problem diagnosis - wsu small grains · plant problem diagnosis=crime scene investigation •find a...
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Problem Diagnosis
Rachel Bomberger
WSU Plant Pest Diagnostic Clinic
Wheat Academy December 13th
, 2017
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Course Goals
• Distinguishing Biotic from Abiotic
• Distinguishing Between Similar Diseases
• Diagnostic Resources at WSU
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Diagnostic Language
• Normal/Healthy = what we expect plant to look like
– May be a relative term!
• Chlorotic = yellowing
• Necrotic = dead tissue (brown, black, grey, tan, white)
• Wilted = drooping or limp
• Stunted/Poor Growth = smaller than normal
• Deformed/Distorted = looks ‘distinctly odd’, no
other terms fit the symptom description
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Diagnostic Terms
• Abiotic = damage caused by non-living factor
– referred to as disorder rather than disease
• Biotic = damage caused by a living organism
• Pest = insect or arthropod
• Disease = virus, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and
parasitic plants
• Sign = physical presence of the (biotic) cause
• Symptom = the plants response
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Why is diagnosis based on symptoms difficult?
• Damping off pathogens
• Insects/pest
• Soil issues
• pH issues
• Machinery skips/planting issue
• Carryover
• Fungi (which one?)
• Bacteria (which one?)
• Virus (which one?)
• Residue/drift
• Insects
• Nutrient disorders
• Root compaction
• pH issues
• Soil issues
• Virus
• Foliar pathogens
• Vascular pathogens
• Root pathogens
• Foliar insects
• Girdling insects
• Root insects
• Nematodes
• Herbicides
• Looked at the plant funny
Poor Stand
Leaf Spots
Yellowing
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Symptoms are a reflection of what plant process is
interrupted!
•Whole plant yellowing
• Vascular system interruption
• Root rots
• Not enough resources
• Yellow spots
• Discrete damage to affected
tissue
• Reduction in photosynthetic
tissue
• Stunting
• Vascular system interruption
• Not enough resources
•Deformation
• Plant genetics interrupted
• Physical distortion of affected
tissues
•Necrosis
• Rapid cell death
• Increased severity of
yellowing/chlorosis
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Disease Triangle
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Disease Triangle
Susceptible host
Genetics/Breeding
Age
Virulent pathogen
Genetics
Out-evolving plant defense
Conducive environment
Influences severity and prevalence of disease
*Think Snow Mold!*
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How does environment influence disease?
• Speckled snow mold
• Previously thought to be
winter kill
• Long lived structures in wheat,
turf, wild grasses
• REQUIRES 100 days of snow
cover with unfrozen soil
• Snow insulates plants from the
cold
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Plant Problem Diagnosis=Crime Scene Investigation
• Find a problem
– What is wrong, what are the symptoms?
• Collect evidence
– Is the culprit visible?
– Circumstance
– Physical
– Background info
• Rule out suspects
• Build your case
Tuválkin from Lisboa, Portugal - gff1310 Uploaded by tuvalkin
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Plant Problem Diagnosis=Crime Scene Investigation
Find a problem
What is wrong, what are
the symptoms?
= What is normal and how does
this plant look abnormal
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Plant Problem Diagnosis=Crime Scene Investigation
Collect evidence =
Signs, insects, plant growth stage,
chemical history, weather, soil
characteristics, planting dates, irrigation,
cropping & site history, previous
problems
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Plant Problem Diagnosis=Crime Scene Investigation
Rule out suspects =What do you NOT observe/recover,
what has/has not been done or used.
Build your case = Pieces should fit together
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Pythium and Rhizoctonia
Pythium
• Cool, wet
– Fall through Spring
• Seedling stage
• Winter green-up
• Clay soils
– Take longer to warm up
• Uniform-ish through field
• Low spots
• Poor growth, thin
• Yellowing (N deficient-like)
Rhizoctonia
• Cool, wet
– Fall through Spring
• Seedling stage
• Winter green-up
• Clay soils
– Take longer to warm up
• Often circular, patchy, uneven height
• Green Bridge
• Poor growth, missing
• Yellowing (N deficient & drought-like)
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Mary Burrows, Montana State University, Bugwood.org
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Credit: Tim Paulitz
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Fusarium Dryland Foot Rot and Take-all
Fusarium Dryland Foot Rot
• Warm weather, drought stressed
• Wet, humid may lead to
Fusarium Head Blight
• White heads
– Sooty molds
• Chocolate brown discoloration
under nodes
• Induced drought stress
Take-all
• Prefers alkaline soil
• Stunted
• Few, brittle roots
• White heads
– Sooty molds
• Black shinny leaf sheath
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Credit:Tim Paulitz
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Fusarium Diseases
Fusarium Dryland Foot Rot
• Drought stressed plants
– Summer
– High/exposed spots
• Four species
– Three cause FHB
Fusarium Head Blight
• Irrigation, high humidity
– During head emergence through
harvest
• Corn in rotation/nearby
• During heading
• Scout for premature head
discoloration or odd tan florets
while heads should be green!
• 17 species possible—3 common
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Early Root rots versus Cephlasporium Stripe
Rhizoctonia/Pythium
• Infection both fall and spring
• Acidic maybe?
• Cooler, wetter encouraged
• Symptoms in roots
• Rhizoctonia slowed maturity
(=no whitehead)
• Pythium whiteheads
Cephalosporium Stripe
• Infection occurs in Fall
• Low, wet, acidic soil
• Cool weather
• Symptom Scouting
– Later winter/early spring
=ambiguous leaf symptoms
– Jointing=classic yellow stripe
extending through nodes
• Brown discoloration in node
• Whiteheads
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Jeff Johnston, Montana State University, Bugwood.org
What looks a bit like this?
What could we look for to distinguish?
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Nematodes
Cyst nematode
• Lemon shaped cysts on outside
of roots
• Thin stands
• Fewer tillers
• Poor growing plants
• Roots look bushy
– Distortion of cells
Root Lesion
• Microscopic worm
• Reduced growth
• Often in complex
– Rhizoctonia, Pythium, and
Fusarium
• Roots are browned
– Damaging outside
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DAFF Archive , Bugwood.org
Photo: Hugh Walwork
http://soilquality.org.au/factsheets/cereal-cyst-nematode-south-australia
Jonathan D. Eisenback, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org Jonathan D. Eisenback, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org
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Aluminum vs Root Rots
High Aluminum
• Bright white roots
• Same volume of roots
• Twisted, clubbed, distorted
• Low pH
Root Rot
• Discolored
• Fewer roots
• Damaged roots
• No root hairs
• Cysts
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© CSIRO Plant Industry 2014
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Stem Lesion
Eyespot
• Reduced growth
• Lodging
• Not dead plants!
• Scout after jointing
• Whiteheads
– Sooty head molds
• Infects fall through spring
– Lots of water increases severity
– Seen more severe, early last year!
• Diamond/football shape with
brown and diffuse golden-yellow
Sharp Eyespot
• Rhizoctonia
– Not the same as root rot
• Dark brown diamond/football
shape
– Sharp border, no yellow
• Snow mold weather=sharp
eyespot weather
– May also see wet, matted
appearance of snow mold
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Wheat Doctor / Doctor Trigo by CIMMYT, Int.
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Leaf Spotters
Stagnospora Blotch
• Early Spring
• Lowest leaves
• Irregular ovals or flecks with
yellow halo
• Tiny fruiting bodies
• Can discolor spiklets too
– Looks like bacterial infection too
Septoria Blotch
• Wet, cool weather
• Lowest leaves
• Streaks brown and yellow
• Fruiting bodies in necrotic tissue
• Two consecutive rain days
increases likelihood
Tan Spot
• Oval-ish spots
• brown surrounded by yellows
• No fruiting body on leaves (old straw in
spring has fruiting bodies
• Are you SURE it isn’t physiological leaf
spot?
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Maccheek via wikipedia
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Courtesy S. Wegulo Courtesy S. Wegulo
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Soil-based Viruses
Wheat Soilborne Mosaic
• Soil microorganism
• Patchy in field
– Wet, low areas
• MUST catch leaf symptoms in
late winter/early spring
– After breaking dormancy
Wheat Spindle Streak
• Same soil microorganism
• Uniform-ish in field
– May be worse in wetter areas
• MUST catch leaf symptoms in
late winter/early spring
– After breaking dormancy
• If cool long enough may turn
necrotic
– Looks very close to Stagnospora
and Septoria!
• How could we rule out Septoria?
Barley Yellow Dwarf
• Aphid vector
• Yellow flag leaf
– Or red, or purple, or green, or
brown, or orange
• Short internodes (‘Dwarf’)
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William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org Courtesy G.C. Bergstrom
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Why is the grain discolored?!?
Sooty Head Molds
• Dead tissue vs pathogen
• Not on grain
• Associated with whitehead
causing diseases
• 2015-–rain when harvest should
have happened
Smuts
• Pathogen controlled via
resistance and fungicides
• Common/Stinking=smells like
fish
• Smut on grain
– Bunt balls vary based on smut type
• Common=grain-shaped
– Glumes distorted
• Dwarf=round
• Karnal=only one end bunted
– Glumes not distorted
Black Chaff
• Bacteria!
• Leaf may have glaze like ooze
• Random-ish florets (melanosis=regular)
• Irrigation
• Infrequent/seedborne
• Looks like Stagnospora infection too
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Frost
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Herbicide vs frost
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Burning from nutrient application
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More Diagnostic Resources
• Herbicide Resistance Testing Program
– Completed Submission Form
http://smallgrains.wsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Resistance-
Program-Sample-Submission-Form-2.pdf
– Several hundred seeds, grown out, then tested
– See our Timely Topic:
http://smallgrains.wsu.edu/submit-samples-to-the-wsu-
resistance-testing-program/
• The USDA-ARS Western Regional Small Grain Genotyping
Laboratory
– https://plantpath.wsu.edu/people/faculty/see/see-lab/
– Uses markers to determine the identity of the plants in
question
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Submitting Samples
• Whole plants whenever possible
• Range of symptoms
• Healthy plant too
• As many photos as needed
• Carefully packaged
• Kept cool until delivery (to mail or
in person)
• Delay=decay
• Completely fill out submission form
– Download online:
http://plantpath.wsu.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2016/01/Commercial-
Disease_Pullman_Dec2015.pdf
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WHAT YOU SEE
WHAT I SEE
Borrowed from Clarissa BalbalianMississippi State University Plant Disease&Nematode Diagnostic Clinic
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Thank you!
• Questions?
• Contact me at:
(509)335-0619
(509)335-3292
plantpath.wsu.edu/diagnostics/
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Scenario #1
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Scenario #2
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Scenario #3
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Please turn in survey forms
at end of day