problems in prenatal development. miscarriage loss of a baby prior to the 20 th week of pregnancy
TRANSCRIPT
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Problems in Prenatal Development
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Miscarriage
• Loss of a baby PRIOR TO the 20th week of pregnancy.
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Stillbirth
Death of a baby AFTER the 20th week of pregnancy.
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Birth Defects
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PKU
• Inability of body to process a common protein.
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Sickle Cell Anemia
• Malformed red blood cells interfere with oxygen supply.
• http://www.webmd.com/video/sickle-cell-miracle
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Tay-Sachs Disease
• Lack of a certain blood chemical makes body unable to process certain fats in the brain and nerve cells.
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Down Syndrome
• Extra chromosome 21 typically results in mental retardation.
• http://www.webmd.com/video/down-syndrome-test
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Causes of Birth Defects
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Environment
• Poor nutrition
• Diseases
• Harmful substances
• Medicines
• Exposure to hazards such as radiation
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Heredity
• Inheritance of two defective recessive genes.
• Inheritance of one defective dominant gene.
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Errors in Chromosomes
• Having too few or too many chromosomes, broken or rearranged chromosomes.
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Interaction of Heredity and Environment
• Inherited genetic predisposition toward a defect coupled with exposure during pregnancy to certain medications, infections, or harmful substances.
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What does a Genetic Counselor Do?
• Uses information from physical exams and medical history to assess a couple’s risk for having a child with certain birth defects.
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Prenatal Tests
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Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
• Mother’s blood is tested to detect abnormal levels of protein AFP
• No known risk
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Ultrasound or sonogram
• Sound waves are used to make a video image of the unborn baby.
• No known risk
• http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?videoid=10055
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Mrs. Cissel’s Grandson
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Baby Cohen
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Amniocentesis
• A small amount of amniotic fluid is removed and tested.
• Some risk to fetus.
• http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?videoid=10055
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Chorionic Villi Sampling
• Samples of tissue from the membrane that encases the fetus are removed and tested.
• Greater risk than amniocentesis
• http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?videoid=10055
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Avoiding Dangers to the Baby
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Alcohol• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
– Incurable condition found in some children of mothers who consumed alcohol during pregnancy
– Wide range of physical and mental disabilities that last a lifetime
– Facial deformity, delayed physical growth, heart defects, & hyperactivity
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• Mental retardation and severe learning problems
• Alcohol interferes with tissue growth and development
• Brain tissue is easily injured by alcohol
• Poor coordination and difficulty controlling behavior
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Other Harmful Drugs• Medicines – both over-the-counter and
prescription• Caffeine – found in some foods and
beverages • Nicotine and other toxic chemicals
found in cigarettes• Illegal drugs and inhalants
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X Rays
• Radiation can cause birth defects
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Hazardous Chemicals and Substances
• Paint• Pesticides used to exterminate bugs• Lead (in water and paint)• Carbon monoxide• Mercury (found in fish, such as swordfish and
shark)• Solvents, paint thinners, and formaldehyde
(used in some workplaces)
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Infections
• Some pose a greater risk than others
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Rubella• Can cause severe birth defects
• First three months most critical– Blindness– Deafness– Heart disease– Mental retardation
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Toxoplasmosis• An infection caused by a parasite• Can cause blindness, hearing loss, & learning
disabilities• Death or long-term mental disabilities• Miscarriage or stillbirth• A pregnant woman should never clean a cat’s
litter box, eat undercooked meat, and should wash hands thoroughly and immediately after touching raw meat.
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Chicken Pox• If an expectant mother gets chicken pox
during the first half of her pregnancy, her baby is at slight risk of getting a condition called “congenital varicella syndrome”– Scarring of the skin, limb defects, eye
problems, and other serious abnormalities, miscarriage
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases• Some can be passed on to the child
during the birth process– Syphilis, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, genital
herpes, AIDS, and Chlamydia– Newborns are treated with a solution that
will kill any gonorrhea germs that could cause blindness
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AIDS• 35 to 65% risk the virus will be passed
on to the baby.
• Attacks the brain
• The infected babies often have seizures and retarded mental development.
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