High". Additionally, Supervision Div. is also requesting the project implementing agencies to improve the results and implement the necessary measures considering EIA or Resettlement Action Plan. This MMS strategy will be applied to other countries in the near future.

Supervision Div. has also started pilot projects in Vietnam and India in order to analyse the monitoring results and to assess the capacity of project implementing agencies in detail including finding improvement plans.

3. Future actions

Currently, there are two main concerns to strengthen the monitoring and its supervision: (1) assigning environmental and social specialists at JICA office as other donors implemented, (2) expanding the capacity building activities of monitoring for project implementing agencies.

The views which were expressed in this paper are the personal intention of the author. It’s not represented as the official assignment of JICA.


Can EIA be an effective tool for creating ecologically sustainable society? – From the aspect of “Green Region”

Akira Tanaka

Tokyo City University, Japan

Keywords: Ecological Impact Assessment, Mitigation Hierarchy, Biodiversity Offset, Alternative Plans, Public Participation

1. “Green Region” and role of EIAs

It has been long time said that “sustainable development” is essential for human’s surviving on the earth. However what do we mean by using words, “sustainable development”?.

A development project that is “sustainable” must balance any of its potential negative impacts on ecosystems with ecological effects including mitigation measures in the region.

“Green Region”, a term I proposed, means a region which maintains such ecological balance within it. “No net loss” of important habitats is obviously indispensable for “Green Region”. EIA can be a tool to maintain or restore “Green Region”.

2. Cases Studies along Mitigation Hierarchy

Fig.1 indicates the concept of mitigation hierarchy such as mitigation measures of “avoid-minimize-compensate” in EIAs.

To make a region “Green Region”, mitigation hierarchy must be the fundamental of EIAs.

In this presentation, several real cases of mitigation measures I involved are reviewed from the aspect of the “Green Region”.

3. Keys supporting Mitigation Hierarchy

Alternative Plans

Alternative (multiple) plans must be prepared and then be compared.

If we try to follow mitigation hierarchy, alternative plans including no action plan, plan with avoidance, plan with minimization and plan with compensation should be automatically prepared.

Fig.1 Mitigation Hierarchy

Quantitative Evaluation

For the “Green Region”, it is necessary to assess both the area of losing habitats and the area of restored habitats in the region.

This methodology must be quantitative evaluation method such as Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) otherwise we cannot check “no net loss”.

Public Participation

Consequently, information of alternative plans with quantitative analyses of loss and gain of nature/important habitats in your region make people understand the importance of their participation to EIA process.

4. “Kitatokiyorimo utsukushiku (Let's make everything cleaner than it was when we got here)” for creating “Green Region”

It is not realistic to avoid all proposed projects. Therefore it is very important how we can integrate effective mitigation measures including compensatory mitigation (=biodiversity offset, biodiversity banking) into development projects to create “Green Region”.


An Ecosystem Service based Approach to identify the Top-soil Management Areas in the EIA : Focusing on carbon storage and

erosion control services Jongsung Kim1, Choongki Kim1, Keunje Yoo1, Sang-pyo Hong2 and Sang-il Hwang1

1Korea Environment Institute, Korea 2Cheongju University, Korea

Keywords: Ecosystem Service, Carbon storage, Soil erosion, InVEST, EIA (within 5 keywords)

1. Introduction The soil provides ecosystem services for support service, regulating service, provisioning service, cultural service. The soil carbon storage function absorbs carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, reduces the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and serves as a carbon reservoir in the process, Also, natural phenomenon such as water, wind, gravity and man-made effect ingenerate soil erosion. It causes environmental economic problems, such as deterioration of water ecosystem, de gradation of water resources and hydraulic structure.

The study focused on identifying method for top-soil management region in the environmental impact assessment and comparing the soil valuation method in the Korean environmental assessment.

2. A Method of identify top-soil management areas In this study, the selection method of the top-soil management region evaluate soil carbon storage with Carbon Storage module in InVEST model and assess soil erosion by Sediment Delivery Ratio module. In that order, comparing the result with Korean EIA’s soil evaluating results. Based on these results, the top-soil management regions were selected as the area where was low level of soil erosion and high carbon storage capability by overlay analysis

3. Conclusions InVEST - Carbon and SDR modules were used to evaluate soil carbon storage capacity and soil loss, which is compatible with the estimates by the Korean EIA.

This study evaluated soil carbon storage and soil erosion with a resolution of 30m x 30m. Since Korean EIA analyzes them in the unit of watershed, this model results can provide better information in terms of spatial resolution. It is possible to derive the top-soil management areas considering the complex soil ecosystem services by evaluating the value of soil based on Land Use and Land Cover.

This study suggests that InVEST models can be applied to identify top-soil management areas by valuing soil ecosystem services. However, more soil functions need to be considered to evaluate a full spectrum of benefits from soil ecosystem, and the models also needs to be optimized for soil characteristics in Korea.

References

Chang-Hoon Lee et al. (2016) A Integrated Approach to Environmental Valuation, Korea Environment Institution.

Hyun Woo Lee et al. (2016) Development of Decision Supporting Framework to Enhance Natural Capital Sustainability: Focusing on Ecosystem Service Analysis, Korea Environment Institution.

Chung MG et al. (2015) Assessment of Coastal Ecosystem Servicces for Conservation Strategies in South Korea, PLos ONE, 10(7), pp.1-23.

Darren R. Grafius et al. (2016) The impact of land use/land cover scale on modelling urban ecosystem services, Landscape Ecol, 31, pp.1509-1522.

Jónsson Jón Örvar G. and Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir, (2016) Classification and valuation of soil ecosystem services, Agricultural Systems, 145, pp.24-38.

Tomasso L.P. and Leighton M. (2014) The Impact of Land Use Change for Greenhouse Gas Inventories and State-Level Climate Mediation Policy: A GIS Methodology Applied to Connecticut, Journal of Environmental Protection, 5, pp.1572-1587.


Evaluation of subgrade in the abandoned railway for a soil amendment

Gui Nam Wee, Il Han, Jee Hyun No, Tae Kwon Lee*

Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

Keywords: soil contamination, soil amendment, soil reusability, abandoned railway

1. Introduction

- According to the development plan of the national rail network in Korea, the goal is to build and modernize 5,000 km railway by 2020. The substantial amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) generated during the processes is becoming a significant environmental problem. Generally CDW are reduced, reused and recycled before disposal. However, the Korean government is strictly restricting the reuse and recycle of waste from railway construction, because pollutants were accumulated on railroads by train. Especially, ballast and subgrade generated from this process are costly to disposal and transportation and lead to environmental burden when disposed by landfill. If the subgrade in abandoned railway can be reused, the disposal cost and environmental burden can be reduced. This study was performed to measure the environmental contamination of soils collected from abandoned railway in rural area and to evaluate whether it can be used as a soil amendment agent for agriculture.

2. Soil characterization of subgrade

The soil chemical properties of the collected soil in rural area were analyzed to evaluate environmental toxicity such as Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metals. The soil chemical properties of the subgrade showed pH 7-8, total organic carbon 15.01 ± 0.86 mg/L, total nitrogen 0.36 ± 0.06 mg/L and total phosphorus 0.013 ± 0.0007 mg/L on average in top and middle depth of layers. Also this subgrade have low

concentration of heavy metals and PAH which is comparable with control soil. TPH was not detected in all soil samples. This indicates that subgrade from abandoned railway have low toxicity. We carried out plant cultivation experiment for 4 weeks using peas (Pisum sativum) to determine the effect of subgrade on the plant growth as a soil amendment in agricultural land. In order to assess the suitable amount of subgrade mixing with the arable soil for the soil amendment, subgrade were mixed with control soil at ratios of 10%, 30% and 50%. The result showed that fresh weight, stem length, and root length were significantly increased in the soil mixed with 10% subgrade soil, but decreased or not changed in other ratios. .

3. Conclusions

In this study, subgrade from the abandoned railway in rural area showed a potential of the soil amendment as an appropriate solution for recycling the subgrade.

References

KR Network (2015) 2015 Korailbrochure, Korea Railroad.

Republic of Korea Ministry of Environment (2009) Standard for the examination of soil.

Republic of Korea Ministry of Environment (2014) Standard for the examination of water quality.


Global Warming and Phenology Change in Korea

Sang Don Lee1 and Jong-Min Oh2

1Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea

2Kyunghee University, Dept of Environmental Sciences & Engineering

1. Introduction

Phenological dynamics have been recognized as key attributes of plants and animals that are being affected by a warming climate. As a result of rising temperatures, many plant species are leafing out and flowering earlier in the spring, many animals are active earlier, and many migratory birds are arriving earlier at points along their spring migration routes. However, the changes vary considerably among species; some species are changing dramatically while other are not changing at all. Knowing a particular species response to global warming in the context of its surrounding environment will be crucial for the assessment of the effects of climate change on its populations, the communities it forms part of, and on biodiversity in general. In this paper phenological observations collected for 12 plant and animal species by the meteorological agencies in Korea (74 sites with some since 1921) will be analyzed. The main questions we aim to answer are: is a species phenological response to increasing temperatures consistent along a large geographic range? Are species at a particular site having a similar phenological response to global warming? Answering these questions will help us to better understand the complex effects of climate change on natural populations, communities and biodiversity.

2. Species response to Climate Change

Winter temperatures (Nov through Mar) have risen by an average of 1.2 °C over the region from 1953 to 2005. The phenology of each species has independently changed over that time interval. Prunus, Taraxacum and Wisteria are flowering earlier at 111 of 150 sites, 45 of 71 sites and 57 of

75 sites, respectively. However, Rana, Pieris, Alauda, Polistes, and Cettia are being detected for the first time later over time at the majority of sites. Camellia and Hirundo have variable changes among sites. In particular, Hirundo is arriving earlier over time in 51 of 81 sites of Japan, and arriving later in 56 of 73 sites of Korea. This variation among species and sites reflects the complexity of species’ responses to change.

3. Future Trends of species response

In Korea, these sample locations represent the latitudinal and temperature gradient found in the data. Within each location, the species differ in their predicted phenological responses to future warming temperatures, and these discrepancies also shift from one location to another. In addition, a particular species response to warming also differs from one location to another. For example, when comparing forecasts for a 3 °C increase under a moderate climate change scenario by the year 2100 (IPCC 2007), the phenological response clearly differs among species and sites. In contrast, forecasted changes in phenology for certain other species appear relatively constant among locations.

References

Primack, R.B., I. Ibenez, S.D. Lee, et al. 2009, Spatial and interspecific variability in phonological responses to warming temperature. Biological Conservation 142: 2569-2577


Habitat evaluation for Luehdorfia japonica in the Aichi Pref.

Takafumi Kawamura1, Akira Tanaka1, and Yuriko Nojima2

1Faculty of Environment Studies Department of Restoration Ecology and Built Environment Tokyo City University, Japan

2Marunishi sangyo.Inc, Japan

Keywords: Aichi-mitigation, HEP

1. Introduction

The Aichi Prefecture has the “Kaisho-no-mori” forest conserved with avoiding development for an international exposition and conservation plan.

They needed evaluation was effect of conservation there. Also this evaluation target was Luehdorfia japonica.

2. Methods

We made a HSI model for Luehdorfia japonica with bibliographic research and hearing with some professors of thier. After made that, we evaluated the test ward to grasp conservation effect there. Also evaluation areas is comprised with 25m×25m grids to be easy for researching and calculating.

3. Result

We made the SI models is based on Luehdorfia japonica’s survival prerequisites and measureable things.

1.Existance of nectar-having flowers for their is purple or yellow (SI1).

2.Existance of fliting space (SI2). Since they flit in edge of forest. Also, this model was made 2 types since considered connectivity of fliting space.

3.Existance of Asarum rigescens var. brachypodion and forest floor condition.Since it is food and egg-laying site for their(SI3).

HSI model was considered convenience of calculation.

THU increased from 468.8 to 9843.8 in ignored connectivity of fliting space. It increased from 609.8 to 16296.9 in considered that.(Figure 1)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

ignored considered

before

after

Figure 1: Defference of the THU before-after and rate of increase

References

Akira Tanaka (2006) Theory and Practices for Habitat Evaluation Procedure(HEP) in Japan. Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo,266pp.

Shohei Fujisawa (1983) Luehdorfia japonica and Asarum nipponicum.Syudy group of Luehdorfia,Nagano,402pp.

Yasuuki Watanabe (1996) Luehdorfia japonica Monograph of Luehdrfia Butterfries. Hokkaido University Press,Hokkaido,269pp


An application of Ecological Space into Strategic Environmental Assessment of an urban planning

Jiaxuan Chen, Liting Guo and Wei Li

School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, China

Keywords: Ecological Space, SEA, Urban planning, Ecological Function

1. Introduction

Inappropriateplanning and utilization of urban space degenerate the ecological red line, damage theurban environment and threat the population health.However, as an effective way to regulate the urban space, there has not formed mature technical approaches and management system about spatial governance in Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of an urban planning.

Ecological space, as the core of spatial governance,refers to the space for maintaining the structure and function of the ecosystem.The research about the application of ecological space into SEA of urban planning will help topromote the SEA playing an effective role in a city’s development.

2.Technological process of ecological space in SEA

2.1. In the stage of planning outline compilation

Theanalysis of spatial elements should be completed first in SEA to produce the present land use map, and thenthe initial ecological space schemeis formulatedvia the approaches ofsensitivity, fragility and importance analysis

2.2. In the stage of planning study

SEA of an urban planning should accomplish three important tasks:(1)Ecological function orientation and ecological unit division. (2)Impact evaluation of planning implementation through the aspects of ecological pressure, risk and demand. (3) Giving suggestions about ecological space optimization, which should include the protection of ecological and residential security, the improvement of eco-environmental quality as well as the promotion of ecological function and integrity.

2.3. In the stage of planning compilation

Countermeasures for environmental management of ecological space should be offered, in terms of spatialenvironment protection,treatment,remediation,reconstruction,admittance and risk-prevention.

3. Case Study

The research tookBaoshan District in Shanghai as the main area to do the research about the ecological space delineation and governance in the SEA of Baoshan Distinct 2040 urban planning.

As a high urbanized region，Baoshan is dominated by construction land.Ecological land accounts for small proportionand ecological environment has been severely damaged because of over-exploitation.The contradiction between production and residence is quite prominent. Thus, reconstructing the ecological space to improve the connectivity of the ecosystem was regarded as the emphasis in the delineation and governance of ecological space. Finally，on the basis of redline area, we define the strippedecological corridorsalong river network and main traffic arteries as well as the banded isolation belts for ecological security protection around the industrial estates as the main part of the ecological space.

4. Conclusion

Responding to the urgent need for spatial regulation， this research focuses on the specific process of ecological space regulation in the SEA of an urban planning；proposes and combs the main tasks and technical requirement of ecological space delineation. These results were applied into the SEA of Baoshan Distinct 2040 urban planning to formthe ecological space of Baoshan District, which can promotion the ecological function of Baoshan District and improve the regional environmental quality.


Some issues of quantitative impact assessment on biodiversity

Le Hoang Lan


The impact assessment on biodiversity focus on the relationship of the natural environment and biodiversity as well as the benefits that biodiversity brings through ecosystem services. It is important for all types of impact assessments and should be addressed at all levels, from environmental impact assessments for specific projects to strategic environmental assessments for policies, strategies, plans and programs.

However, forecasting and quantifying impacts on biodiversity from a development project is a difficult task, that need have an approach completely different from assess environmental impacts. Available biodiversity information is often limited and descriptive, and they can not be used as a basis for quantitative prediction. It is therefore necessary to develop biodiversity criteria for

quantitative impact assessment, based on the magnitude and sigfinicance of each individual impact which could be assessed using defined point scale. The "without-project" scenarios are designed to describe what is expected to happen to the biodiversity in the project area if the project is not undertaken. Such scenarios will support the classification of biodiversity changes caused by the project when comparing to "without-project" changes, so they will be used as the basis for semi-quantitative impact assessments well-reasoned and substantiated.

The reliability/uncertainty of the predictions must be discussed in the biodiversity impact assessment process in an explicit and consistent scale.


Toward SEA Framework for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Japan

Kenichiro Yanagi, Eiji Komatsu, and Akihiro Nakamura Center of Environmental Law, Meiji University, Japan

Key words: SEA, Carbon Capture and Storage, Climate Change Law & Policy

1.Introduction This paper specifically suggests that a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) would play a significant role in assisting Japan’s future policy and legislative framework for commercialising CCS in Japan. Firstly, this paper will describe the significance of SEA for CCS and the current status of SEA in Japan. It will then proposea potential SEA framework for CCS in Japan. This will conclude the paper.

2.SEA for CCS in Japan 2.1SEA for CCS SEA is a part of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and provides an opportunity for a country to assess environmental impacts at the planning stage. A result from SEA helps EIA to enable an efficient process and information transparency. CCS deployment is not only one of the significant developments under climate and energy policies, but also one of the most complicated policy developments due to the necessity of understanding environmental, social and economic aspects. This clearly suggests that a comprehensive approach to making a decision is unavoidable. Therefore, CCS should be reviewed by both EIA and SEA (IEA-GHG 2007).

2.2 SEA in Japan&Potential SEA Framework for CCS in Japan In Japan, the EIA Law was amended in April 2011. The law provides an opportunity to review significant environmental impacts for multiple development plans at the early stage, involving consultation processes by the responsible minister, related authorities and the public. The results help in decision-making, which enables prevention and/or reduction of any potential environmental impacts (MoE 2012). However, the law does not provide a comprehensive framework such as SEA, which is widely implemented in a number of countries especially among EU members. SEA does not only aim at considering the environmental aspect, but also social and economic aspects at the planning stage (Yanagi 2011).

In the current status in Japan, there is no SEA framework, thus no consideration for CCS by SEA. In this regard, we suggest a need for a SEA model particularly for policy development at such an early stage. In terms of developing a model for SEA in relation to policy development, there are a number of key elements, which should be considered, including different institutional models (e.g. EIA-mainframe model, EIA-modified model, integrated assessment/sustainability appraisal model, and integrated resource management model), aims & objectives, and statutory or non-statutory frameworks (RECCEE 2005). Considering those, we propose a potential framework for CCS in Japan.

Table 1: Proposed SEA Framework for CCS in Japan

A Proposed SEA Framework for CCS in Japan (Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects)

Assessment for Policy & Decision-making

Environmental Assessment

[EA] at the initial stage

EA at the implementation stage (Policy)

EA at the Implementat

ion stage Follow-up

Policy Developm

ent for CCS

EA at the initial stage Estimating influences⇒Evaluation (Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects) ▼Estimation・ Evaluation ▼Considering Action ●Comprehensive Evaluation

Deciding EA at the implementation stage（ implementation stage・ follow-up）

EA at the implementation stage (Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects) ▼Estimation・Evaluation ▼Considering action

Follow-up　 After Programme begins ▼Monitoring the estimated results ▼Evaluating the implementing actions ●Final report

EA at the initial stage・ Environmental report　１　 Addressing characteristics of areas related to CCS ２　 Addressing key environmental, social and economic impact areas ３ Understanding local characteristics 　４　 Setting key elements of EA ５　 Action or non-action for estimation and evaluation ６　 Considering action for environmental protection ７　 Considering the results of evaluation

Source: Yanagi, K., E.Komatsu., A. Nakamura 2017

3 Conclusion

This paper addressed the fact that there is a need for SEA framework in order to consider policy development for CCS in Japan. Our proposed SEA framework does not only consider the process of environmental assessment for policy, plan and programme, but also environmental, social and economic aspects I order to make a comprehensive assessment process for complicated policy development for CCS deployment in the country.

References

IEA GHG (IEA-Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme) (2007).“Environmental Assessment for CO2 Capture and Storage”.Technical Study. 2007/1, March 2007.

MoE (The Ministry of the Environment), 2012.“Environmental Impact Assessment in Japan”.Environmental Impact Assessment Division.Government of Japan. Tokyo. Japan. Available at: https://www.env.go.jp/en/focus/docs/files/20120501-04.pdf

Yanagi, K (2011). Comprehensive Study of Environmental Assessment Law p.105-107, Seibunsha., Japan

RECCEE (the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe) (2005). Strategic Environmental Assessment at the Policy Level: Recent Progress, Current Status and Future Prospects. Czech Ministry of the Environment for UNECE, Prague.

This research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (2-1603) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency.


Long-term Trend and Correlation between Vegetation Greenness and Climate Variables in Asia based on Satellite Data

Munkhnasan Lamchin, Woo-Kyun Lee, Seong Woo Jeon

Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02855, Korea

Keywords: Vegetation greenness, Precipitation, Evaporation, Temperature, Correlation, Trend

1. Introduction

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is commonly used to determine the vegetation distribution and productivity (Evans et al., 2006) and to monitor the green cover. Based on many global and regional studies, the NDVI can be used to demonstrate spatiotemporal vegetation characteristics (Piao et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2009); it has been largely used to digitally correlate climatic and environmental factors such as land surface temperature, precipitation (Piao et al., 2006), and evapotranspiration (Di Bella et al., 2000). Because global climate change has become a main subject of discussion, correlations between NDVI and climatic factors have gained importance in ecological studies (Gao et al., 2012). Climate effects are expected to influence interannual changes in vegetation growth; correlations between NDVI and climate data have been studied on regional (Li and Kafatos, 2000) and global (Schultz et al., 1995) levels.

2. Result

2.1. Trend analysis for vegetation and climate variables

Over the 33-year period, the vegetation greenness trend consistently decreased (range = -0.47 to -0.08) in eastern Iran, southwestern Afghanistan, southwestern Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan, northwestern China, and southern Mongolia, which is probably due to the fact that they are covered with arid land including sand dunes and the Gobi desert. However, a smaller decrease (range = -0.08 to 0.00) of the vegetation cover was observed in Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India, Mongolia, eastern China, North China, North Korea, Sapporo of Japan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

2.2. Correlations and linear regressions for NDVI and climate variables

The rainfall was sufficient for the types of vegetation growing in these arid and semiarid zones. However, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Taiwan, and southeastern China in tropical wet and

humid subtropical zones also showed a negative correlation between NDVI and changing rainfall. The NDVI–precipitation correlation is similar to that for NDVI and temperature, with the highest positive values in the northern part of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and northeastern China. In contrast, Fig. 3c shows the inverse result for the same area. The correlations between vegetation greenness and temperature were the strongest in Northeast China, Central China, northern Mongolia, northern Kazakhstan, North and South Korea, and northern Japan. The regression analysis suggested that the vegetation cover depends on two main climate factors (temperature, rainfall) in northern Mongolia, Northeast China, Central China, and North Korea.

3. Conclusions

Our study provides an analysis of the seasonality trends of vegetation and climate variables and correlations between vegetation greenness and climate variables. The correlation between temperature and vegetation greenness showed a negative value in India and Southeast Asia; however, the summer season temperatures and vegetation greenness show a positive correlation in the same area. Generally, more frequent and prolonged periods of increased temperatures and evapotranspiration accompanied by decreased rainfall might induce drought processes, which therefore is the most important issue with respect to climate change policies.

Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program with a See-At (See+Atmosphere) grant (KMIPA 2015-6140).

References

Evans, K. L., James, N. A., Gaston, K. J. (2006). Abundance, species richness, and energy availability in the North American avifauna. Global Ecological Biogeography, 15(4), 372–385.

Piao, S., Fang, J. Y., Zhou, L. M., Guo, Q. H., Henderson, M., Ji, W., Li, Y., Tao, S. (2003). Interannual variations of monthly and seasonal normalized difference vegetation.


A Study on Policy Strategy Addressing Long-term Environmental Liability for CCS

Eiji Komatsu,Kenichiro Yanagi, and Akihiro Nakamura Center of Environmental Law, Meiji University, Japan

Key words: Long-term liability,Policy framework,Carbon Capture and Storage, environmentalrisk

1. Introduction This study aims at addressing the future challenge of ‘long-term liability’ in order to establish the most appropriate and comprehensive legal framework for Carbon Capture and Storage [CCS] in Japan. First, this study will briefly describe long-term liability for CCS. It will then address what significant issues are in the current legal circumstances for CCS in Japan by using a comparative analysis. Lastly, this paper will conclude. 2. Long-term Liability for CCS in Japan 2.1. Long-term Liability for CCS A particular focus was maintained on the most serious among several environmental risks associated with long-term CO2 storage, the risk of leakage, which refers to the possibility of CO2 escaping from the storage site(Ingelsonet al 2010). If CO2leaks do occur a number of potential hazards exist:e.g. (1)hazards to human health and safety, (2)hazardsto marine ecosystems, (3)implications of gas impurity under circumstances where other gases may be stored along with CO2. Therefore, policy makers considering a process for establishing a legal and policy framework of CCS will need to address long-term liability issues associated with the geological storage of CO2.Most analysis has acknowledged that those potentialrisks cannot be avoided unless there is greater clarity of long-term responsibility for maintenance monitoringand leakagein CO2 injection, closure andpost-closure of the site(Finch et al., 2009).Such potential risks of large losses do not only create the large cost of capital, but also potentially cease investment altogether.Thus understanding risks, clear roles of responsibilities for governments and operators, innovative financial security system and risk sharing with governments will be essential (Bassi et al., 2015). In this respect, liability is a powerful risk allocation instrument with great potential for incentivising safe operation of storage sites.Under the EU Directive ‘transfer of operator liability to the state after closure’, ‘closure and post-closure obligations’, ‘transfer of responsibility’ and ‘finance security’ are mainly addressed in terms of long-term liability (Ingelson et al 2010). 2.2. The Current Legislative Status for CCS in Japan Currently, only the amendment in 2007 of The Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster (PMPMD)will be considered for "injection and storage" of CCS. In this study the legal frameworkof the four counties were compared (Table1) with viewpoints offour legal requirementsrelated to long-term liability based on the IEA’s CCS regulatory model (See IEA 2010). Those are: ‘long-termsecurity system’, ‘financial assurance and mechanisms’, ‘corrective measures and remediation measures’, and ‘clearance level’,those will ensure the long-term environmental integrity.The results clearly show that legal

requirements related to long-term liability have not yet consideredin the current context of law related to CCS in Japan.

Table 1: Comparative Analysis for Long-term Liability for CCS

Legal Requirements EU-CCS Directive The U.S(UIC Program)

Australia (OPGGSA Act)

Japan(PMPMD Act)

Long-term security/managementsystem

Regulations for maintenance, monitoring, management & reports. Corrective measures & cost recovery for operators

Regulations for actions on emergency, maintenance, financial responsibility for site management.

No particular regulation for this, but there is a regulation for management by the responsible Ministry of the Commonwealth.

• Reporting a plan for implementation, monitoring and measures for CO2 leakage is required

• Reviewed every five years.• Long term storage is not

considered.

Financial security/ assurance & mechanisms

Yes, Financial assurance & mechanism are adopted.

Yes, the financial responsibilities and evidence of security & maintenance for corrective measures, site management & closure, and emergency actions are required.

Yes, financial securityfrom operators is required (until transfer liability)

Operators must prove sufficient financial basis during the application period (five years).

Corrective measures for CO2 leakage and any irregularity

Yes, regulations for corrective measures, responsibility of cost recovery for operators.

Yes, emergency & remediation measuresare regulated. A plan with permit must be submitted

Yes, based on responsibilities for the measures for operators.

Operators must take responsibility for any corrective measures.

Clearance level & Transfer of responsibility

Minimum 20 years, unless appropriate evidences show the permanent storage.

After injection, operators have 50 years overseen period for the storage. At the federal level, no regulation for transfer of responsibility. The conditions are varied in different states.

After closure, minimum15 years (so called “Closure Assurance Period): operators are responsible. The minister must be satisfied with the stored CO2 behaviour and no significant risks.

No provisions

3. Conclusion and future study This studyhas addressed the significant legislative issues in relation to long-term liability for CCS, which should be considered for the future installation of commercial CCS, despite the fact that there is currently no comprehensive legal and policy framework for CCS availablein Japan. As a result it is very important inestablishing the most appropriate legislative requirementsrelated to long-term liability to developthe comprehensive legal framework for commercial deployment of CCS in Japanshould be examined in the future study. References Finch, V., J. Dill., E. Lokey (2009). “CCS Briefing

Paper #3: Long-term Liability”. UK Strategic Programme Fund.

Bassi, S., R. Boyd., S.Buckle.,P.Fennell., N.M. Dowell., Z. Makuch., I.Staffell (2015). Bridging the gap: improving the economic and policy framework for carbon capture and storage in the European Union. The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change, the Environment at the London School of Economics and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.

IEA (International Energy Agency) (2010). Carbon Capture and Storage: Model Regulatory Framework. Informational Paper. IEA/OECD. France

Ingelson, A., A. Kleffner.,N. Nielson (2010). Long-term liability for carbon capture and storage in depleted North American oil and gas reservoir: A Comparative Analysis. Energy Law Journal No.2, pp.431-469



Potential of Carbon Emission Reduction and Economic Assessment of Urban Rooftop Photovoltaics Power Generation:

A Case Study in Beijing, China

Xianqiang Mao1, and Mudan Wang1

1School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, China

Keywords: Photovoltaic power generation, carbon emission reduction, Beijing

1. Introduction

The thermal power plants especially coal-fired power plants dominate the Chinese power industry, which becomes a significant source of greenhouse gases consequently. City is a combination of life and production, consuming a large amount of energy consumption in which power industry occupies an important position.

Therefore, photovoltaic (PV) power generation is expected to play an important role in urban power structure optimization and emission reduction.

Beijing is the taken as the case study city to account the potential of carbon emission reduction and the benefit and cost of urban rooftop photovoltaic power generation.

2. Research methods and contents

2.1 Carbon emission reduction accounting

Based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and 2015 Renewable Energy Handbook, discharge coefficient method and life cycle assessment approach are adopted to estimate carbon emission of coal-fired power plant and PV power generation, respectively.

According to electricity generation statistics, potential of carbon emission reduction per kWh in the condition of replacing coal-fired power with PV can be calculated.

2.2 Estimation of urban rooftop PV power generation in Beijing

Google Maps is used to estimate the urban rooftop area that potentially suitable for rooftop PV power generation. Three kinds of PV usage scenarios are designed. Taking various parameters into consideration, such as solar radiation, PV array technology and installation conditions, et al., PV power generation capacity for each scenario is predicted, as well as the potential of carbon emission reduction.

2.3 Economic assessment

The financial assessment and economic assessment (cost-benefit analysis) of urban rooftop PV power generation is conducted by calculating several economic indicators, including capital investment, annual income, annual expenditure, net benefit and internal rate of return. Besides, sensitivity analysis is performed to recognize the key influencing factors for urban rooftop PV application and development.

3. Conclusions

The results show that, the application of rooftop PV power generating has good potential of CO2 emission reduction. The economic analysis shows that capital investment is the key constrain factor for PV development.


Climate Change Adaptation of Legal Strategies

Xianglan Yu

Associate Professor, Zhejiang Gongshang University, China

Key Words: climate change, Adaptation, laws and regulations

The climate change has drawn great attention of coutries all over the world. The climate change is an objective natural phenomenon, it should thus follow the objective natural law, however, as a result of the current development of world industrialization and the factor of human activities, the climate change becomes unusual, and serious climatic disaster follows thereof, the ecological environment suffers destruction, the economic development is restricted and the human survival faces with threat. For example, they examine historical records; collect measurements; and observe trends in temperature, weather patterns, sea level, and other features of the environment. Because there are so many clues from all over the world, we know that climate change is already happening today.

China is a great nation of climate resource and scourge, and the climate scourge causes huge economic loss and personnel casualty every year. The UN has made relavent conventions and law documents to deal with the climate change. Therefore, China should also fulfill UN conventions positively, formulate and consummate legal system and mechanism that deal with the climate change, and take corresponding measures to reduce and prevent climate scourge, protect the ecological environment, and promote the sustainable development of national economy.


Approach to rationally use the climate resources and climate change scenarios in the assessment of climate impacts and

consequence of the management in guidance to the agricultural product

Nguyen Van Viet


“There is not climate, there will not beagriculture” . It means that Agriculture relates closely with natural conditions, weather and climate elementswhich impact in crop yields and quality of agriculture products. The essential role of climate in agriculture, as Academician V.I. Vavilov assessed, is that “ If the knowledge of climate elements will be known, theyields and total yields of the harvest season will be shown. It is much stronger than economy and technology”.

At the same time, it is clear that “ each kind of climate and soil has one kind of plant”. Therefore, climate is a decisive element to distribute the animal and plants on the earth, event the distribution of river net and fertile soil level also are the consequence of climate.

The agronomists and ecologists have to know how to use and employ effectively the climate resources to increase the effectiveness product and disaster preparednes. It is the way to get more economic benefit, concurrently it is safety regulation for sustainable development of ecological systems.

Vietnam is monsoon tropical climate with extreme phenomena: hot, extreme shunsine duration, height rainfall. If they are not rationally used ,they will be the causes of erosion, flood and drought. On the contrary, natural or man- made vegetable covers have enough ability to keep and regular water, erosion, flood and drought restricts, soil transform , microclimate transform, which formed favourable environment for product and human life.

Nowadays the condition of the climate change in the world and in Vietnam has been impacting on social-economic and life, especially on the agriculture, however, the plan and strategies of agriculture development have not considered the climate change scenarios.

To contribute effectivelyto implementing the climate and climate change scenarios into management and guidance of agricultural product, the study “Approach to rationally use the climate resources and climate change scenarios in the assessment of climate impacts and consequence of the management in guidance to the agricultural product” is very important. The content of report has three parts:

1-Approach and understanding the climate and climate change scenarios criteries relatingto and directly impacting on agricultural product;

2-Guidanceto use the climate change scenarios, sea level raise in to agriculture product and some examples;

3- Burial management and guidance into agriculture product in the condition of climate change conditions.

The report is more effective for leadership, policy makers to manage and guidance the agricultural product in central, local levels and farmers in Vietnam.


Water Quality Impact Assessment in Korea

Jong Ho Lee

Department of Urban Planning and Real Estate,Cheongju University

298 Daeseong-roCheongwon-guCheongjuChungbuk, 28503 Korea

Keywords: EIA, Water Quality, Land Use Regulation, Nutrient Management, Post Management

1. Introduction

The important changes in water environment management in Korea can be summarized as follows: First the enactment of Water Environment Conservation Act(after18 Jan2018) and abolition of Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation Act(until17Jan2018), second, introduction of the Integrated Management Act of Environmental Pollutant Facilities, and third river environment change due to the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project.

Thereforeimpact assessment on water environment should bereexamined and water quality impactassessment be revised consequentially.

2. Water Quality Impact Assessment

2.1. Water Quality Impact Assessment Items

This study comparesthe present water quality impact assessmentitems(environmental standards and effluent guideline including Total Pollutan Load Management System)andlately adopted standards(environmental quality goal, maximum effluent standard, permissible effluent standard, and marginal effluent standard) based on the Integrated Management Act of Environmental Pollutant Facilities together with International comparison of the integrated environmental management.

2.2. Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures are reexamined. Especially with relation to algae blooming recently more aggravatedin the four major

rivers after the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project, land use regulation for nutrient managementsuch asU.K.'s Nitrate Vulnerable Zones will be analyzed

2.3Post Management of Water Resource Development

Post managementof water resource development project will be reviewed to control and to prevent unpredictableimpacts

3.Conclusion

Referring and applying lately adopted standards based on the Integrated Management Act of Environmental Pollutant Facilities, U.S. EPA's several levels of control, land use regulation for nutrient management such as U.K.'s Nitrate Vulnerable Zones, water quality impact assessment should be revised and add some necessary items suggested.

References

KSEIA, 2016, EIA, Dongwha Technology.

U.S.EPA, 2010, NPDES Permit Writers' Manual.

http://www.epa.gov/learn-about-effluent-guidelines

http://www.gov.uk/guidance/nutrient-management-nirate-vulnerable-zones

David Tyldesley and Associates, 2015, River vonSpecial Area of Conservation Nutrient ManagementPlan for Phosphorus.


Status and Improvement of Accuracy of Real Time Data of Automated Water Quality Monitoring Network in Korea

Hang Soo Cho, Hye Ran Noh, Young Joon Lee, Soon Ju Yu

Han-River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

Keywords: Automated water quality monitoring Network, Real time water quality monitoring

1. Introduction

In 1994, a serious water pollution accident by a phenol spill occurred in Nakdong River in Korea, Unfortunately, Korea did not have any alarm system for water pollution accidents. Alarm systems are necessary to detect and inform water pollution accidents early. The current automated water quality monitoring network was installed in 1995.

Figure 1: Location of Monitering station

2. Operation Status

2.1 Operational status of automated monitoring station

As of 2017, stations for automated water quality monitoring system have been operated in 70 locations. In Han River basin, Goori automated water quality monitoring station was built in 1999, and total of 23 stations were established by 2017.

The stations are located in water source protection area, downstream of an industrial complex and where sampling is not allowed. They measure 22 water quality items every 5 minutes such as W.T., pH, DO, EC, TOC, TN, TP, etc. Sampling methods are manhole, ditch, barge, cantilever and bridge.

2.2 Verification of real time data

In the case of large concentration differences between the data abnormal time-serise data in real time, the reliability of the measured data are confirmed valid, after checking the normal operation of the analyzer, inflow of pollutants, surrounding situation.

Figure 2: Monitoring data in Yangpyeong

2.3 Early warning system and early alert level

Early waming system issues alert when water pollution is detected and it is necessary to prevent water pollution accidents. Early alert levelare classified into four levels: attention, caution, alertness and seriousness. The levels are set by referring to the alarm standard for each water quality item of each measuring station.

3. Improving accuracy of the real time data

It is necessary to improve accuracy of the real time monitoring data for assessment of analytical suitability through comparison data with analysis by human, establishment of data verification system using various statistical techniques, increase of on-site evaluation of quality control for analytical instruments.

References

Ministry of Environment (2016) National Water Environment Monitoring Network Operation Plan, pp.364-387

Real-Time Water Quality Information System (2016) http://www.koreawqi.go.kr


A study on Improving Water Quality of Lake in Da Nang

Jung A Han1, Du Le Thuy Tien2, Hee Sagong3, Sang Ki Choi4

1Korea Environment Institute, Korea

2Danang Institute for Socio-Economic Development, Vietnam



Keywords: Lake Water Quality Improvement, Sewage Management, Gravel Contact Oxidation

1. Introduction

In Da Nang, there are approximately 40 lakes which have significant roles for urban ecology in preventing floods, preserving biodiversity, and etc. However, the lakes are losing their function due to the inflow of sewage and waste material. This study investigates on water pollution status and methods for improving water quality of Thac Gian-Vinh Trung Lake.

2. Lake Water Quality Improvement Plans

2.1 Lake Water Quality and Wastewater Management

The quality of the lake water is being deteriorated due to the raw inflow wastewater from surrounding residential area, and etc. Water quality of the point, in which rain water and sewage flow, is considered about over BOD 50mg/ℓ. The city is working on a sewer construction to prevent the inflow sewage from going directly into the lake. However, the sewage can be overflowed and then flow into the lake when there is heavy rainfall. Aquatic plants are now utilized for improving the water quality but the effect is considered to be insignificant. Therefore, more fundamental resolution is required.

2.2 Lake water quality improvement plan

The study investigates on 3 main alternatives. These are establishing sewer and sewage treatment facility, strengthening regulations to reduce the pollutants and directly treating lake water. The current capacity of the city’s facilities is only about 60% of the entire amount of sewage. Constructing additional sewer and the facility is required, but a long period of time and huge budget are need. It can also be recommended to have stronger

regulation for water pollutant reduction to improve lake water quality. Furthermore, several methods of lake water treatment can be investigated. The methods include planting aquatic plants, implementing aeration and utilizing dissolved air flotation, chemical treatment, dredging polluted sediment, a gravel contact oxidation method. The methods can be adopted simultaneously.

Picture 1: Gravel Contact Oxidation Facility

3. Conclusions

This study investigates on improving water quality of lake: sewer management, water pollutant reduction and lake water treatment. These methods have different effects and require a long period of time and huge budget. It is hard to implement all methods to a lake. However, improving the water quality is an urgent problem to solve. Therefore, this study surveys on a gravel contact oxidation method in detail.

References

DISED. (2016). Assessment of Environmental Impacts from Using Multi-purpose Lakes in Da Nang City, Vietnam. (Preliminary Research Report).


Long-term Water Quality Prediction & Assessment using Climate Change Scenario based HSPF Model & Load Duration Curve

Method in Miho-river Basin

Ji Heon Lee1, Hae jin Han2, Byung Sik Kim3 and Sung Ryong Ha1 1Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 2Korea Environment Institute, 3Kangwon National University,

Gangwon-do, Korea

Keywords: HSPF, RCP Scenario, Long-term water qulity changes, Load duration curve

1. Introduction Climate changes and land use/land cover (LULC) changes are the dominant factors to simulate the impact of climate change scenario on water resources. Currently, this region has suffered from serious conflicts among ‘Total Pollution Load Management System(TPLMS)' by central government, ‘development pressure’ by provincial government, 'environmental protection' by grassroot non-governmental organizations.

In this study, future pollutant loads has been assessed and principal source detection for hydrological components and each pollutant constituents has been achieved.

2. Materials & Methodology 2.1 Study site

Figure 1 : Miho River Basin Site Description

Miho river basin located at the center of South Korea which represents mixed land use comprising of forest, agricultural area and urban purpose. Currently, urbanization due to regional development such as the unification of Cheogju-si and Cheongwon-gun and the development of Sejong-si causes not only socio economic transitions but also environmental disturbances.

2.2 Climate Change Scenario based Dataset Based on the RCP scenarios of Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), LULC change model and climate change prediction result were attained. Land use dataset was developed using SLEUTH model and Climate datset was calculated using statistical regionalization method.

3. Results

3.1 HSPF Model Calibration & Verification Model calibration has been carried out at the MHA, MSA, MHB watershed station considering Water level & water quality gauge stations. HSPF model calibration period is from 2000 to 2006 and model verification period is from 2007 to 2012. Relatively good or fair performance has been achieved Donigan(2007).

Table 1: Model Calibration Results

Study basins

Calibration ('00~'06) Validation ('07~'12) R² R R² R

MHA 0.628 0.793 0.671 0.819 MSA 0.738 0.860 0.662 0.814 MHB 0.617 0.786 0.586 0.766

3.2. Pollutant Load Assessment using Load Duration Curve

Figure 2 : Water component separation

according to flow duration interval at the MSA Flow and load duration curve reflecting Climate change scenario have been developed to assess exceeding pollution level with an extreme scenario.

Figure 3 : Comparison of BOD LDC at the MSA Station between present and future scenario.

4. Conclusions Based on the climate change scenario dataset, HSPF model has constructed to predict hydrological component and water quality constituents in the Miho river basin

Spatio-temporal source identification and Pollutant loads change assessment have been achieved using flow and load Duration Curve method.

References

Baffaut, C., Dabney, S. M., Smolen, M. D., Youssef, M. A., Bonta, J. V., Chu, M. L., ... & Arnold, J. G. , (2015) Hydrologic and water quality modeling: Spatial and temporal considerations. Trans. ASABE, 58(6), 1661-1680.

U. S. EPA, (2007) An Approach for Using Load Duration Curves in the Development of TMDLs, EPA 841-B-07-006, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, U. S. EPA, Washington, DC, pp. 1~68.


Environmental and Social Guidelines for Development of Hydroelectric Projects in Vietnam

Le Trinh, Pham Tien Dung, Dinh Kim Chi

Vietnam Institute for Environmental Science and Development (VESDEC)

Vietnam is endowed with rich potential of hydropower (HP) with more than 35,000 MW of total generation capacity, of which small HP is around 4,000 MW. The renewable energy (RE) is strongly promoted by the Government of Vietnam as a measure to ensure the country’s energy security, affordability and sustainability as well as battle the climate change. A number of policies, regulations have been issued by the Government to promote RE.

Although the Government, ministries and provincial authorities strictly require HP projects to comply with the requirements on environmental and social aspects as specified in relevant Laws, Decrees and Regulations, however, there has been increasing concerns by the Government and civil society on shortcomings of safeguard compliance by the HPs which has caused negative impacts to the environment as well as local community hindering the sustainable developments of HPs in Vietnam. In addition to the weak enforcement of the requirements, lack of understanding and awareness of potential social and environmental impacts, available technical measures, solutions, good practical experience and lessons learned by the project donors, contractors, consultants as well as the Government agencies is also considered as a major factor causing the situation. Therefore, to develop environmental and social safeguard guidelines for application by all HPs in Vietnam is utmost necessary.

Based on the requirements from Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT), the World Bank (WB), Economic Cooperation Department of Switzerland (SECO), results of field surveys

and document review in 2016 a Technical Environmental and Social Guidelines for Development of Hydroelectric Projects (the Guidelines) were prepared by VESDEC and national experts. The main targets of the Guidelines are (i) identification of the main issues of hydropower projects in Vietnam; (ii) identification of potential impacts/issues and practical solutions/measures for those identified issues in 3 stages: project preparation/land clearance; construction, and operation, which are realistic under the Vietnam situation taking into account the international practices; and (iii) environmental management procedures.

The key environmental and social issues of hydroelectric projects focused in the Guidelines are (i) ecological impacts caused by deforestation in the pre-construction and construction stages and decrease of downstream flow in the operation stage; (ii) social impacts to native ethnic peoples and traditional culture caused by land clearance, resettlement and damage of biological resources; (iii) environmental pollution, soil erosion in the construction and operation stages; (iv) occupational safety in construction stage and (v) dam safety and ecological flow in the operation stage.

The guidelines, included 120 pages and 12 appendixes, are presented in practical ways and understandable by the targeted audiences. They were transferred to various agencies, universities, projects owners, donors and consultants by the training programs held in Hanoi in December 2016.


Augmentation and Monitoring ofan Endanged Fish, Gobiobotia Naktongensisin Naeseongcheon Stream, Korea.

Byung-Don Park1, Jin-Young Na1, Sang-ChulHwang1, and Hyun Yang2 1K-water, 2Institute of Biodiversity Research

In Korea, “Youngju” multi-purpose dam construction project is in progress to be over untill 2015 by K-water, for water quality improvement of Nakdong River, water security of Naeseongmainstream watershed areaand sufficient water supply to northern Gyeongbuk area.

Gobiobotia naktongensis was reported as a new species by Mori(1936) in Gyeongbuk Youngju and Gyeongnam Hamyang area. K-water established conservation projects for the endangered wildlife No. I class fishGobiobotia naktongensis that inhabits the“Youngju”dam construction site of Naeseong stream, such as to secure gene diversity and set up alternative habitats.

In conjunction with the expert group of artificial growth and restoration,about 40 of Gobiobotia naktongensis inNaeseong stream were captured, multiplied up to 5,000 population and examined disease tests from July to October in 2014. About 2,000 population(total length below 3mm) with the VIE(Visible Implant Elastomer,which has fluorescent silicon to easily detect) were discharged to Naeseong stream October 15 in 2014.

Total 11 points were selected for post monitoring considering disprsion habit of fish, every 2km along the upstream and downstream(up to total 10km) with the discharging area as the center. At the 1st(October 16)and 3rd day(October 18) after discharging, considerable numbers of fry were recaptured(43 and 4) and the effect of the restoration was roughly confirmed. At the 30th day monitoring(November 14), no fry were found but plenty of adult fish(over 2 years). This means that discharged fry have moved widely along the Naeseong stream by the nature of fish of dispersion and adapted themselves to the natural environmental condition successfully. Post monitoring is scheduled to be proceeded regularly until 2017 and 3,000 population of Gobiobotia naktongensis is to be discharged again in 2015. From that, restoration effect of endangered species Gobiobotia naktongensis is to be checked continuously.

Summary

In this study of artificial growth andrestoration of ecosystemfor Gobiobotia Naktongensis of Naeseong stream of “Youngju” dam construction

site, it is confirmed that discharged fry have moved widely along the Naeseong stream by the nature of fish of dispersion and adapted themselves to the natural environmental condition successfully.

Conclusion

As water level of Naeseong stream for the amount of autumn rain on October 21 was rapidly rising and the flow rate was increased, the riverbed alternating occured (rainfall of the 21st October : Youngju -101mm; Bonghwa -59mm). In this reason, released the fry was estimated to have been more widely distributed.

It is assumed that the captured Gobiobotia Naktongensisof all investigation areas were not confirmed as naturally born fry this year but adult fish over 2 years. From this it could support the theory that Gobiobotia Naktongensismoves to the most downstream or mainstream and spawns.

It is also presumed that naturally born fry of Gobiobotia Naktongensismove and inhabit in Naeseong downstream area which has finer sand of the riverbed and more beautiful flow rate and that they gradually move upstream waters with growth.

Released artificial Gobiobotia Naktongensisfry are expected to move to Naeseong downstream area, and as naturally spawned fry over 2 years has been confirmed aound the discharging site, artificial Gobiobotia Naktongensisfry also will be confirmed after 2 years.

For long-term survey, it is planned to continually ensure the artificial growth effect through the future of continuous monitoring. (Once a quarter (4, 6, 8, 10 May in 2015 to 2017).

Reference

Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime. 2010. 4largeriver systemsendangeredfish speciesgrowthand restoration. pp.489

Myung-Hun Ko, Il-Lo Lee, In-chul Bang. 2013.Development andearlylifecycle of I endangeredfishGobiobotianaktongensis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). KoreafishJournal, 25 pp. 9-16.


The environmental effectiveness assessment of the implementation of Green-credit policy supervisionon the coal

industry - empirical analysis on the listed companylevel

XianqiangMao1, and ChaoChe1

1School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, China

Keywords: Green-credit policy, listed company, pollution emission

1. Introduction

In order to regulate the firm’s pollution emission behavior,green-credit policyis implemented by the commercial banks in China.Thebanks make credit decision based on the distinctionbetween clean and dirty companies.The companies who have bad environmental performance could hardly get loans.

The lifecycle of coal has caused severe environmental problems. The implementation of green-credit policy is expected to alter these companies’ environmental behavior.

Listed coal companies, whose economic activities represent a huge part of the whole coal industry, have more impact on the environment.

This research aims to assess the relationship between the implementation of green-credit policy and environmental behavior of the listed coal companies.

2. Method and data

2.1 Description of company’s behavior

Based on Wind Database, the conditionof coal industry’s clean usage and pollution emission before and after the implementation of green-credit policy is concluded.

Ageneral observation of the whole coal industry and a precise observationof 20 listed companies will be concluded. The change of behavior could be shown by the change of index.

2.2 Policy comparison

According to the website of National Development and Reform Commission,China Banking Regulatory Commission,and various commercial banks, green-credit policiesare compared.

Green-credit policies are classified and quantified into indicators.

An environmental assessment system is built to judge the effectiveness of green-credit.

2.3 Effectiveness assessment

A regression model is built to evaluate the influence on the listed companies’ environmental behavior by the implementation of green-credit policy.The green-credit policy indicators are independent variables while the changes of company behavior are dependent variables.

3. Conclusion and discussion

The implementation of green-credit policy couldslightly reduce the pollution emission of listed coal industry, whose effectiveness is not that significant, though.The listed coal companies getstronger supportfrom the stock market and debt market instead of banks, which weaken the effectiveness of green-credit policy.Green supervision in the stock market and debt market should be implemented in order to control the financial channel of listed companies and improve their environmental behavior.


Impact Assessment is not only an Environmental tool but also a Science

Nguyen Khac Kinh


Impact Assessment (IA) so far has been well-known as an environmental tool for considering a develoment project before taking decision. At present, there are three main components of IA being widely carried out in the world, such as: Environmental Impact Asseessment (EIA), Social Impact Assessment (SIA) and Health Impact Assessment (HIA).

After many years of IA implementation in Vietnam, the author found out that IA is not only an environmental tool but also a science, because it satisfies all the three criteria of science, such as: 1. Researching objects; 2. Researching contents ; and 3. Researching

methods. However, in the details, these three criteria are different between EIA, SIA and HIA. So, in order to make each of these IA components obtain full desirable effectiveness and achievements, it is necessary to carry out them by a scientific manner, taking account of these differences.

In the report, the author mention about the detailed differences of these three criteria between EIA, SIA and HIA; propose some recommendations in doing them by a scientific manner in practice./.


Environmental Impact Assessment in Vietnam: distance from theory to reality

Nguyen Van Phuoc

Institute of Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Vietnam

The regulation on environmental impact assessment (EIA) of Vietnam was first codified in the Law on Environmental Protection in 1993. Going through many stages of significant revision and adjustment, the EIA regulation in Vietnam is being more tightly controlled and effective in the state environmental management. The most important purpose of EIA is supporting sustainable development, and EIA is also one of the most effective tools for this purpose by preventing and mitigating negative impacts to the environment from the economic development activities, andproviding information for making decision of the economic developments with regards to environmental protection.

In theory, environmental impact assessment should be a preventive environmental protection tool. EIA activities must be carried out before the project (development activity) is implemented in order to anticipate the likely environmental impacts of an investment project, and from which to bring out appropriate response measures in terms of mitigation and elimination of the negative impacts. The first task of the EIA is to provide information for the selection of the project location to suit the natural conditions and the bearing capacity of the environment. However, in the reality, the EIA reports of most project are only submitted for appraisal and approval after the location of the project has been approved by the competent state agency. The selection of the project location and design is not stated in the EIA report from the very beginning, thus EIA is therefore implemented to address the environmental and socio-economic consequences that the project can cause rather than figuring out the optimal design of project for environmental protection. This leads to a fact that EIA mostly focus to "explain" the impacts of the project and provide mitigation solutions that are "appropriate" to the financial purposes and requirements of the project owner than are appropriate to theenvironmental protection requirements.

EIAs for investment projects do not fully address environmental issues arising from the project. In some cases although the EIA report has been approved by the competent agencies, some important environmental impacts of the project have not been anticipated and fully evaluated, or the lack of efficient mitigation measures for some important impacts that lead to many environmental problems when the projects start operation. Thus, the project owners and the state management agencies are passive in dealing with the consequences of the pollution. For example in the case of Vinh Tan Thermal Power Project, the pollution from fly ash and bottom ash were not fully evaluated in the EIA report, leading to the lack of suitable solutions to control this source of pollution, causing serious damage to the socio-economic activities of the people surrounding the area.

Although there has been a legal obligation on the investor's responsibility for the content of the EIA report, many investors have not paid attention and have not complied with the technical solutions and commitments stated in the EIA reports. Actually when put into operation, the technical design of the project and environmental protection solutions are often far from that of the EIA report. Two typical examples are the Formosa project in Ha Tinh Province or the Lee and Man project in HauGiang Province. Some of the technology designs and pollution treatment solutions of these plants are not compliant with the approved EIA report.

In addition, there are still many other issues in the current situation of EIA in Vietnam such as the quality of EIA reports is still low compared with requirements,the monitoring of EIA implementation after approval are still insufficient, the quality of the EIA consultants is not controlled... These issues not only require more reform and effort in improving the legal basis and practical application of EIA regulations.


Develop and Communicate recommendations on effective mechanisms of public participation on EIA

Tran Yem

Vietnam Environment & Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI), Vietnam

Today, in reality, public participation on EIA in Vietnam still have some limitations as: EIA in legal documents, Formalistic and administrative procedure, limited consultation with CSOs, scientists and communication media in public participation,… So to ensure the grassroots democracy, minimizing conflict between project’s owner and other stakeholders and nhancing benefit of CSOs and community as well as project owner, we need a effective mechanism to enhancing the role of public participation on EIA.

CSOs of Vietnam have been classified as follows: Mass Organizations (Fatherland Front Committee, Women Association, Farmer Association, Veterans Association, Youth Union,…); Professional Union, Associations (VUSTA, VACNE, Vietnam Cooperative Alliance, Vietnam Fatherland Front Committee,…); Vietnam NGOs and Community-based Organizations (CBO).

Enhancing the role of stakeholders on public participation on EIA that ensuring these rights:

Right of stakeholders to access to project’s information and data

Right of stakeholders to participate in discussion and dialogue on the project and project’s EIA

Right of Stakeholders to participate in monitoring the project’s implementation (Community-based monitoring)

Process of the effective mechanisms of public participation on EIA, as follow:

+ Step 1: Preparation of consultation

+ Step 2: Identification of stakeholders in public participation in EIA, follow: At communal level (Lowest administrative unit in Vietnam), At district level, At provincial level, EIA review committee at provincial level, EIA review committee at ministerial level.

+ Step 3: Stakeholders have to access to project’s information and data

+ Step 4: Stakeholders have to participate in discussion and dialogue on the project and project’s EIA

+ Step 5: Stakeholders have to participate in monitoring the project’s implementation (Community-based monitoring)

+ Step 6: Preparation of report on public participation in EIA

+ Step 7: Report delivery to key stakeholder.


A study of the potential risks of carcass-derived leachate in different land-use types

Bo Ram Kang1, Il Han1,Jee Hyun No1, Gui Nam Wee1and Tae Kwon Lee1

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea

Keywords: Carcass leachate, Biological impact,Multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria, Biodiversity, Soil properties

1. Introduction

In 2010 to 2011, a serious foot and mouth disease outbreak occurred in South Korea. Almost 3.5 million cattlehad been buried andthese burial produced the secondary pollutants as carcass leachate. Although animal carcass disposals are considered to be an environmental biosecurity risk, only a few researches have studied the effect of disposal sites on the soil properties. This study examined two different land-use types from forest and arable land to compare the chemical compositions of leachate and potential of the biosecurity risks.

Fig 1: Effects of carcass derived leachate on different land-use type soil

2. Result and Discussion

2.1 Changesof soil abiotic properties

Generally, pH and NO3--N were mainly

different between soil from forest and arable land in this study, but other abiotic properties were similar. After five weeks of minced pork treatment in each soil, both land-use type soils turned alkaline and other properties including NH4

+-N, PO43--P, and SOC

significantly increased byhydrolysis or biodegradation.However, there were no significant differencesbetween abiotic propertiesin both land-use types.

2.2 Changesof soil biotic properties

The carcass derived pollutants caused a significant increase in bacterial abundance in both land-use types while microbial diversity

indices reduced inonly forest soil. This indicated the bacterial communities of forest soil could be more sensitive to external disturbances than that of arable land soil. The multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) CFUsis an indicator representinga biosecurity risk. In general, arable land soils had more MAR CFUs than forest soils and thisgap between two soils widened after five weeks. The results suggested that the potential biosecurity risk may be linked with type of land use.

3.Conclusions

Our results indicated the carcass derived pollutants have influenced more on biotic factors of soil properties than abiotic factors.This aspect was noticeable especially in the case of biosecurity risk.These provide better informationon decision of proper burial sites for animal carcass disposal and could be fundamental studies for further policy establishment on carcass post-treatment.

References

Gwyther, C. L., Williams, A. P., Golyshin, P. N., Edwards- Jones, G., & Jones, D. L. (2011). The environmental and biosecurity characteristics of livestock carcass disposalmethods: A review. Waste Management, 31(4), 767–778.

Jangid, K., Williams, M. A., Franzluebbers, A. J., Sanderlin, J.S., Reeves, J. H., et al. (2008). Relative impacts of landuse,management intensity and fertilization upon soilmicrobial community structure in agricultural systems. SoilBiology & Biochemistry, 40(11), 2843–2853.


Effort to Energy Saving Audit and Measurement in Da Nang

Yasutoshi SAGAMI

The 2 research Group, OSUMI Co.,Ltd

1. Introduction

In recent years, GDP of Socialist Republic of Vietnam (hereinafter “Vietnam”) has been growing at a rate of 6% to 7% per year, yet the energy consumption rate is growing at an even faster rate of over 10% per year. It is concerned that Vietnam will be forced to shift to an importing country from an energy exporter in near future.

The government of Vietnam has been implementing many activities in the energy efficiency and conservation sector such as the Vietnam National Energy Efficiency Program (VNEEP) from 2006 to 2015. Moreover, the government of Vietnam enforced “the Law on Economical and Efficient Use of Energy (No.50/2010/QH12)” in 2011 with the intention of management and promotion of consumption efficiency by designated enterprises through energy management system and energy audit system.

2. Title: Effort to Energy Saving Audit and Measurement in DaNanag

2.1 Subtitle: Outline of Energy Saving Audit with the Survey by OSUMI

Under the above condition, OSUMI Co., Ltd. implemented the "Project" under the ODA Overseas Economic Cooperation (JICA Project) from June 2015 to June 2017. There were following targes.

(Target 1) To select target private companies who consume large energy in Da Nang, and to implement energy saving monitoring audit.

(Target 2) To make a manual on energy saving management for Department of Industry and Trade (“DOIT”) mandate

(Target 3) To disseminate the proposedtechnology in Vietnam.

2.2 Result of Energy Saving Audit

(Result 1) During the project period, we implemented the energy saving monitoring to total of 20 companies;16 domestic local companies and 4 Japanese companies. (Result 2) We made the manual on energy saving management. It is expected for DOIT to be used for their mandate continuously. (Result 3) With cordial support from Danang side, The results and outputs of the project was promoted and disseminated more than we had expected.

2.3 Key Essence of Energy Saving

The key essence of the Energy Saving in DaNang is to consider about “the System of energy saving”

3. Conclusions

Recently, it is required in EIA predict amount of reduction of Carbon dioxide (CO2) as part of climate control. The method of energy saving audit is also an effective tool for implementing EIA.

References

- “Instructions on factory energy saving 2015-2016” Energy saving center (2012).


Discourse on resettlement and livelihood in advisory committee for JICA projects

Takehiko Murayama

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Keywords: ODA, Social impacts, JICA projects

1. Introduction

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has started an advisory committee on environmental and social consideration for the projects in 2004. In 2010, the guideline was revised in response to organizational change in 2008. From the beginning of the committee, the author have contributed as a chair, and we have some experiences on advices for specific projects. In this presentation, the outline of activities of the committee as well as our comments on resettlement and livelihood are summarized.

2. Content Analysis of comments on resettlement and livelihood

2.1 Advisory committee for JICA projects

Currently, the committee consists of 24 members who come from academia, research institutes, consultants as well as NGOs. We review the projects categorized in A (and B if necessary). In general, we have discussions with JICA members twice, the first stage of scoping period after implementation of initial environmental examination (IEE), and the second stage after draft final report has been completed.

2.2 Content analysis of comments

According to the analysis on our comments from July 2010 to January 2012, the most frequently advised points were living and livelihoods, and it was followed by explanation to the local stakeholders, resettlement, ecosystem and monitoring.

Comments on living and livelihoods include,

- to mitigate the impact related to division of local communities or change of the way of resources use by constructions of infrastructures such as roads and railways

- to design carefully projects to consider the poor and other socially vulnerable groups

- to incorporate into projects specific measures to ensure employment or restoration of livelihoods for the resettled residents.

The committee also make comments on resettlement including,

- to ensure that farmers, especially those not owing lands, and other vulnerable groups are also covered by compensation

- to give sufficient explanation of the resettlement process to project affected people such as residents, farmers, business owners.

- to define clearly the organization and operation on a grievance redress mechanism.

In addition, text mining method was applied for the committee’s comments related to recent 20 projects. The results suggest that the most important word is “livelihood”, which is connected to other related keywords such as resettlement, compensation and consensus. Other keywords groups include monitoring of impact, and mitigation measures based on consensus among stakeholders.

3. Conclusions

Comments of an advisory committee on resettlement and livelihood induced by JICA projects were analyzed. The results found that the most frequently advised point was “living and livelihoods”, and the relationship among several keywords was illustrated by text mining analysis.


Accidental Air Pollution Modelling and Risk Analysis in Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment

Jing Liu,Renzhi Liu

School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, China

Keywords: abrupt air pollution; atmospheric dispersion modeling; risk analysis; risk ranking; regional SEA

1. Introduction

Accidental pollution events occur relatively frequently worldwide. There has been hardly any analysis of acute air pollution risk at regional-scale, considering pathways that involve multiple hazards and multiple receptors.

We propose a Regional-scale Accidental Air Pollution Risk Analysis method to map acute airborne pollution risk and inform emergency responses, which is vital to the urban development plan and to the air pollution risk management during strategic environmental assessment.

2.Methodology and materials

2.1 Airborne hazard analysis

A ranking matrix, jointly determined by the quotient (Q) of stock quantity to threshold quantity of hazardous substances, and the management level (M) which is related to the production process and its risk control, is used to evaluate the airborne hazard due to releases from industrial enterprises;

2.2 Vulnerability analysis of receptors

Risk receptors that might potentially be exposed to an acute airborne pollution hazard can be categorized into three groups: human, ecosystem and agricultural economy receptors.

2.3 Exposure and effect analyses

Gaussian and heavy-gas models are incorporated to simulate the dispersion of neutrally buoyant and dense gases, respectively. An exposure filter is assigned ranks 0, 0.5, or 1 to indicate low, medium, or high exposure probability. The effect filter is evaluated according to the probability that airborne exposure to the receptor causes the effect to reach a given endpoint.

2.4 Ranking risks for sub-regions

The hazard ranking (H), vulnerability ranking (V), exposure filter (Ex), and effect filter (Ef) are multiplied together to calculate the relative risk score (RS) of airborne pollution accidents in a sub-region (township).

Case Study

Zhangjiakou City is situated in northwest Hebei Province of China and upwind of Beijing. The overall ranking air pollution risk map for the most urbanized districts and nearby counties are displayed in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Risk map for airborne pollution accidents

4. Conclusion

26 of 243 townships in Zhangjiakou were identified as being at risk, the majority located in Xuanhua, Qiaodong, and Qiaoxi districts. Chemical enterprises S1-S3 pose the greatest risk due to their higher inherent hazards. The present results provide useful information for decision making in the context of urban development planning, air pollution risk prevention, and incident preparedness strategies.


Linking methods of Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control and EIA

Lee Youngsoo, Lee Seunghyun

Korea Environment Institute, Korea

Keywords: EIA, IPPC, Linking methods

1. Introduction

In 2017, Ministry of Environment of Korea started IPPC(Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) for pollutants emitting facilities. Some facilities are also EIA target projects. EIA is conducted before IPPC. So, there is a problem about the effect of EIA. In order to solve this, we suggested several linking methods.

2. Contents

The contents of this research are comparison of EIA and IPPC, expecting problems of integration of EIA and IPPC, and linking methods.

The target project for this research is coal-fired power plant because target projects of 2017 IPPC implementation are coal-fired power plant and incinerator. And environmental area of concern is limited to air quality only.

3. Conclusions

3.1 Total Linking

We suggested 4 linking methods and analyzed advantages, demerits and administrative actions to implement each method. The 4 linking methods are as follows

1) Adoption of EIA results

2) Addition of IPPC results in EIA process

3) Partial addition of IPPC methodology in EIA

4) Qualitative analysis in EIA process

3.2 Partial linking

1) Consideration of EIA results in IPPC process

2) Adjustment of IPPC implementation time to EIA process time

3) Regard of Environmental Impact Statement as IPPC report

4) Addition of opinion of special organization for IPPC during ME’s administrative procedure

5) Review of special air pollutants which are not considered in EIA process

6) Recommendation of prior consultation of IPPC

References

Ministry of Environment of Korea (2016) Act on Integrated Management for Environmental Pollution Facilities

Ministry of Environment of Korea (2016) Revised Act on Environmental Impact Assessment

National Institute for Environmental Research (2016) BAT Reference for electricity and vapor producing facilities

Kim Hongguen (2016) “Environmental Law” 2nd edition

Lee Youngsoo et als. (2012) “Research on EIA system to prevent environmental conflicts”


Discussion of alternatives using principle component analysis

Tetsuya Kamijo


Keywords: Alternatives analysis, public involvement, principle component analysis

1. Introduction

The objective of this study is to show the effectiveness of principle component analysis (PCA) as a method of alternative analysis. PCA may be very useful for improving the discussion of alternatives and public involvement. The study applied PCA to six cases of alternatives analysis contained in previous studies. There were three cases each of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted summation (WS). PCA is a procedure for identifying a smaller number of uncorrelated variables, called principle components (PCs) from a large set of data without much loss of information and avoiding correlations between evaluation criteria. In most cases ten to twenty evaluation criteria are reduced down to less than three PCs. The number of PCs shows high and low correlations between evaluation criteria. One PC means very high correlations and two PCs mean relatively high correlation.

2. Problems of present alternatives analysis methods and the advantage of PCA

The number of alternatives (Alt) was 3 to 9 and the number of evaluation criteria (Crt) was 4 to 19. The number of PCs was 1 to 3. The cumulative contribution rate (CCR) was more than 0.90 (Table 1). When the number of alternatives and evaluation criteria was small, the correlation tended to be high. Setting as many alternatives and evaluation criteria as possible should be better way of avoiding high correlations. The alternatives selected by the previous study and selected using PCA were the same or different on a case-by-case basis. The present methods did not address the correlations between evaluation criteria. The ranking of alternatives could be changed after addressing the correlations (Geneletti 2005). In the cases of

three PCs, two or three alternatives were selected as being preferable because each one had a good score of first, second, or third PC.

3. Conclusions

PCA allowed for the reduction of multiple criteria to a small number of PCs, the display of the merits and demerits of the alternatives by stakeholders. PCA may be a simpler, easier, and more correct method than AHP and WS. A simple method of alternatives analysis has the potential to enhance the discussion of alternatives and then lead to improved public involvement. PCA may be one option of simple methods of alternatives analysis.

Table 1: Results of PCA to alternatives analysis

References

Kamijo, T, Huang G. (2016) Improving the quality of environmental impact assessment reports: effectiveness of alternatives analysis and public involvement in JICA supported projects. Impact Assess. Project Appraisal 34(2), 143-151.

Kamijo, T., Huang G. (2017) Enhancing the discussion of alternatives in EIA using principle component analysis leads to improved public involvement, Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 65, 63-74.


Hanoi Pilot Urban Railway line No.3 Project– Environmental Impact Management -A Good practice

Trinh Thi BichThuy

Environmental and Climate change consultant, Vietnam

Key words: environmental impacts, environmental management, impact analysis, mitigation measure, public consultation, green tree, vibration, noise, traffic congestion.

Hanoi Pilot Urban Railway line No.3 Nhon – Hanoi Railway Station Project is the first piloted project in developing the 12.4 km of Metroline for Mass Transit Model in urban area of Hanoi. Social-economic benefits will result from the project based on travel time, safety and business development in and around the stations. And negative impacts arise from construction and operation of the project have been comprehensively analysed inthe Environmental Impact Assessment, which successfully implementing through appropriate institutional arrangement, involvement of relevant stakeholders, public consultation and good reporting system, …

Main text:

The Hanoi Pilot Urban Railway line No.3 Nhon – Hanoi Railway Station project, so-called Metroline 3 project, comprises 12.4 km long section connect suburban to the urban areas of Hanoi.The evaluated section has a total length of 8.4km with 8 stations, whereas the underground section has a length of 3.5 km including 4 underground stations, plus a 500 m long transition section. The main objectives of project are aim to provide more environmental friendly transport mode for urban residents. The population, located in the western area of Ha Noi will, by using the metro, avoid traffic congestion and reduce traffic safety hazards, reduce health-related problems due to air pollution and dust, and save time and benefit from a good transportation alternative to go to Ha Noi Centre, reduce GHG emission from traffic vehicle.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was cleared in 2013 by Asian Development Bank (ADB), which included the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to address the negative impacts arisen from construction and operation of the project. And Contractor’s EMP (CEMP) of fourCivil work packages for detailing their mitigation action plans to address construction impacts specific to site conditions. EIA is required that

examines the detailed design of the project, assesses the impacts, develops comprehensive mitigation measures that can be applied through design options and utilize the environmental management and monitoring plan to meet environmental due diligence during construction activities to ameliorate impacts. A GOV EIA was prepared in 2006 and received approval from the the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) based on the Decree No 80/2006/ND-CP dated 9th August 2006.

The main construction activitiesare the piling and excavation for the track and building foundations and underground section creates vibrated into the ground and the quietest piling method have been applied. The lifting and placing of the precast pier and viaduct sections have been implemented at night to reduce traffic congestion. Management of huge volume of excavation, Ha Noi Metropolitan Rail Transport Project Board (MRB)provided two available disposal sites at Van Noi and Nguyen Khe communes in Dong Anhdistrict which can accommodate spoils from tunneling and other excavation works.The hydrogeology study identified three concerns for the tunneling work: the intrusion into the sand layer (top of the aquifer) below -18 m; uncontrolled release of drilling fluids in the area of the municipal groundwater wells and; subsidence of the tunnel in response to regional subsidence through the excessive removal of groundwater.Cultural and archaeological resources on the project are confined to the tunnel section of the project. The re-location of the Cat Linh Station (#10) to the east has avoided the two cultural sites in that area (Cat Linh Pagoda and the BichCau Temple); the Temple of Literature is still at risk even though the Van Mieu Station (#11) has been moved 100 m to the east. The west bound tunnel will pass under the sidewalk in front of the Temple. Moreover, green trees relocate and replacement plan have also been developed for 440 affected trees, with consulted with relevant agencies and opened for public comments and successfully implemented.


Although, construction works have been around 40% completed, however, the project have been assessed as good practical implementation of EMPsince located in the crowded urban streets, but it is noted in the meting minutes that the construction sites to be generally tidy and organized. Security personnel were assigned at the construction site, and the public was denied access to the area. The workers were using proper protective equipment and were provided with satisfactory facilities. Disposal sites for hazardous materials had been allocated and approved by the relevant authorities.A appropriate traffic management plan have been developed and implemented. Despite some noise generated by project vehicles on some nights, no major environmental issues were observe. The successfully implementing through appropriate institutional arrangement among relevant stakeholders such as MRB, project Implementation Consultant (PIC) – SYSTRA, Contractors:DAELIM; POSCO; VINACONEX, HANCORP, HUYNDAI; External Expert; Local authorities as MONRE,

DONRE, MOC, DOC, EVN, DOLISA, many social organization. An appropriate report system also set up through above stakeholder which included weekly, monthly, quarterly and semi-annually on Health and safety, environmental compliance, sampling programs, report from suppliers….An comprehensive pubic campaign has been also developed and implemented to promote understanding on projects and encourage the involvement of public into project activities…

In conclusion, the negative impacts arisen from construction project could be adequate controlled since requirements have been clearly stated during design stages to promote environmental friendly construction methods, internal environmental management and reporting system taken place importance roles for implementing mitigation measures, the involvements of local authorities and affected people will ensure for rapidly response for any crises and avoid the compliance which could be help to maximize the benefits of projects.


Methodology for Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment - Application for Integrated Impact Assessment on Water

Resources in the Mekong Delta

Phung Chi Sy

Environmental Technology Center (ENTEC), Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE), Vietnam

According to Clause 23, Article 3 of the Law on Environmental Protection 2014, environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the analysis and forecast of the environmental impact of a specific investment project in order to propose environmental protection measures during the project’s implementation.Therefore, environmental impact assessmentis used as an important tool for investment decision.However, it is shown that EIA toolis only reasonable for specific projects with moderate size, separate geographic location, which are not simultaneously implemented. When applying EIA tool for regional projects involving simultaneously implementedprojects, the EIA tool is not suitable and inefficient.

Facing with that situation, anintegrated environmental impact assessment tool is proposed due to its advantages, including :

- Assessed the integrated impacts of many investment projects in a large scale regional areas (e.g. a river basin);

- Assessed the cumulative impactsof investment projects in a certain spatial area and over a certain period of time;

- Assessed the environmental carrying capacity of the project area;

- Provided the scientific arguments for regional development planning, adjusting the planning, sectors and development scale;

- Providedthe scientific arguments for adjusting waste technical regulations, awarding discharge permits, and applying economic instruments (e.g.discharge quotas, trading discharge permits between enterprises in the area etc.);

- Assessed the external impacts, including climate change, acid rain, upstream hydropower dams, sea tides etc. on the regional projects.

The integrated environmental impact assessment tool is used to assess the integrated impacts of internal and external factors on water resources in the Mekong Delta.Internal factors impacting the water resources include urban, industry, agriculture, infrastructure development etc. External factors impacting the water resources include upstream hydropower dams, the East Sea and West Sea tides; climate change and sea level rise.Methods of field survey, environmental modelling and GIS map overlay were used in study on the integratedimpacts of the internal and external factors on water resources in the Mekong Delta.


Classification of Land Use Zoning Change Reasons in Strategic Environment Impact Assessment Reports: Focused on the Plan

Control Zone

Tae-ho Lee, Young-ho Cho and Min-ho Chang

National Institute of Ecology, Korea

Keywords: EIA, SEA, Plan Management Zone

1. Introduction

In South-Korea, land use zoning of Non-urban region consist of four major categories: Control, Rural, Nature preservation, and natural settlement area. The control area is divided into three sub-categories, preservation control, production control, and plan control zone. In particular, plan control zone has low restriction in developing the land and also due to the reason, the land price is apt to be increase. Thus, before the determination of the land use zoning, a comprehensive examination and assessment are demanded at the aspect of environmental influences.

In order to change land use zoning in non-urban region, municipality ought to submit a Strategic Environment Impact Assessment(SEIA) report to government agency, such as Ministry of Environment. After the agreement from the designated, land use zoning could be changed.

A SEIA report contains various information regarding the environment impact assessment, for making known the appropriateness of zoning change. However, because of not having concrete plan and design of land use types and buildings, it is difficult to predict future land use change and the influence from it. In addition, the reason why the land use zoning should be changed is not clear in SEIA reports and the SEIA report do not provide rational evidence for the change. Furthermore, according to the sites having different environmental and social condition, the reasons are various. This situation has caused difficulties and problems in making decision about agreement which is appropriate or not in comprehensive aspects.

This study has intend to classify the reasons for land use zoning change; the plan control zone in SEIA reports

2. Classification of Reasons for land use zoning change

2.1. Summary of Sites

For achieving the goal, we used five SEIA reports submitted by municipality, ‘Gwangyang’, ‘Goseong’, ‘Yangyang’, ‘Suncheon’ and ‘Namhae’city. Total 664 sites in five SEIA reports are planned for land use zoning change into planning management zone.

Table 1 shows current land use type, state of sites and number of sites and area in five SEIA reports.

Table 1 State of current zoning

Current Zoning Number of sites Area(m2) Area/Number

of site

Agricultural(A) 137 400,865 2,226

Conservation Management(CM)

145 7,149,708 49,308

Agricultural Management(AM)

364 8,832,644 24,265

Natural Green(NG)

1 18,738 18,738

Natural Conservation(NC)

17 1,499,552 88,208

Total 664 17,901,507 26,960

2.2 Classification results

The number of each reason according to the land use types are shown as below table 2. There are 66 reasons(A: 16, CM: 31, AM: 15, NG: 1, NC: 3)


Table 2 Summary of the Reason for changing land use zoning

Zoning Number

of reason Summary of the

Reason for changing land use

zoning

Agricultural(A)

16 Deregulation of Agriculture-

Promoted District

Residential Improvement

Location of Sub-urban Housing

Deregulation of Conservation

Mountain

Formalization of Land Shape

etc

Conservation Management(CM)

31 Easy to Development

Vitalization of Local Economic

Location of Factory and Warehouse

Public Development Plan

Development

etc

Agricultural Management(AM)

15 Development Areas

Public Development Plan

Location of Sub-urban Housing

Alternative site for immigrants

etc

Natural Green(NG) 1 Location of Factory and Warehouse

Natural Conservation(NC)

3 Readjustment of Nature Preservation

District Boundary

Total 66

The result of the summary in table 2 shows that they have similar reasons each other. Except for the duplication of reason, finally, the reason for land use zoning change into the plan control zone were classified 1) Deregulation of other regulation, 2) Developed facilities and regions, without illegality 3) Condition of development, 4) Land use zoning type near the site. Each category of classified reasons have sub-categories in detail.

3. Conclusions

The purpose of this study is to classify various change reasons of land use zoning change. Planning management zone can be used without plan due to low regulation level.

For the sustainable development in non-urban regions, the agreement about SEIR should be conducted with scientific and rational standard and principle. Although this study has several limitations, the number of cases, lack of quantitative analysis, results could be used as a first step of improving the process of SEIA agreement.

References

Gwangyang Local Government(2017), 2025 Gwanyang Urban Management Planning.

Goseong Local Government (2017), 2020 Goseong Urban Management Planning.

Yangyang Local Government (2016), 2020 Yangyang Urban Management Planning.

Suncheon Local Government (2017), 2025 Suncheon Urban Management Planning.

Namhae Local Government (2017), Namhae Urban Management Planning.


Evaluation of OHS Transparency for Sustainability Reports: Case of Korean Public Enterprises

Wan Cheon1, Jakon Koo2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Korea

2Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea

Keywords: Sustainability Report, Public Enterprise, EHS, GRI, OHS

1. Introduction

‘Sustainable strategy’ is a key tool companies can use to persuade stakeholders such as investors and customers. Sustainability reports provide a channel to report on the company’s environmental, social and economic impacts. Because of this, many companies are now integrating and managing the environment, safety and health. Examples include the Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) management system and the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18000 series. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the public disclosure transparency of sustainability reports by analyzing the public disclosure level of Korean public enterprises on the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) aspect of the GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) Guidelines.

2. Methods

A total of 39 sustainability reports were registered in the Business Institute for Sustainable Development (BISD) sustainability report database in 2016 (www.bisd.or.kr). Among them, Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water), Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation (KAFFTC), Korea Rural Community Corporation (KRCC), Korea Land & Housing Corporation (KLHC), and Korea East-West Power Corporation (KEWPC) have submitted sustainability reports. There are four indicators (LA5, LA6, LA7, and LA8) on the OHS aspect of the social category in GRI Guidelines. In this study, the contents of the sustainability report and the level of disclosure of OHS aspects were evaluated on a 5-point

Likert scale, compared, and analyzed by company.

3. Conclusion and Discussion

The results of the analysis were as follows: K-water · KEWPC (1.50) > KRCC · KLHC (1.25) > KAFFTC (1.00). The average of all companies was 1.30. In terms of OHS, K-Water and KEWPC were the best performers among the public enterprises, while KAFFTC was rated the lowest.

The OHS rankings were LA8 (1.80) > LA6 (1.40) > LA5 · LA7 (1.00). Indicator LA8, health and safety topics covered in formal agreements with trade unions, is reported to be 'vulnerable'. LA6, type and rates of injury, lost days, work-related fatalities, was rated at 1.40. LA5, an indicator of workers represented by management-worker health and safety committees, and LA7, an indicator of workers with high incidence or high risk of diseases related to their work, were both 1.00.

In conclusion, the transparency of OHS disclosure in sustainability reports from Korean public enterprises was 1.30, which is 'very weak'. Therefore, efforts to increase reporting transparency are needed, especially from those who are in charge of composing the reports.

Acknowledgement

This work is supported by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) as a Knowledge-based Environmental Service Human Resource Development Project.


Fitness Test of Automated Water Quality Monitoring System in Han river

Young Joon Lee, Hang-Soo Cho, Hye-Ran Noh, Soon-Ju Yu

Han-River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

1. Introduction

Automated water quality monitoring system has been installed and managed since 1995 in the four major rivers (Han river, Nakdong river, Geum river and Yeongsan river).

This system measures for various water pollutants(DO, etc) at each station and measured data send to early warning monitoring system in real time.

Over the two decades the automated water quality measurement instruments have been operating, and so some parts of these systems were replaced by new one. Also water sampling methods were changed. Therefore, it is time to conduct to goodness of fit tests of measurements and way of sampling.

2. Material and methods

Goodness of fit tests evaluated the measures from automated water quality measurement instruments which operated in Han river. There were assessed comparison between automated water quality data of 23 points and water quality monitoring data of their nearest points. Survey period was conducted in one year (2016. 1 ~ 2016. 12) and water quality items were water temperature, pH, EC, DO, Chl-a, TOC, T-N and T-P.

Figure 1: Sampling sites in the Han river basin

Statistical analysis was done by Trend analysis and then Fitness test was performed. Trend analysis was comparison of each of Automated water quality monitoring system and water quality monitoring data. Fitness test were performed by statistical analysis (Kolmogorov Smirov D, Shapiro Wilk W, Pearson’s Chi-squared statistic, t-test).

3. Result

Trend analysis showed higher tendency for the parameters like as water temperature, pH, EC, DO, TOC. The assessment of fit test showed that dissolved oxygen and total organic carbon were the highest.

Table 1: Comparison of Paired test results Automated vs. Water Quality Monitoring

System

References

Koop, G.(2003). Bayesian Econometrics, Chap 8. Introduction to Time series: State Space models, Wiley, U.K.

Marla, C., Maniquiz, Soyoung, Lee, Lee-Hyung, Kim(2010). Multiple Iinear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables, Journal of Environmental sciences, 22(6), pp. 946-952.


Policy Instrument Options for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Japan

Akihiro Nakamura, Kenichiro Yanagi and Eiji Komatsu

Center of Environmental Law, Meiji University, Japan

Key words: SEA, Carbon Capture and Storage, Climate Change Law &Policy

1. Introduction

This paper aims at addressing a number of policy instrument options for Carbon Capture and Storage [CCS], which could be applicable to the future legal framework in Japan. The potential options will be further studied. First, this study will briefly describe the background of CCS in Japan. The paper will then address which existing or potential instruments in Japan could be valuable to the future CCS deployment. Our study will consider the policy analysis. Lastly, this paper will conclude.

2. Policy Instrument Options for CCS in Japan

2.1. Background

The Japanese government submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015. Japan decided on the GHG reduction target of 26% by 2030 below 2013 level (MoFAoJ 2016). The government also targets an 80% reduction of GHG emissions by 2050 (Oshiro and Masui 2014). The Japanese government acknowledged CCS can potentially contribute to reducing 7.1 billiontonnes of CO2 by 2050, which will result in approximately 21% of potential contribution to reducing CO2(GoJ 2013). Thus, the future CCS deployment associated with an appropriate legislative framework will allow us to make potential benefits and meet Japan’s climate policy goals.

2.2. Instrument Options on CCS in Japan

Despite the fact that there are many existing discussions about best selection of policy instruments in general, to date there has been little discussion on CCS specifically due to lack of experience in the field of industry (ZERO 2013).In terms of the Japanese context, there are a number of existing and potential policy instrument options, which could be applicable to the Japanese CCS deployment policy. Our study proposes two major instrument groups, which are “Regulatory model for enterprises”and “Public works model for the relevant authorities”. In Table 1, the detail of instrument options is described.

Table 1: Proposed Instrument Framework for CCS in Japan

RA‐1 RA‐2 RA‐3 RB‐1 RB‐2 RB‐3 RB‐4 RB‐5 PA‐1 PA‐2 PB‐1 PB‐2

CCS mandatory

GHG (CO2) emission standard

Standards of Performance forGHG

Specified Hazardous Waste

Non Compliance Fee/carbon tax ‐ ○

Deposit

Subsidy ‐ ○ ○ ‐ ○ ○ ○ ‐ ○*only capture

‐ ○*only capture

Emissions Trading ‐ ‐ ○ ‐ ‐ ○ ‐

Long‐term debt guarantee

Feed in Tariff（*only electricity sector ）

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ○

‐

‐ ‐

‐

‐ ‐

【Comprehensive CCS legislation】・Conditions for storage permits.・Storage site exploration.・Authorisation of seperation/capture activities.・Authorisation of storage activities.・Authorisation for storage site closure.・Liability during the post‐closure period.・Transfer of responsibility.

【Law Concerning Special Measures for CCS】・ Obligation/register of seperation/captureactivities.・Thr other CCS activities are stipulated by theAct on Special Measures.

‐

‐‐

‐

○（※ Select whether to ins titutiona l i ze or not）

‐

‐

‐

CCS legal framework

○（※ Select whether to institutionalize or not）

○

○（regulated by either）

Regulatory Model （R)（based on IEA model）

Stroge by Discharging Enterprise

　　Policy Options

RegulatoryInstruments

EconomicInstruments

Public Work Model（P)

Stroge by Authorities

○

○

○

Model Scinarios

Source: Yanagi, K., E.Komatsu., A. Nakamura 2017

3.Conclusion

This paper has addressed a number of potential policy instrument options, which should be considered for the future introduction of commercial CCS deployment in Japan, despite the fact there is no legal framework for CCS available in the country. Thus, our project will further take responsibility to conduct comprehensive analyses for selecting the best instrument mixed approach for CCS.

References

GoJ(Government of Japan) (2013). “The Innovation Plan for Environmental Energy Technology” (in Sep 2013) available at: http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/sonota/kankyoene/keikaku.pdf

MoFAoJ (The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan) (2016). “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC): Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Target in FY2030”. 8th, September 2016. Available at: http://www.mofa.go.jp/ic/ch/page1we_000104.html

Oshio, L., and Masui, T (2014) Analysis of the long-term mitigation scenario in Japan considering uncertainty of the low-carbon energy technology availability, J.JSCE, Ser, E, environmental engineering, 10 (6): 207-215

ZERO (Zero Emissions Resource Organisation) 2013. Policy Instruments for Large-scale CCS. Norway.



Population dynamic of Archaeomysis vulgaris (Crustacea: Mysidacea) at sulfzone on the west coast of South Korea after the

Hebei spirit oil accident

Hyoungsum Han, Yangho Kim, and Kwanghyun Choi

Korea Environment Corporation, Korea

Keywords: Oil Accident,Population Dynamic, Mysidae, Biomass Offset, Hakampo

1. Introduction

In the last years, oil pollution accident of Hebei Spirit on nearby Malipo beach in november 2007 was largest oil pollution accident on the South Korea. In added, The oil pollution affected considerable damage at population of macro-planktons in the area. For these reasons, We wanted to understand about pattern of benthic ecosystem changes at the Hebei spirit oil accident (in Korea) through variations of population of Archaeomysis vulgaris.

2. Materials and methods

A. vulgaris were collected by self-made sledge net at surfzone on Hakampo in Taean on the day of the highest tidal range monthly from May 2009 to November 2011(Figure 1). We compared with results of population structure in Hakampo (experimental group) and Ggotji (control group).

Figure 1: Sampling sites of Archaeomysis vulgaris in surfzone

3. Results

We compared with results of population structure in Hakampo (experimental group: HAK) and Ggotji (control group: GGO). The mean density and monthly sex ratio of A.

vulgaris in GGO was higher than its in HAK. The recruitment rate and density of ovigerous female, juvenile, immature female and male in GGO were higher than its in HAK (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Comparison of population structure of Archaeomysis vulgaris on

surfzone in HAK and GGO

The growth of carapace length at juvenile, female and male of A. vulgaris was not difference between HAK and GGO, but period of development of the secondary sexual characters of juvenile in HAK was longer than its in GGO (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Comparison of carapace length of Archaeomysis vulgaris on surfzone in

HAK and GGO


Number of eggs in marsupium at same carapace length of A. vulgaris in GGO was more than its in HAK. The mean number of eggs of A. vulgaris in HAK has been slowly increasing (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Comparison of egg numbers and development stage in marsupium of

Archaeomysis vulgaris on surfzone in HAK and GGO

References

Mauchline J. (1973) The boods of British Mysidacea (Crustacea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom: No.53, pp.80-817.


Technology development of long-term environmental monitoring system and the safety standards of maritime activities to the

offshore wind farm

Jinsung SEO, Seonyoung Park, and Taeyun KIM


Keywords: Offshore Wind Farm, Marine Safety, Platform-based Monitoring, Fishery Resource Measurement

1. Introduction

A plan for the development of a large-scale offshore wind farm with a total capacity of 2.5 GW is in progress through three phases (proof phase, trial phase, and spread phase). Since the impact of the physical environment changes due to the development of the offshore wind farm on ocean ecosystems and Human Ocean activities is complex over a long period of time, data scaling and scientific analysis are needed through long-term monitoring of various influencing factors.

West Sea

KOREA

East Sea

Gusipo Port

Gomsoman

Wi-do

Anma-do

Figure 1: Study Area

2. Research Methods

The objectives of this study are to identify the physical, chemical, and biological impacts due to a large-scale offshore wind farm, and to establish a medium-and long-term marine environmental database by developing a modelling simulation method which is based on a large scale fundamental investigation on the marine environment, establishment of non-contact monitoring system with the ocean platform, and in-situ observation and verification. From this, we aims to provide a standardization method for ocean environmental monitoring and suitability analysis of environmental safety. In addition, it is expected to provide environmental impact assessment and ocean safety guidelines for

the establishment of offshore wind farms suitable for domestic waters by providing environmental information accumulated in long-term monitoring as a database and presenting environmental guidance and ocean safety.

Figure 2: Outline of BACI(Before Arter Control Impact) System

3. Conclusions

It is expected to provide environmental impact assessment and ocean safety guidelines for the establishment of offshore wind farms suitable for domestic waters by providing environmental information accumulated in long - term monitoring as a database and presenting environmental guidance and ocean safety.

References

Andrews, J.,“Technical guidance for assessment and mitigation of the hydroacoustic effects of pile driving on fish,”California Department of Transportation, 2009.

Global Wind Energy Council(GWEC). Global wind report-Annual market update 2015. GWEC, 2016.


The Environmental Impacts and Assessments of Brines from the Seawater Desalination Plants

Seonyoung Park, Jinsung Seo, Taeyun Kim


Keywords: Seawater Desalination, Brine, Environmental impact, Salt diffusion

1. Introduction

Seawater desalination is of global concern due to increasing demands on population and water. While it is reasonable for the countries adjacent to the ocean to desalinate their abundant seawater in terms of water resources, the concentrated water discharged through the desalination may cause the marine environmental problems in terms of environment.

Figure 1: Diagram for the desalination prosess (Dawound and Al Mulla, 2012)

2. Environmental impacts of brines

MSF (multi-stage flash), which has mainly been used in the past, is a method of producing fresh water by heating seawater. It yields concentrated water with high temperature and high salinity as a by-product, which have induced an environmental and ecological impact on nearby ocean areas. It has been reported that a high salinity plume advected to several kilometers away from the seawater desalination facilities, and widely affected on benthos, especially in regions where seawater exchange is low (Robert et al. 2010).

Researches on the behavior of the hot and cold wastewater discharged to the ocean and on the ocean environment have been carried out continuously, but there is very few research on the wastewater containing high concentration of salt. Most brine is directly

discharged to the ocean, but there is no specific regulation on controlling the discharges. Highly concentrated water discharged from the seawater desalination influences the inherent osmotic function of the organism, and is expected to have a particularly large impact on the permanent organism.

3. Conclusions

In order to examine the environmental problems induced by concentrated water discharged from the seawater desalination, this study aims to summarize the marine environmental issues caused by the operation of seawater desalination facilities and to establish the numerical model based on observation data from in-situ field investigation with verification. Based on the numerical model, we set up an appropriate scenario for the Korean (East Sea and West Sea) waters and suggest a method of discharging the concentrated water from the seawater desalination plant based on the scenario results.

References

Roberts, D. A., Johnston, E. L., Knott, N. A. (2010) Impacts of desalination plant discharges on the marine environment: A critical review of published studies, Water research, Vol.44, NO.18, pp 5117-5128.

Dawoud, M. A., Al Mulla, M. M. (2012) Environmental impacts of seawater desalination: Arabian Gulf case study, International Journal of Environment and Sustainability (IJES), Vol.1, NO.3, pp22-37.


Future Challenges in Geothermal Development in Japan

Ayumi HORI, Yuki SHIBATA

Toho University, Japan

Keywords: Geothermal, Energy Policy, Renewable Energy Development

1. Introduction

Although, Japan has high potential for geothermal energy, geothermal power (GP) development has stagnated for about two decades due to (1) the high development costs, (2) development regulation in the geothermic natural parks (large amount of geothermal resources exist underground of those parks) (3) the difficulties of consensus building with local stakeholders (GRSJ, 2011). However, additional progress of the GP developments are expected because of introduction of FIT (Feed-in Tariff) scheme. This paper aims to clarify the future challenges in GP development by reviewing the national policies and governmental efforts.

2. Results

(1) Energy Policies amendments

We grasped the current situation of GP development by Basic Energy Plan (2014). In this plan, the government stipulates energy saving and aggressively introduces renewable souses. Especially, the government characterize the geothermal power as the baseload source alter the nuclear power. For additional GP introduction, the government will address reductions of investment risks, improvements of the transmission grids and coexistences of GP with local stakeholders. Additionally, Ministry of Environment (MoE) is currently developing a long-term strategy about application for renewable sources which focuses on the offshore winds and the GP developments (Tokyo newspaper, 2017).

(2) Governmental efforts for GP development

MoE has deliberated the deregulations of development in the natural parks for the promotion of the GP development (Table 1). These two policies commonly refer the necessities of local agreements prior to the GP development.

Table1. Efforts of MoE for GP developments

Year Policy Contents

2015 Treatment about GP development in the natural parks

Abolishment of archtectural reguration. Permittion of boring dig the underground resources without special protected area.

2017 Guidelines of Protection for Hot-spring (Revision)

Protection measures for hot-spring, the importance of monitoring and consensus building by close coordination with local government.

Additionally, the EIAs for wind power and GP usually need 3-4 years, especially, GP developments need almost 10 years for the lead time (Soda, 2017). MoE is testing a new EIA process of IEE (Initial Environmental Examination) for expediting normal EIA and a new method for extraction of suitable locations for wind and GP development by local initiative.

3. Conclusions

These amendments and efforts are seemed to contribute to the solutions for problems of (1) high development costs, (2) land regulation in the natural parks. However, problems of (3) the difficulties of consensus building with local stakeholders would not be resolved enough. Therefore, future challenges for progressing the consensus building with local stakeholders will be needed.

References

GRSJ: The Geothermal Research Society of Japan (2011) Policy recommendation for promoting the utilization of geothermal energy.

Soda, Y. (2017) Efforts for the wind power generation and the EIA. JSIA 15th Public Seminar.

Tokyo Shinbun (2017) The first long-term strategy for renewable energy, rapid expansion of offshore wind and geothermal power by 2030.11th Apr. http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/-politics/list/201704/CK2017041102000131.html [4th June 2017]


Time series Changes and Future Prospects of Population-Greenspace distribution: Case Study of Tokyo Metropolitan Area,

1996 - 2016

Natsuki ITO1, Yuki SHIBATA1, Satoru SUGITA2, Kiichiro HAYASHI3 1Toho University, 2Chubu University, 3Nagoya University, Japan

Keyword:Urban greenspace, Ecosystem services, Depopulation, GIS analysis

1. Introduction Over the past half century, the population of Tokyo Metropolitan Area (TMA) has increased with reduction ofgreenspaces around the urban area(MLIT, 2006).Hashizume (1979) pointed that the rapid population growth has led to the definitive destruction of suburban green zones, including forests and farmlands around TMA.

The purpose of this study is to clarify how the development of Funabashi City (located in TMA Japan) has changed the greenspace since 1996 and to estimate long-term future changes of greenspace distribution for various population scenarios.Ito et al.(2017) analysed Population-Greenspace distribution in period of 1996-2011. But the time span of future estimation of the study was limited in 2025 due to the time range limitation of data source.This paper, we added the latest land use date of 2016 to the previous studyand estimate future prospects of 2035.

2. Methods In this study, we useed time-series geographic information system (GIS) analysis whereby land use and population distribution geographical digital data were collected and then statistically analysedbased on Ito et al. (2017). We counted all the land lots on a 100m square mesh, and calculated the surface ratio of greenspace in each mesh “GRi” and the population density of each mesh “PDi” at four time points (i: 1996, 2001, 2007, 2011 and 2016).Next,we classified all meshes into fivecategories based on distance from nearest station (i.e.0-0.5km, 0.5-1.0km, 1.0-1.5km, 1.5-2.0km and more than 2.0km).Then we applied a power function approximate formula:

y = a xb (yi: Ave. GRi, xi: Ave. PDi)

which givesus the estimation of GR2025 by using PD2025 calculated from 3 population-distribution scenarios for 2025.

This detail ofanalysis prosess is indicated in the privious paper (Ito,et al. 2017).

3. Results The results showsthat greenspaces within 2.0 km from the station were in a gradual decline in spite of population decrease. However, for results more than 2.0 km distant from the station, greenspaces of those areas have been increasing slightly against the population decrease. From these results, we can deduce that there is a fair chance for increase the greenspace around the suburban area in the population-decreasing area.

We will present the 20 years time series changes, future prospects in 2035, by integrating the latest date of 2016 to the result metioned above.

Acknowledgment This work is supported by the Collaboration Research Program of IDEAS, Chubu University IDEAS201731.

References MILT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,

Transport and Tourism (2006) “Current situation and problems of Greenland Policy”

HASHIZUME, N. (1979) “Open Land in Tokyo Metropolitan Area” Komazawa geography 15, 83-92.

Ito, N., Shibata, Y., Sugita, S., Hayashi, K., Ooba, M. (2017) “Time series Changes and Future Prospects of Green space and the Ecosystem Services― Case Study of Funabashi City in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan ―” IAIA17 proceedings paper.

IPSS: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (2013) “Japanese Regional demographic forecast Report”.


Consensus-based Sustainability Assessment for Geothermal Development

Yuki SHIBATA1, Mihoko KANASUGI1, Jouju UECHI2

１Toho University, 2 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Keywords: Sustainability Assessment, Geothermal Development, Consensus Building

1. Introduction

Japan has world’s-third geothermal resource potential (23-GW) behind US (39-GW), and Indonesia (27-GW) (Williams, C.F. et.al., 2008, Darma, S. et al., 2010). However, the Japanese electric capacity of installed geothermal power (537-MW) ranks 8th in the world lists behind US, Philippine, Indonesia, Mexico, Italy, New Zealand, Iceland. Geothermal power development in Japan has been started in the early 1970’s, and currently 17 large/medium scale geothermal power plants are in operation, but the total geothermal electric power generation is only 0.2% of the total electric power supply in this country (Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society , 2012).

As of 2014 though, 38 plans of new geothermal power plant developments have been formulated in many different areas. Many of those plans go into deadlock in almost all cases because of the negotiation with traditional hot spring spa (Onsen) businesses. In those cases, hot spring spa businesses strongly oppose to the new geothermal power developments due to fear of negative impacts on the hot spring resources such as hot spring depletion. This paper aims to clarify the social acceptances of Onsen businesses to the geothermal developments and propose consensus–based approach of sustainability assessment.

2. Overview of Survey

We conducted questionnaire based interview survey to all those Onsen facility owners in Oshima volcanic island located at 100km south of Tokyo. Interview items are consisted of 5 large question categories, understandings of geothermal related knowledge, attitudes toward geothermal development in the island, positive/negative images of geothermal power, concerns of geothermal development, expected benefit of geothermal development. In the process of this interview, we explained

some information about the geological mechanism of geothermal power, possible risks and the benefits.

3. Conclusions

As the result of the questionnaire based interview survey to all Onsen facility owners in Osima Island, we clarified their attitude toward the new geothermal development, impact concerns and benefit expectations. It seems reasonable to conclude that more than half of respondents do not have enough knowledge about geothermal mechanism, even though they use geothermal resources for their businesses. And positive changes of the attitudes toward the new geothermal development are observed at four respondents after the brief explanations on geothermal mechanism and risks-benefits information. Sustainability assessment for geothermal development needs to embrace the social acceptances and the local preferences.

References

SHIBATA, Y., KANASUGI, M. UECHI J. “Social Impacts from Geothermal Developments” International Association of Impact Assessment，Annual Conference 36（2016）

Williams, Colin F., Reed, Marshall J., Mariner, Robert H., De Angelo J., Galanis, S. Peter Jr. (2008) “Assessment of moderate- and high- temperature geothermal resources of the United States”.

Printed on August 7, 2017 and Published on August 7, 2017

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