Proceed i ngs

Second International Symposium on

Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse

Manufacturing

December 1 1 - 1 5 , 2001 Tokyo, Japan

Organized by

Union of EcoDesigners

In cooperation with

IEEE TCEE, USA CARE Electronics, Europe

SOCIETY

IEEE Los Alamitos, California

Washington Brussels Tokyo

Copyright 0 2001 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

All rights reserved

Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries may photocopy beyond the limits of US copyright law, for private use of patrons, those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided that the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.

Other copying, reprint, or republication requests should be addressed to: IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 133, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331.

The papers in this book comprise the proceedings of the meeting mentioned on the cover and title page. They reflect the authors' opinions and, in the interests of timely dissemination, are published as presented and without change. Their inclusion in this publication does not necessarily constitute endorsement by the editors, the IEEE Computer Society, or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

IEEE Computer Society Order Number PRO 1266

ISBN 0-7695-1267-4 (case) ISBN 0,7695- 1268-2 (microfiche)

Library of Congress Number 2001097056

ISBN 0-7695-1266-6

Additional copies may be ordered from:

IEEE Computer Society Customer Service Center

10662 Los Vaqueros Circle P.O. Box 3014

Los Alamitos, CA 90720-1314 Tel: + 1-714-821-8380

E-mail: cs.books@computer.org Fax: + 1-714-821-4641

IEEE Service Center 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331

Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 Tel: +, 1:732-981-0060

'Fax: + 1-732-981-9667 http://shop.ieee.orglstore/

customer-service@ieee.org

IEEE Computer Society AsidPacific Office

Watanabe Bldg., 1-4-2 Minami- Aoyama

Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0062 JAPAN

Tel: + 81-3-3408-3118 Fax: + 81-3-3408-3553

tokyo ofc @computer.org

S .

Editorial production by Francis Titsworth, Anne Jacobs, and Bob Werner Cover art production by J o e Daigle/Studio Productions

Printed in the United States of America by The Printing House

COMPUTER SOCIETY

Table of Contents

'

Second International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing

~

Closing Session 1

Foreword.. ................................................. .................................. .................................

Message from the Technical Committee Chair .......................................................................................... xxii

Conference Committees ............................................................................................................................. xxv

Conference Organization ....................................................................................................................... xxxvii

Opening Address

H. Yoshikawu

Plenary I

MIPS and Ecological Rucksacks in Designing the Future ..................................................................... 1 E Schmidt-Bleek

Duerview of Activities of the EC in the Field of Products and the Environment ................................... 9 M . Onidu

,I'Plenary 111

Desilgning 'Sustainable' ProductBervice Systems ............................................................................... 12 J. Ehrenfeld

V

I Session A: Environmental Conscious Product Design I

I Session Al-1: EcoDesign Strategies I System Boundaries and Functional Priorities in Different Life Phases in the Context of Eco-Design .................................................................................................... 24

U. Forsberg and J. Lagerstedt

J. Hesselbach and C. Herrmann Combined Strategies for Recycling - Product and Process Oriented Benchmarking ........................ 3 1

Uncertainty in Technological Evolution ............................................................................................... 37 Planning for Product Take-Back and Component Life under

H. Fujimoto and A. Ahmed

C. Luttropp and R. Karlsson

E Quella

7: Ohashi and Y Matsumoto

The Conflict of Contradictory Environmental Targets ......................................................................... 43

Environmentally Compatible Product Design - The Business Strategy of Siemens .......................... 49

Subjects in and Approaches for Life Cycle Design .............................................................................. 54

I Session A1-2: EcoDesign Case Studies (1)

Confronting Product Life Thinking with Product Life Cycle Analysis ........ .......................... 60 7: McAloone

D. Yamanouchi Reducing Environmental Problems Caused by Domestic Water Consumption ................................... 65

Design for Environment .......... .................................................................................... 71

On the Way to Green Mobile Products ................................................................................................. 77

Ecological Design for the Usage Phase: An Interdisciplinary Approach to

C. Oberender; 0. Weger; H. Birkhofer; and J. Sauer

J. Miiller; H. Griese, and H. Reichl

ISession A1-3: EcoDesign Case Studies (2)

Ecodesign Demonstration Project (LIFE) - Examples of Ecodesign in Belgian Industry ................. 82 A. Vercalsteren and B. Jansen

/Session A2-1: Modular Design I Design for Upgradable Products Considering Future Uncertainty ....................................................... 87

Design of Product Modularity for Life Cycle Management ................................................................. 93 I: Umemori, S. Kondoh, I: Umeda, Y. Shimomura, and M . Yoshioka

7: Hata, S. Kato, and E Kimura

ISession A2-2: Industrial Design

Sustainability and Scenario Building: Scenarios of Sustainable Wellbeing and Sustainable Solutions Development (Keynote) ....................................................................................................... 97

E. Manzini

vi

Producing Eco-Value for a Recycling-Based Society by Industrial Design ....................................... 103 E Masuda

Session A2-3: EcoDesign Case Studies (3)

Recyclability of Flame Retardant Plastics .......................................................................................... 107

A Study on the Marketability of Environmentally Friendly Products Made of Long Life Materials ............................................................................................................................ 116

R. Dawson, M . Hardy, S. hndry , and H . Yamada

P Tsai and S. Nagasawn

I? Tsai, S. Kawae, and S. Nagasawa A Study on the Marketability of the Next Generation Community Vehicle (NCV21) ....................... 122

Session A2-4: EcoDesign Case Studies (4)

The Influence of Copper Smelter Requirements on Design Rules for Electronics ............................ 128

Application of Ecodesign in Nonferrous Metal Industry in China ..................................................... 132 G Malhammar and C. Berglund

G Xueyi, 2. Chuanjr, and R. Yamamoto

kession A3-1: Life Cvcle Design I Proposal for Spiral Design Approach ................................................................................................. 137

Toward a Life Cycle Design Guideline for Inverse Manufacturing ................................................... 143 K. Yamazaki

K Umeda

Session A3-2: EcoDesign Processes

Pros and Cons of Adjusting and Extending Functionality of First Generation End-of-Life Evaluation Tools in Relation to User Requirements ....................................................... 149

Life Cycle Process Knowledge -Application during Product Design ............................................. 155

System-Based Product Design and System Structure Changeover under Integrated Optimality: A Case Study on Leading Design of Vehicles ................................................................. 162

M. Korse-Noordhoek, C. Boks, and A. Stevels

0. Faneye and R. Anderl

K. Fujita and S. Shiba

~

Session A3-3: EcoDesign Methods

Development of Product Green Innovation Design Method .............................................................. 168 C. Liu and J. Chen

S. Ritzkn and M . Lindahl

U. Lindernann, 7: Hessling, f? Hutterel; and M . Mort1

J. Diehl, G Soumitri, and A. Mestre

H. Luiten, M. Knot, and 7: van der Horst

Selection and Implementation - Key Activities to Successful Use of EcoDesign Tools .................. 174

Applicable Methods for Sustainable Development for Small and Middle-Size Companies .............. 180

Ecodesign Methodology Development within the Indian European Ecodesign Program .................. 184

Sustainable Product-Service-Systems: The Kathalys Method ............................................................ 190

vii

Session A3-4: Design for X (1)

Development of an Environment Friendly, Energy-Efficient Copier ................................................. 198

Study of the Degrees of Freedom Equations in the Compliant Mechanism Design ........................... 202 K. Karasawa, H, Murayama, E Katoh, M. Ohtani, K. Kanetani, and 7: Satoh

B. Rodriguez

ISession A3-5: EcoDesign Case Studies (5) I Design and Application of Air Power Meter in Compressed Air Systems ......................................... 208

Pb-Free Plating for PeripheraVLeadframe Packages .......................................................................... 2 13 M. Cui and 7: Kagawa

E Nakadaira, 7: Matsuura, M. Tsuriya, N. Vo, R. Kangas, J . Conrad, B. Sundram, K. Lee, and S. Arunasalam

E. Palm, F: H e d h , and A. Zanma Solar Powered Mobile Telephony ................................................................................... .: ................. .2 19

Session A3-6: Integration of EcoDesign and CAD

The Development of a CAD Integrated DFE Workbench Software Tool ........................................... 223

The DFE Workbench Software Tool Case Study ....................................................... ; ........................ 227

3D Environment-Conscious Design System ...................................................................................... 23 1

7: Roche, E. Man, and J. Browne

7: Roche, E. Man, C. Chira, and J. Browne

I! Arita, K. Ujiie, A. Sakai, 7: Matsumura, and H. Yumumoto

(Session A3-7: Information Sharing for EcoDesign (1) I Eco-KIT: Webbased Ecodesign Toolbox for SMEs ........................................

ECODESIGN Online: The New Internet Tool for Environmentally Conscious Product Design ....... 240

............ 234 B. Jansen and A. Vercalsteren

W Wirnmer

K. Mueller and E Kimura

H. Otto, K. Muellel; and E Kimura

Efficient LCI Data Exchange for Approximate LCA in Industry ....................................................... 244

A Framework for Structured Data Retrieval in LCA Using Feature Technology ............................... 250

~~ ~

(Session A3-8: Information Sharing for EcoDesign (2)

The Information System: An Advisory Tool or How to Select the ‘Right’ Support for DFE ............................................................................. .................. 256

M. Ernzel; 0. Wegel; and H. Birkhofer Integration of Waste-Specific Expert-Knowledge in a Design Environment for Sustainable Products ............................

Developing Java-Based Web Application to Support Effective

................................................. 262 M. Hora, J . Jagel; and B. Wolf

Recycling and Material Circulation .................................................................................................... 268 S. Song -

viii

kession A4-1: Desien for X (2) I Life Design for Remanufacturing Durable Products .......................................................................... 275

Development of Recovery Indicators to Be Used during Product Design Process: Method, Potentialities, and Limits ...................................................................................................... 281

Treatment of Reliability for Reuse and Remanufacture ..................................................................... 287

EcoDesign for Product Variety: A Multi-Objective Optimization Framework ................................... 293

S. Okumura, T. Morikuni, and N. Okino

E Mathieux, D. Froelich, and l? Moszkowicz

7: Murayama and L. H. Shu

S. Yu, S. Kato, and E Kimura

ISession A4-2: Tools for DfX I Lik-Cycle Design System for Machined Parts-Linkage of LCI Data to CAD/CAM Data ............. 299

S. Nawata and T. Aoyama

N. Oyasato, H. Kobayashi, K. Haruki

H. Kang, J. Jung, and C. Herrmann

I: Hiroshige, T. Nishi, and 7: Ohashi

Development of Recyclability Evaluation Tool ...................... ..................................................... 303

Recycling Oriented Design-A Case Study on House Appliances Using the Software ATROiD ..... 309

..... 315 .Recyclability Evaluation Method (REM) and Its Applications ................................

,Approximate Life Cycle Assessment of Classified Products Using Artificial Neural Network and Statistical Analysis in Conceptual Product Design ........................................... 32 1

DE,,Tools -A Way for Application of LCA in Product Design? ..................................................... 327 J. Park, K. Seo, and D. Wallace

M. Betz, H. Florin, and H. Schoch

: Session A4-3: LCA Case Studies

;Life Cycle Assessment of Third Generation (3G) Wireless Telecommunication Systems at Ericsson ...... ........................................ ................................................................ 328

J. Malmodin, L. O h , and P Bergmark

C. Herrmann, M. Betz, and N. Warburg

I: Kimura, S. Kato, N. Maruyama, I: Sadamichi, A. Widiyanto, and I: Joukaku

Generic LCA Based DfE -A Case Study of Different PWB Systems ............................................. 335

$Ecological Improvement of the Vending Machine Using LCA Method ............................................. 341

LCA of Machine Tools with Regard to Their Secondary Effects on Quality of Machined Parts .................................................................................................................. 347

J. Akbari, K. Oyamada, and I: Saito

JSession A4-4: Design for Disassembly I rpmduct’s Disassemblability Evaluation Using Information Entropy ................................................. 353

Design of Heat-Activated Reversible Integral Attachments for Product-Embedded Disassembly ....................................................................................................... .360

A Design for Recycling Technique for Optimizing Resource Circulation Characteristics of Products ................................................................................................................. 366

H. Fujimoto, A. Ahmed, and K. Sugi

I: Li, K. Saitou, N. Kikuchi, S. Skerlos, and l? Papalambros

l! Kondo, K. Hirai, and E Obata

ix

Development of Disassembly Support System for Mechanical Parts and Its Application to Design Considering Reuse/Recycle ............................................................................ 372

Design for Re-Use and Disassembly .................................................................................................. 378 H. Wukamutsu, A. Tsumaya, K. Shirase, and E. Arai

M. Hoffmunn, B. Kopacek, F! Kopacek, and R. Knoth

I Session B: Process Technologies and Elemental Technologies ~ I

/Session Bl-1: Eco-Materials (1) I Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Polyarylate with 9, 1 O-Dihydrophenanthrene-2, 7-Dicarbonylate Moiety. .............. ................................................................

l! Kubota, I: Sugi, A. Takeno, M. Miwa, Y Ishigure, K. Yamauchi, and M. Environmental Benchmark Analysis of Electr(on)ic Products with Components Consisting of Renewable Raw Materials ....................................................................... 388

Method for Interconnected Development and Selection of Materials, Exemplified on the Basis of Biodegradable Plastics Made Up of Renewable Resources .................. 392

Newly Developed Chromium-Free Organic-Inorganic Composite Coated Steel Sheet with Excellent Corrosion Resistance ........................................................................................ 397

H. Maas and M. Flake

H. Kiihnle and G Wagenhaus

7: Kubota, N . Yoshimi, S. Ando, A. Matsuzaki, M. Yamushita, and M. Sagiyumu

\Session B1-2: Eco-Materials (2) - 1 A High Reliability Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Dielectric for Build-up PWBs .......................... 407

Feasibility Study for Recycling of JVC Compact Discs for Use in the K Yonedu, D. Mizutuni, N. Cooruy, and K. Motoyoshi

Manufacturing of Motorola Plastic Housings ..................................................................................... 41 3

Hydrothermal Solidification of Inorganic Waste Materials .................. ....................... 418 M. Stutz, D. Schnecke, 7: Takahashi, N. Kawai, and K. Tsujita

M. Oida, H. Maenami, H. Shin, H. Kuno, and H. Ishidu Development and Application of New Type Plate Material NPPS with Burrs for Electric Vehicle Battery Use ............................................................................................... 422

X. Kuihua, G Xueyi, and R. Yumumoto

/Session B3-1: Long Fatigue Life (Giga-cycle) of Materials (1) I Cyclic Damage of Some High Strength Alloys Showing Subsurface Crack Generation in High-Cycle Fatigue ...................................................................................................... 426

Characteristic S-N Property of High Strength Steels in Ultra-Wide Life Regime under Rotating Bending ................................................................................................................................ 432

Expansion of the Database MSDRD and Analyses of S-N Fatigue Test Data in Ultra-Long Life Regime ............................

0. Umezawu

7: Sakai, N. Tunaka, M. Takedu, M. Kanemitsu, N. Oguma

....................................................................... 438 7: Sakai, 7: Shintani, K. Okada, S. Eukui, 7: Sogawa, and N. Oguma

X

Session B3-2: Long Fatigue Life (Giga-cycle) of Materials (2)

Effects of Shot-Peening Treatment on Very Long Life Fatigue Property in Ductile Cast Irons ............................................................................................................................... 444

Y Ochi, 7: Hosoya, K. Masaki, 7: Matsumura, and 7: Sekino

Session B4-1: Maintenance 1 A Framework for Web-Enabled E-Maintenance Systems .................................................................. 450

J . Lee

A. Yamada and S. Takata Life Cycle Management of Industrial Robots Based on Deterioration Evaluation ............................ 460

Decision-Making Method of Optimum Inspection Interval for Plant Maintenance by Genetic Algorithms ......................................................................................... 466

M. Yamamoto, R. Zaiel; l? Chen, and 7: Toyota

/Session B4-2: Cleaner Processes and Energy-Saving Processes I Development of Drying Technology Utilizing Solar Energy to Dry Agricultural and Marine Products ............................................................................................... 470

On Process Planning with Multiple Agents: Environmentally Conscious Decisions among Feasible Process Plans ........................................................................................... 471

100% Ozone-Treatment System for Bath and Swimming Pool Water - CERAZONE .................... 477

H. Aoki

B. Allen

R. Terao, K. Mori, and M . Matsui

[ Session C: Inverse Process Technologies and Elemental Technologies

I Session Cl-1: Reuse and Recycling - Strategies and Technologies (1) I Recent Trends and Benefits of Remanufacturing: From Closed Loop Businesses to Synergetic Networks .................................................................................................... 481

Experiences with the Take-Back of White and Brown Goods in the Netherlands ............................. 489 R. Steinhilper

A. Stevels Recycling Model in Developing Countries: An Illustration for Malaysia .......................................... 494

M. Hassan, 7: Chong, M. Rahman, and M. Awang

ISession Cl-2: Reuse and Recycling - Strategies and Technologies (2)

Ricoh’s Global Deployment of Recycling .......................................................................................... 499 M. Nakagawa

H. lshida FXOS Recycled Pulp Promotion Program ......................................................................................... 503

Recycling-Oriented Production and Assessment of Fuji Film One Time Use Camera “Quick Snap” ......................................................................................................................... 507

S. Ichino

xi

(Session C2-1: Inverse Process System Design (1) , I Car Recycling and Producer Responsibility in Sweden (Invited Paper) .......................................... 5 1 1

Configuration of Recycling Networks for Enhanced W E E Recycling ............................................ 5 16

Maturing Markets for Recycled Plastics from WEEE: An Elaboration on the Consequences for the Evaluation of Future End-of-Life Scenarios ................................................... 520

N. Hernborg

J. Hesselbach, M. Ohlendod and C. Herrmann

C. Boks and A. Stevels

Session C2-2: Inverse Process System Design (2)

Study of Inverse Supply Chain ( 1 ) - Survey of Actual Inverse Supply Chain in Japan ................... 527

Study of Inverse Supply Chain (3) - Study of Promotion Issues on Inverse Supply Chain ............. 533 S. Endoh, S. Hoshino, H. Fujiwara, K. Haruki, Y Itoi, Y Wada, and M . Inoko

S. Shibata, H. Terui, S. Endo, S. Hoshino, H, Fujiwara, K. Haruki, and M. Inoko

(Session C3-1: Reuse and Recycling - Strategies and Technologies (3) I An Economical and Technical Analysis of a Household Appliance Remanufacturing Process ........................................................................................

LCI Analysis for Treatment Processes of Disposed Office Appliances .............................................. 542

Development of Recyclable Eco-Packaging ....................................................................................... 546

E. Sundin

M. Yukumoto, M. Murakami, and Y Umeda

I. Tanaka, E. Tarnura, 1. Seki, S. Ishihara, S. Ishikawa, J. Matsurnoto, and 7: Arai

Session C3-2: Reuse and Recycling - Strategies and Technologies (4)

Recycle of Cut Waste of Glass Fabric Coated by Polyvinyl Chloride ................................................ 55 1

Compression Molding of Biodegradable Board Using Waste of Bedding Cotton ............................. 553

Intelligent Disassembly of Electr(on)ic Equipment ............................................................................ 557

I 7: Takahashi and 7: Kimura

IT: Kinzura, Y. Naito, and S. Hatta

R. Knoth, M. Hoffmann, B. Kopacek, and I? Kopacek

Session C3-3: Reuse and Recycling - Strategies and Technologies (5)

Electrostatic Separation Technology for Waste Plastics -Development of a High-Purity Type Separator for Plastics ...........

H. Daiku, 7: Inoue, M. Tsukahara, H. Mae Challenges to Achieving Sustainabl

................................................. 562

eous Systems: A Case Study in Metalworking Fluids ....................... ............................................................................................ 566

S. Skerlos, I? Adriaens, K. Hayes, A . Rihana, K. Kurabayashi, S. Takayama, J. Zimmerman, and E Zhao

Environmentally-Friendly Treatment and Recycling of Industrial Wastes in the Nippon Mining & Metals Group ........................................................................................................ 572

I: Kawasaki and 7: Okura

M. Nishimura, M. Kiyohara, and K. Sugiyama Recycling of Wastewater Generated from Semiconductor Processing Factories ............................... 578

xii

Session D: Business Strategies

I Session D3-1: Environmental Conscious Market and Corporate Strategies I Sufficiency Strategies for a Sustainable and Competitive Economy: Reversed and Inversed Incentives ...................................................................................................... 583

Green Marketing of Consumer Electronics I1 ..................................................................................... 590

An Application of the Market Microstructure Theory to Markets for Recyclable Products ........................................................................................................................... 595

Consideration of the Definition of Zero State on a Scale of Positive & Negative Evaluation ........................................................................................................................... 601

W Stahel

A. Stevels, R. Agema, and E. Hoedemaker

K. Iyori, I . Hatono, S. Oda, and K. Ueda

K. Masuda

I Session D3-2: Servicification for Dematerialization I From EcoDesign of Products to Sustainable Systems Design: Delft’s Experiences (Keynote) ....................................................................................................................... 605

Service Engineering to Intensify Service Contents in Product Life Cycles ....................................... 61 3

Functional Sales as a Further Approach to Environmental Product Development-A Case Study ............................................................................................................. 619

H. Brezet, J. Diehl, and S. Silvester

7: Tomiyama

G Olundh and S. Ritzgn

Session E: Sustainable Social Systems

\Session E3-1 :Environmental Education I The Instructional Models and Guidelines for Developing a Curriculum in Eco-Design .................... 625

Ricoh Programs for Contributing to Betterment of the Environment and Society ............................. 63 1

Integrating Environmental Considerations into Modern Engineering Education .............................. .635

Internet Based Ecodesign Education .................................................................................................. 642

C. Chen

M. Kawahara

G Seligel; M. Meyel; S. Schumann, and M. Eggenstein

J. Diehl The Development of the Ecodesign Course for Industrial Design Students and Professionals in India .......................................................................................................................... 648

G Soumitri and J. Diehl

Session E3-2: Environmental Accounting

Environmental Accounting at Ricoh ................................................................................................... 654 H. Hatano and H. Uramoto

xiii

Environmental Accounting in Product Design ................................................................................... 658 H. Tomita

Session E4-1: Social System Design (1) I Indirect Control Methods for Navigating the Agent-Based Recycle Society ..................................... 662

From a Factory to a Person: One Approach for Sustainable and Service-Oriented Manufacturing Scheme ....................................................................................................................... 666

T. Shiose, K. Yokoyama, and T. Taura

M. Onosato, N. Suppen, K. Teramoto, and K. Iwata

ISession E4-2: Social System Design (2) I Integrated Product Policy (IPP), Eco-Design and Supply Chains (Keynote) .................................... 672

Design and Evaluation of the Recycle of Home Appliances: An Application of Market Microstructure Theory ........................................................................................................... .678

M. Charter

K. Ueda, N. Nishino, A. Iwasaki, S. Oda, and I. Hatono

M. Nagano Demonstration of a Nature Symbiotic Office Designed for 100 Years Use ..................... : ................. 684

Session E4-3: Labelling and Logistics

Trial of Product Environmental Information System-Canon Case (Type I11 Eco-Label, JEMAI Program Ver. 2) .................................................................................................... 690

Re-Use of End-of-Life Electronic Equipment and Components-Logistic Aspects .......................... 692

Inverse Distribution System of Construction for Closed-Loop Construction System ........................ 696

K. Matsumoto, N, Mochizuki, K. Naganuma, and M. Oono

R. Knoth, M. Hoffmann, B. Kopacek, and F! Kopacek

H. Nakamura and J. Shiino

Session F: Environmentally Conscious Management

SessionFl: Supply Chain Management

Environmental-Economic Supply Chain Management of Suppliers, Contract Manufacturers and Recyclers; More than Requirements for Environmentally Hazardous Substances and Environmental Management Systems ..................................................... 702

Production Planning in RemanufacturingLvIanufacturing Production System .................................. .708

Environmental Supply Chain Management in the Electronics Industry ............................................. 714

Consumer Incentive toward Construction of Supply Chain for Inverse Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................... 72 1

M. Nagel

A. Kasmara, M. Muraki, S. Matsuoka, Sukoyo, and K. Suryadi

G . Adams, D. Hollien, M. Loch, S. Scheifers, and M. Stutz

K. Masiii, J. Fujimoto, T. Ito, E. Sato, I! Hayakawa, M. Matsunaga, M. Mikoda, and T. Yuda

Approach of Substance Flow Oriented Closed Loop Supply Chain Management in the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Industry .................................................... 725

J. Hesselbach, C, Herrmann, M. Ohlendod and R. Graf

xiv

Design and Integration of Intelligent Agents to Implement Sustainable Production Systems ............................................................................................................................ 729

D. Diep, I? Massotre, J. Reaidy, and I: J. Liu

Session F2: Management System (1)

Ricoh’s Environmental Impact Information System Achieves Eco-Balance ..................................... 735

Eco Product Lifecycle Management ................................................................................................... 739

Eco-Efficiency and Target Costing for Making Eco-Design More Effective: Integrating Life Cycle Assessment & Life Cycle Cost Management ................................................................... 745

Becoming a Zero Waste to Landfill Facility in the USA .................................................................... 760

Cost Benefit Analysis for Implementation of Environmental Management Systems ........................ 766

Eco-Management in Singapore-From Pollution Control to Resource Management ....................... 769

K. Ohno and Y Noritake

A. Moeller and A. Rolf

K. Feiierherd, M. Nakajima, and H. Okuno

E Pierre

G Paramasevam, M. Hussan, and N. Mohamed

W Loh, S. Ong, and W Yam

Session F3-1: LCA (1) I A Simple Life Cycle Assessment Method for Green Product Conceptual Design ............................. 775

Eco-Balance in Business Activities .................................................................................................... 78 1

Environmental Impact Assessment for Various Information Technology

J. Chen and C. Liaii

H. Abe

Systems and Classification by Their Environmental Aspects ............................................................. 785 S. Miyanioto, H. Harada, and J, Fujimoto

A Study on Comparison of Life Cycle Energy Consumption and COz Emission in Grains Production-Transportation in Japan and Heilongjiang Province of China .......... .......................................................................................... 791

J. Chen and H. Kobayashi

I Session F3-2: LCA (2) I Development of Hybrid Micro Machine Tool .................................................................................... 797

7: Kiirita, S. Watunabe, and M . Hattori

B. Huy and N. Van

E. Hiruo and S. Miyanioto

Industrial Ecology-Theory and Environmental Strategy in Vietnam ............................................... 803

Development of a Risk Evaluating Method for Product Disposal in Landfills .................................. 808

Waste Input-Output Analysis of Disposal, Recycling, and Extended Life of Electric Home Appliances ................................................................................................................................ 814

S. Nakamura and Y. Kondo

K. Nagata, M . Aizawu, K. Asaoku, and C. Usami

N. Itsubo and A. lnaba

The Development of the Environmental Efficiency Potential Assessment Method ................

Development of Endpoint-Type Methodology of LCIA in Japan . ................................................ 826

xv

I Session: Special Theme I

Session STl-2: Factor 10

Reduction and Elimination of Watch Batteries ................................................................................... 832

Efforts to Improve the Eco-Efficiency for Products of Mitsubishi Electric Corporation - Factor X by Using MET Indicators ........................................................................... 836

I: Hirashima

K. Ueno, 7: Takahashi, 7: Oyania, K. Shimamura, 7: Matsumoto, and I: Hasebe

Session ST2-4-1: Promotion of DFE (1)

Creating Business Value by Linking Industrial Ecology with Business Strategy and Product Design (Keynote) ............................................................................. 842

An Outline of Activities by the Committee of Desgin for Environment (DfE), P. Eagan, M. Finster, and D. Hussey

Japan, 1994-2001 ................................... ............................................................................ 848 S. Omi, M . Morimoto, and S. Suda

Quality Function Deployment for Environment: QFDE (1 st Report) - A Methodology in Early Stage of D E ..................................................................... .852

K. Masui, 7: Sakao, and A. tnaba

Session ST2-4-2: Promotion of DFE (2)

Quality Function Deployment for Environment: QFDE (2nd Report) - Verifying the Applicability by Two Case Studies ............................................................................... 858

Environmental Effect Analysis-How Does the Method Stand in Relation to Lessons Learned from the Use of Other Design for Environment Methods .................................................... 864

7: Sakao, K. Masui, M . Kobayashi, S. Aizawa, and A. tnaba

M . Lindahl

Session ST4-1-1: Industrial Ecology and EcoDesign (1) (Invited Lectures)

Industrial Ecology: An Important Work-in-Progress ......................................................................... ,870

Environmentally-Benign Manufacturing as a Systems Science ......................................................... 876

Material Flow Accounting as a Tool for Industrial Ecology ............................................................... SS0

J. Ehrenfeld

7: Graedel

Y. Moriguchi

Session ST4-1-2: Industrial Ecology and EcoDesign (2) (Invited Lectures)

Industrial Ecology in Off-Site Building Component Industry: Case Study on Bathroom Units Sectors ...................................................................................................................... 886

“Life Cycle Value Index” for Industry Ecology in Housing ............................................................... 892 S. Yang, T Yashiro, and K. Nishimoto

7: Yashiro and 7: Murata

xvi

Session ST4-2-1: Industrial Ecology and EcoDesign (3) (Invited Lectures)

Journey to a Sustainable World .......................................................................................................... 895

Global Responsibility: Sustainable Development in Information and B. Pfahl

Communication Technology .............................................................................................................. ,900 H. Griese, J. Mueller, H. Reichl, and L. Stobbe

A. Stevels Application of EcoDesign: Ten Years of Dynamic Development ...................................................... 905

Session ST4-2-2: Industrial Ecology and EcoDesign (4) (Invited Lectures)

The Greening of Industry --Term of the Past or for the Future? ................................................... 916

The Benefits of EcoDesign and the Risk of Rebound Effects ............................................................ 921 J. Ertel

7: Schauer

Session ST5-4: Recycling of Individual Products (Current and Future)

Towards Inverse Production Life Cycle Design: A Simulation Tool Linking Mass Products Recycling to Environmental Legislation and Market .......................................................... 924

The QWERTY Concept, A Powerful Concept for Evaluating the Environmental Consequences of End-of-Life Processing of Consumer Electronic Products ..................................... 929

Some Obervations on Recycling of Electrical Home Appliances Activities in Taiwan ..................... 935

Waste Utilization by Melting and Crystallization Technology ........................................................... 939

E Jovane, R. Bosani, L. Castelli, and E Salsa

J. Huisrnan, 7: Anserns, L. Feenstra, and A. Stevels

J. Chen

7: Kaneko, J. Mochizuki, and H. Endo

Session ST6-3: Research Trends in Lead-free Soldering 1 EUREKA Project LEADFREE ........................................................................................................... 945

G Grossrnann Development of Environmentally Preferred Plastic Ball Grid Array, PBGA, Components ........................................................................................................................... 946

Lead-Free Soldering-Future Aspects of Toxicity, Energy and Resource Consumption ................... 952 Y Matsuda, A. Woosley, T. Koschrniedel; G Teh, and R. Ibrahim

0. Deubzel; H. Griese, and T. Suga

Session ST8-4-1: EcoDesign and Chemical Engineering (1)

Eco-Design of Water Purification Equipment for Domestic Use ....................................................... 958 K. Mizoguchi and H. Kamikawa

C. Nakaniwa, 2: Yagita, and A. Inaba

K. Tahara and A. Inaba

K. Fuji,, N. Goto, and 7: Usui

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis for Waste Oil in Japan ....................................................................... 962

Development of a Life Cycle Inventory Database for Chemical Products ......................................... 968

A Method to Evaluate Regional Material Flow for Designing Recycling Society ............................. 974

xvii

/Session STS-4-2: EcoDesign and Chemical Engineering (2) I Decomposition Mechanism of Epoxy Resin in Nitric Acid for Recycling ......................................... 980

Plastic Recycling with Supercritical Fluids ........................................................................................ 986 W Dung, M, Kubouchi, S. Yamamoto, H. Sembokuya, K. Arai, and K. Tsuda

I. Okajima and 7: Sako

Session STS-4-3: EcoDesign and Chemical Engineering (3)

A New Program for Integrated Recycle System of Chemical Products ............................................. 991 K. Mizoguchi, Y. Akiya, 7: Ito, J. Kawasaki, I: Hashiguchi, Y Hiruta, M. Nomura, K. Imou, A. Kanai, M. Sato, S. Matsumoto, and K. Kataoku

Y. Naka, A. Aoyama, R. Batres, and A. Shimizu Technological Information Infrastracture for Design and Operation of Recycling Systems .............. 996

Gasification of Organic Waste Materials (OWM) for Power Generation Using Fuel Cell ................................................................................................................................. 1003

Double Coated Adhesive Tape for Recycle Application ................................................................... 1007

Considerations of Process Flexibility in Design of Chemical Processes for Satisfaction of Economic and Environmental Objectives ................................................................ 1012

M. Hamai, M. Kondo, M. Yarnaguchi, G Piao, Y Itaya, and S. Mori

K. lkeda and K. Shibata

J. Petrie and B. Alexander

1 Session ST9-4-1: Advanced Technology for Electronics Packaging: JIEP Session (1) 1 JIEP EcoDesign for Tomorrow (Keynote) .......................................................................................

Development of. Environmentally Friendly Epoxy-Resin Compounds without Toxic Flame Retardants and Their Application to Electronic Parts ............................................................

Trend of Halogen Free Printed Wiring Board Materials ...................................................................

H. Hayashi

K Kiuchi and M. Iji

7: Suziiki

018

020

026

(Session ST9-4-2: Advanced Technology for Electronics Packaging: JIEP Session (2) I Low Distortion Cold Rolled Clad Sheets for Mounting Material .................................................... 1032

High Sensitivity Dry Film Photoresist for Laser Direct Imaging System ........................................ 1036

New Halogen-Free High Elastic Modulus Build-up Material ......................................................... 1040

Ball Semiconductor Process and Material ........................................................................................ 1044

S. Ozuwa, K. Yosida, H. Okamoto, and K. Saijo

?: Uematsu

N. Ogawa, T Horiuchi, A. Tukahushi, 7: Tunabe, 7: Kumakura, and T. Suzuki

M. Yoshida

ISession ST10-3: Low-Temperature Lead-Free Solder I Lead Free Activities of JEITA .......................................................................................................... 1047

JIEP Project for Low-Temperature Lead-Free Solders and its Report on Questionnaire Survey ....................................................................................................................... 1050

N. Ushio

7: Suga and M. Takeuchi

xviii

Sn-Zn Eutectic Alloy Soldering in a Low Oxygen Atmosphere ....................................................... 1055

CSP Mounting Reliability with Sn-Zn-Bi in JIEP Project ................................................................ 1059

Newly Developed Real Time Monitoring System for Ionic Migration of Lead Free

M . Tadauchi, I. Kornatsu, H. Tateishi, and K. Teshirna

Q. Yu, is K i p , M . Takeuchi, K. Toi, and Y Katou

Solder by Means of Quartz Crystal Microbalance ............................................................................ 1064 S. Yoshihara. Y Tanaka, E Ueta, K. Kurnekawa, H. Hirarnatsu, and 7: Shirakashi

ISession STll-3: IMS Proiect on Lead-Free soldering EFSOT I Overview of IMS Project: “Next Generation Environmental Friendly Soldering Technology “EFSOT” ............................................. .......................................................... 1070

K. Serizacva, M . Okarnoto, H. Shirnokawa, A. Upgrading Pb-free Soldering Technology(2) -Flow Sol

M . Miyazaki, S. Nomura, and 7: Takei Environmental Impact Evaluation for the Full Life Cycle of Products Using Pb-Free Solders ................................................................................................................................. 1079

................................. 1076

H . Harnano, is Suga, M . Okamoto, and D. Otrnar

xix

I Poster Session I Green Marketing of Automobile Engine Air-Filter Element Using LCA Study ............................... 1084

The Impact of Literature References in the Field of Applied Ecodesign ......................................... 1089

Current Status of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Power Plant ............................................................... 1095

Incorporating Environmentally Conscious Materials Selection in CAD System ............................. 1098

M. Kang, H. Lee, and N. Lee

C. Boks, A. Stevels, and J. Koster

7: It0 and I: tkeda

N. Shibaike

Y. Yamagiwa, S. Iwata, J. Numata, and I: Namiki Design Process to Achieve Easy Assembly and Disassembly .......................................................... 1 102

Eco-Value as an Indicator for Sustainable Design ............................................................................ 1106 M. Fumikazu, K. Satsuki, I . Naoki, K. Kengo, S. Rei, I: Kenji, W Satoko, U. Risa, E. Katsura, K. Tomohisa, K. Tsuneya, S. Tomoya, S. Takiiya, S. Mie,

H. Kiyotaka, H. Kana, and I: Masashi

K. Shibano, S. Yoshizawa, and I: Ogawa

H. Uchida, 7: Morikawa, H. Iwasaki, and S. Ohga

, S. Masashi, 7: Kenji, 7: Chie, N. Kisuke, N. Akiko, H. Rie, H. Nobuko,

Biodegradable New Charcoal Board Absorbing VOCs as a Building Material ............................... 1 1 10

Thermal Recycling of Used Vegetable Oil in an University Campus .............................................. 1 1 14

The Research into the Method of Developing Efficient Universal Design in Traffic Environment through the Application of Contingent Valuation Method ............. ........................ 1 1 18

124 7: Nishiyama, K. Comyo, and M . Arisawa

Environmental Impact of Energy Distribution Using Hydrogen ......................................................

First Contract under Green Power Certification System .................................................................. H. Uchida, S. Kato, and M. Suga

7: Syoiida 128

Reduction of Dross Formation during Wave Soldering Using Lead-Free Solders ........................... 1 13 1 T Takemoto. k! Joo. S. Mawatari. and U. Kat0

S. Miyatake, H. Watanabe, 7: Sakatsu, Y. Kadota, M. Yamashita, and R.. Kanehara

2. Qiang, 7: Itoh, N. Hosoda, and 7: Suga

Microscopic Observation of Pb-Free Solder Joint Interface ............................................................ 1 137

Foresight of Eco-Design in Chinese Electrical Equipment Manufacturing ...................................... 1 14 1

Author Index ................................................................................................................................... 1145

xx