pro an tho cyan id in
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Pro an Tho Cyan Id In
1/12
Proanthocyanidin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See thetalk pagefor
details.WikiProject Natural phenols and polyphenolsmay be able to help recruit anexpert. (May 2011)
Epicatechin(EC), one of the building blocks ofproanthocyanidins
Proanthocyanidins, also known as OPCs (oligomeric proanthocyanidins) or condensedtannins, are a subgroup of theflavonoidclass ofpolyphenols. In essence, they areoligomer
chains offlavanols, such as theflavan-3-olepicatechin.[citation needed]
They were discovered in 1948 byJacques Masquelier, who developed and later patented
techniques for the extraction of proanthocyanidins from pine needles and grape seeds.[citation
needed]
Contents[hide]
1 Structure of proanthocyanidins 2 Distribution in plants 3 Analysis 4 Uses 5 Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
o 5.1 Biological signifianceo 5.2 Health benefitso 5.3 Oxidative depolymerisationo 5.4 Non oxidative chemical depolymerisationo 5.5 Grape seed oil controversy
6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links
[edit] Structure of proanthocyanidins
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Natural_phenols_and_polyphenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Natural_phenols_and_polyphenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Natural_phenols_and_polyphenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-olhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-olhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-olhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Masquelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Masquelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Masquelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Structure_of_proanthocyanidinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Structure_of_proanthocyanidinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Distribution_in_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Distribution_in_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Oligomeric_proanthocyanidinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Oligomeric_proanthocyanidinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Biological_signifiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Biological_signifiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Health_benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Health_benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Oxidative_depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Oxidative_depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Non_oxidative_chemical_depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Non_oxidative_chemical_depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Grape_seed_oil_controversyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Grape_seed_oil_controversyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicatechin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicatechin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicatechin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicatechin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicatechin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicatechin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Grape_seed_oil_controversyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Non_oxidative_chemical_depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Oxidative_depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Health_benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Biological_signifiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Oligomeric_proanthocyanidinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Distribution_in_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#Structure_of_proanthocyanidinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Masquelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-olhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Natural_phenols_and_polyphenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proanthocyanidin -
8/3/2019 Pro an Tho Cyan Id In
2/12
[edit] Distribution in plants
Proanthocyanidins represent a group of condensed flavan-3-ols, such as procyanidins,
prodelphinidins and propelargonidins, that can be found in many plants, most notablyapples,
maritime pinebark, cinnamon,aroniafruit,cocoa beans, grape seed, grape skin (procyanidins
andprodelphinidins),[1]andred winesofVitis vinifera(the common grape). However,
bilberry,cranberry,black currant,green tea,black tea, and other plants also contain these
flavonoids. Cocoa beans contain the highest concentrations.[2]
Proanthocyanidins can also be
isolated fromQuercus petraeaandQ. roburheartwood (wine barreloaks).[3]
Aa oil,
obtained from the fruit of the aa palm (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in numerous procyanidin
oligomers.[4]
Apples contain on average per serving about eight times the amount of proanthocyanidin
found in wine, with some of the highest amounts found in theRed DeliciousandGranny
Smithvarieties.[5]
A patented extract ofmaritime pinebark called Pycnogenol bears 65-75 percent
proanthocyanidins (procyanidins).[6]
Thus a 100 mg serving would contain 65 to 75 mg of
proanthocyanidins (procyanidins).
Proanthocyanidinglycosidescan be isolated fromcocoa liquor.[7]
The seedtestasof field beans (Vicia faba) contain proanthocyanidins[8]
that affect the
digestibilityinpiglets[9]
and could have an inhibitory activity on enzymes.[10]
[edit] Analysis
Condensed tannins can be characterised by a number of techniques including
depolymerisation, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation or small-angle X-ray
scattering.[4]
DMACAis a dye that is particularly useful for localization of proanthocyanidin compounds
in plant histology. The use of the reagent results in blue staining.[11]
It can also be used to
titrate proanthocyanidins.
Total phenols (or antioxidant effect) can be measured using theFolin-Ciocalteu reaction.
Results are typically expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE).
Proanthocyanidins from field beans (Vicia faba)[12]
orbarley[13]
have been estimated using the
vanillin-HCl method, resulting in a red color of the test in the presence of catechin or
proanthcyanidins.
Proanthocyanidins can be titrated using the Procyanidolic Index (also called theBates-Smith
Assay). It is a testing method that measures the change in color when the product is mixed
with certain chemicals. The greater the color changes, the higher the OPCs content is. It must
be noted, however, that the Procyanidolic Index is a relative value that can measure well over
100. Unfortunately, a Procyanidolic Index of 95 was erroneously taken to mean 95% OPC by
some and began appearing on the labels of finished products. All current methods of analysissuggest that the actual OPC content of these products is much lower than 95%.
[14]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodelphinidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodelphinidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodelphinidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_curranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_curranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_curranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_petraeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_petraeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_petraeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_roburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_roburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_roburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_%28wine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_%28wine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_%28wine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_liquorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_liquorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testa_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testa_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testa_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_%28animal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_%28animal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_%28animal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_%28animal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMACA_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMACA_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folin-Ciocalteu_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folin-Ciocalteu_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folin-Ciocalteu_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Charles_Bate-Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Charles_Bate-Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Charles_Bate-Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Charles_Bate-Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folin-Ciocalteu_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMACA_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_%28animal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_%28animal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_fabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testa_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_liquorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_%28wine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_roburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_petraeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_curranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodelphinidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=2 -
8/3/2019 Pro an Tho Cyan Id In
3/12
An improved colorimetric test, called the Porter Assay or butanol-HCl-iron method, is the
most common OPC assay currently in use.[15]
The unit of measurement of the Porter Assay is
the PVU (Porter Value Unit). The Porter Assay is a chemical test to help determine the
potency of procyanidin containing compounds, such as grape seed extract. It is an acid
hydrolysis, which splits larger chain units (dimers and trimers) into single unit monomers and
oxidizes them. This leads to a colour change, which can be measured using aspectrophotometer. The greater the absorbance at a certain wavelength of light, the greater
the potency. Ranges for grape seed extract are from 25 PVU for low grade material to over
300 for premium grape seed extracts.[16]
Gel permeation chromatography(GPC) analysis allows to separate monomers from larger
OPC molecules.
Monomers of proanthocyanidins can be characterized byHPLCanalysis.Condensed tannins
can undergo acid-catalyzed cleavage in the presence of anucleophilelikephloroglucinol
(reaction called phloroglucinolysis),thioglycolic acid(thioglycolysis),benzyl mercaptanor
cysteamine(processes calledthiolysis[17]) leading to the formation of oligomers that can befurther analyzed.
[18]
[edit] Uses
This information attracted the attention of public news media, describing that red wine
consumption is associated with favorable intake of health-promoting flavonoids that correlate
positively withoxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC).
In red wines, total oligomeric proanthocyanidin content, includingflavan-3-ols(catechins),
was substantially higher (177.18 96.06 mg/L) than that in white wines (8.75 4.53 mg/L).A relative high correlation in red wines was found between ORAC values andmalvidin
compounds (r = 0.75, P < 0.10), and proanthocyanidins (r = 0.87, P < 0.05).[19]
In white wines, a significant correlation was found between the trimeric proanthocyanidin
fraction and peroxyl radical scavenging values (r = 0.86, P < 0.10).
A moderate drink (1 drink per day, about 140 mL) of red wine, or white wine, or wine made
from highbushblueberrycorresponded to an intake of 2.04 0.81 mmol of TE (Trolox
equivalents), 0.47 0.15 mmol of TE, and 2.42 0.88 mmol of TE of ORAC/day,
respectively.[19][20]
Proanthocyanidins are the principal vasoactive polyphenols in red wine that are linked to a
reduced risk of coronary heart disease and to lower overall mortality.[21]
Proanthocyanidins
are present at higher concentrations in wines from areas of southwestern France and Sardinia,
which are associated with increased longevity in the population. Earlier studies that attributed
this health benefit toresveratrolwere premature because of the negligible amount of
resveratrol in red wine.
Proanthocyanidins suppress production of a proteinendothelin-1that constricts blood
vessels.[21]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_permeation_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_permeation_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pressure_liquid_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pressure_liquid_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pressure_liquid_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_mercaptanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_mercaptanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_mercaptanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-olhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-olhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-olhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-olhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_mercaptanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pressure_liquid_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_permeation_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-14 -
8/3/2019 Pro an Tho Cyan Id In
4/12
These studies provide data supporting theFrench Paradoxthat hypothesizes that intake of
proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids from regular consumption of red wines prevents
occurrence of a higher disease rate (cardiovascular diseases,diabetes) in French citizens on
high-fat diets.[21]
Proanthocyanidins have antioxidant activity and they play a role in the stabilization ofcollagen and maintenance of elastintwo critical proteins in connective tissue that support
organs, joints, blood vessels, and muscle. Possibly because of their effects on blood vessels,
proanthocyanidins have been reported in double-blind research to reduce the duration of
edema after face-lift surgery from 15.9 to 11.5 days.[citation needed]
In preliminary research,
proanthocyanidins were reported to have anti-mutagenicactivity (i.e., to prevent
chromosomal mutations).[citation needed]
Common antioxidants currently used arevitamin Candvitamin E; however, studies show
that proanthocyanidins antioxidant capabilities are 20 times more powerful than vitamin C
and 50 times more potent thanvitamin E.[22]
Proanthocyanidins found in Frenchmaritime
pinebark and grape seed extract work directly to help strengthen all theblood vesselsandimprove the delivery of oxygen to the cells. Proanthocyanidins also have an affinity for cell
membranes, providing nutritional support to reduce capillary permeability and fragility.[citation
needed]Althoughflavonoidsare widespread in nature, the powerful proanthocyanidin
compound is most abundant and available from the bark of the maritime pine and in grape
seeds, or pips. In addition, the particular proanthocyanidins found in the proprietary extract of
maritime pinebark called Pycnogenol have been shown to optimize the production of nitric
oxide in the artery walls so as to relax them and allow greater blood flow and reduced
pressure.[23]
Additionally, this same preparation, Pycnogenol, has been found to normalize
platelet adhesion (aggregation) so as to facilitate normal blood flow.[24]
[edit] Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
In 1948 Jack Masquelier discovered oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) in the skin of a
peanutby accident. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins are a class offlavonoidcomplexes. OPCs
are found in most plants and thus are a part of the human diet. Especially the skin, seeds and
seed coverings of plants contain large amounts of oligomeric proanthocyanidins. They can be
found in large quantities in grape seed extract and skin, in red grapes, in the red skins of
peanuts, incoconuts, apples (dimericprocyanidin B2), in cocoa, and in the bark ofPinus
pinaster(formerly known as Pinus maritima). It can also be found insea buckthorn oil.[25]
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins can be obtained by the mean ofVaccinium pahalaein vitrocell culture.
[26]
[edit] Biological signifiance
In nature, it is possible that OPCs serve as aplant defense against herbivory.
[edit] Health benefits
Proanthocyanidins have stronganti-oxidantproperties. Foods rich in proanthocyanidins have
highoxygen radical absorbance capacity, which has been linked to numerous health benefitssuch as weight management, cell health, and cardiovascular health.
[27]Scientists continue to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Paradoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Paradoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Paradoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Second_Reference-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Second_Reference-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Second_Reference-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Third_Reference-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Third_Reference-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Third_Reference-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyanidin_B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyanidin_B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyanidin_B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_pinasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_pinasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_pinasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_pinasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_buckthorn_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_buckthorn_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_pahalaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_pahalaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_pahalaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-oxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-oxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-oxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-oxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_pahalaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_buckthorn_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_pinasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_pinasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyanidin_B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Third_Reference-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Second_Reference-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Corder06-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Paradox -
8/3/2019 Pro an Tho Cyan Id In
5/12
research the relevance of proanthocyanidins' strong anti-oxidant properties in vivo for such
applications as cancer prevention and cardiovascular health.[28]
USDA does maintain a
database of proanthocyanidin content and structure for many foods, butdietary supplements
proanthocyanidin content has not been well documented.[29]
In the human body, they might act asantioxidants(free radicalscavengers).[citation needed]
OPCsmay help protect against the effects of internal and environmental stresses such as cigarette
smoking and pollution, as well as supporting normal body metabolic processes. The effects
may include depressing blood fat, emolliating blood vessels, lowering blood pressure,
preventing blood vessel scleroses, dropping blood viscidity and preventingthrombus
formation.[30]
Additionally, studies have shown that OPCs may preventcardiovascular diseasesby
counteracting the negative effects of highcholesterolon theheartandblood vessels.
A Frenchmaritime pinebark extract of OPCs, Pycnogenol, has been shown to improve
microcirculation, retinal edema and visual acuity in the early stages ofdiabeticretinopathy.
[31]Further study has shown that Pycnogenol maintainsantioxidantand anti-
inflammatory properties, selectively binds to collagen and elastin in the body, and aids in the
production of endothelial[32]
nitric oxide. Pycnogenol has also been shown to help normalize
blood glucose (sugar) levels,[33]
and delay sugar absorption.[34]
OPCs are available from fresh grapes, grape juice, andred wine. Although in milligrams per
ounce red wine may contain more OPCs than red grape juice, red grape juice contains more
OPCs per average serving size. An 8-ounce serving of grape juice averages 124 milligrams
OPCs, whereas a 5-ounce serving of red wine averages 91 milligrams.[2][35]
Many other foods
and beverages also contain high amounts of OPCs, but very few come close to the levels
found in red grape seeds and skins (which readily disperse into grape juice when crushed).[2]
[edit] Oxidative depolymerisation
This section is empty.You can help byadding to it.
[edit] Non oxidative chemical depolymerisation
The condensed tannins can nevertheless undergo acid-catalyzed cleavage in the presence of
(an excess of) anucleophile
[36]
likephloroglucinol(reaction called phloroglucinolysis),benzyl mercaptan(reaction calledthiolysis),thioglycolic acid(reaction called thioglycolysis)
orcysteamine. These techniques are generally calleddepolymerisationand give informations
such asaverage degree of polymerisationor percentage of galloylation. These areSN1
reactions, a type of substitution reaction in organic chemistry, involving acarbocation
intermediate under strongly acidic conditions in polarprotic solventslikemethanol. The
reaction leads to the formation of free and derivated monomers that can be further analyzed.
The free monomers correspond to the terminal units of the condensed tannins chains.
In general, reactions are made inmethanol, especially thiolysis, as benzyl mercaptan has a
low solubility in water. They involve a moderate (50 to 90C) heating for a few minutes.
Epimerisationmay happen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-WebMD-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-WebMD-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-WebMD-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-American_Diabetes_Association-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-American_Diabetes_Association-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-American_Diabetes_Association-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Fourth_Reference-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Fourth_Reference-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Fourth_Reference-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_mercaptanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_mercaptanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_degree_of_polymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_degree_of_polymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_degree_of_polymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN1_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN1_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN1_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN1_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protic_solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protic_solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protic_solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protic_solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN1_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN1_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_degree_of_polymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolymerisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_mercaptanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-USDAdb-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Medline_Fourth_Reference-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-American_Diabetes_Association-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-WebMD-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-27 -
8/3/2019 Pro an Tho Cyan Id In
6/12
Phloroglucinolysis can be used for instance for proanthocyanidins characterisation in
wine[37]
or in the grape seed and skin tissues.[38]
Thioglycolysis can be used to study proanthocyanidins[39]
or the oxidation of condensed
tannins.[40]
It is also used forligninquantitation.[41]
Reaction on condensed tannins from
Douglas firbark producesepicatechinandcatechinthioglycolates.[42]
Condensed tannins fromLithocarpus glaberleaves have been analysed through acid-
catalyzed degradation in the presence ofcysteamine.[43]
[edit] Grape seed oil controversy
A number ofgrape seed oilvendors have claimed that grape seed oil is high in OPCs.
However, independent studies have indicated that grape seed oil is actually the grape product
with the lowest concentration of OPCs. This is because OPCs arepolar molecules, which
have very low solubility innonpolarsolventssuch as oils.
[edit] See also
A type proanthocyanidin B type proanthocyanidin Tannin Polyphenol Phenolic compounds in wine Polyphenols in wine
[edit] References
1. ^Souquet, J; Cheynier, Vronique; Brossaud, Franck; Moutounet, Michel (1996)."Polymeric proanthocyanidins from grape skins". Phytochemistry43 (2): 509.
doi:10.1016/0031-9422(96)00301-9.
2. ^abcUSDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods2004
[verification needed][page needed]
3. ^Vivas, N; Nonier, M; Pianet, I; Vivasdegaulejac, N; Fouquet, E (2006)."Proanthocyanidins from Quercus petraea and Q. robur heartwood: quantification and
structures". Comptes Rendus Chimie9: 120.doi:10.1016/j.crci.2005.09.001.
4. ^Pacheco-Palencia LA, Mertens-Talcott S, Talcott ST (Jun 2008). "Chemicalcomposition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enrichedoil from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)".J Agric Food Chem56 (12): 46316.
doi:10.1021/jf800161u.PMID18522407.
5. ^Hammerstone, John F.; Lazarus, Sheryl A.; Schmitz, Harold H. (August 2000)."Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods".The Journal
of nutrition130 (8S Suppl): 2086S92S.PMID10917927. "Figure 5"
6. ^Rohdewald, P (2002). "A review of the French maritime pine bark extract(Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology".
International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics40 (4): 15868.
PMID11996210.
7. ^Hatano, T; Miyatake, H; Natsume, M; Osakabe, N; Takizawa, T; Ito, H; Yoshida, T(2002). "Proanthocyanidin glycosides and related polyphenols from cacao liquor and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Vernhet-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Vernhet-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Vernhet-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Hong-Keun-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Hong-Keun-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Hong-Keun-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithocarpus_glaberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithocarpus_glaberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithocarpus_glaberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Liang-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Liang-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Liang-42http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpolarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpolarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_type_proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_type_proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_type_proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_type_proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_in_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_in_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_in_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_in_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2896%2900301-9http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2896%2900301-9http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2896%2900301-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-2http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/PA/PA.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crci.2005.09.001http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crci.2005.09.001http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crci.2005.09.001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf800161uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf800161uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf800161uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522407http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522407http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522407http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-4http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/8/2086Shttp://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/8/2086Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917927http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917927http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917927http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11996210http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11996210http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11996210http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11996210http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_5-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917927http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/8/2086Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522407http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf800161uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-3http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crci.2005.09.001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/PA/PA.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-USDAdb_1-0http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2896%2900301-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_in_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_in_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_type_proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_type_proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpolarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proanthocyanidin&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Liang-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithocarpus_glaberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Hong-Keun-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-Vernhet-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_note-36 -
8/3/2019 Pro an Tho Cyan Id In
7/12
their antioxidant effects". Phytochemistry59 (7): 74958.doi:10.1016/S0031-
9422(02)00051-1.PMID11909632.
8. ^Qualitative analysis and HPLC isolation and identification of procyanidins fromvicia faba. Rachid Merghem, Maurice Jay, Nathalie Brun and Bernard Voirin,
Phytochemical Analysis, Volume 15, Issue 2, pages 9599, March/April 2004
doi:10.1002/pca.7319. ^The digestibility in piglets of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by breeding
towards the absence of condensed tannins. A. F. B. Van Der Poela, L. M. W.
Dellaerta, A. Van Norela and J. P. F. G. Helspera, British Journal of Nutrition (1992),
Volume 68 - Issue 03, pp:793-800, Cambridge University Press
doi:10.1079/BJN19920134
10.^The polyphenolic content and enzyme inhibitory activity of testas from bean (Viciafaba) and pea (Pisum spp.) varieties. D. Wynne Griffiths, Journal of the Science of
Food and Agriculture, Volume 32, Issue 8, pages 797804, August 1981,
doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740320808
11.^Bogs, J.; Jaffe, F. W.; Takos, A. M.; Walker, A. R.; Robinson, S. P. (2007)."TheGrapevine Transcription Factor VvMYBPA1 Regulates Proanthocyanidin Synthesisduring Fruit Development".Plant Physiology143 (3): 134761.
doi:10.1104/pp.106.093203.PMC1820911.PMID17208963.
12.^Genetics of tannin content and its relationship with flower and testa colours in Viciafaba. A. Cabrera and A. Martin, The Journal of Agricultural Science (1989), Volume
113 - Issue 01, pp:93-98 Cambridge University Press
doi:10.1017/S0021859600084665
13.^A non-destructive screening method for proanthocyanidin-free barley mutants.Henriette Kristensen and Sten Aastrup, Carlsberg Research Communications, Volume
51, Number 7, 509-513doi:10.1007/BF02906893
14.^Grape Seed Extract, White paper, The Grape Seed Method Evaluation Committee,Under the Auspices of NNFA ComPli[unreliable medical source?]
15.^The Truth About OPCs, Debasis Bagchi, Ph.D. on www.activin.com[self-publishedsource?]
16.^Porter Assay on www.omegabiotech.com[unreliable medical source?]17.^Torres, J. L.; Lozano, C. (2001). "Chromatographic characterization of
proanthocyanidins after thiolysis with cysteamine". Chromatographia54 (78): 523.
doi:10.1007/BF02491211.
18.^Jorgensen, Emily M.; Marin, Anna B.; Kennedy, James A. (2004). "Analysis of theOxidative Degradation of Proanthocyanidins under Basic Conditions".Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry52 (8): 22926.doi:10.1021/jf035311i.
PMID15080635.19.^abSnchez-Moreno, Concepcin; Cao, Guohua; Ou, Boxin; Prior, Ronald L.(2003). "Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Content in Selected White and Red
Wines. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Comparison with Nontraditional Wines
Obtained from Highbush Blueberry".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry51
(17): 488996.doi:10.1021/jf030081t.PMID12903941.
20.^":: Blueberries ::". Blueberry.org. Retrieved 2011-05-23.21.^abcCorder, R.; Mullen, W.; Khan, N. Q.; Marks, S. C.; Wood, E. G.; Carrier, M. J.;
Crozier, A. (2006). "Oenology: Red wine procyanidins and vascular health".Nature
444 (7119): 566.doi:10.1038/444566a.PMID17136085.
22.^Shi, John; Yu, Jianmel; Pohorly, Joseph E.; Kakuda, Yukio (2003). "Polyphenolicsin Grape SeedsBiochemistry and Functionality".Journal of Medicinal Food6 (4):2919.doi:10.1089/109662003772519831 .PMID14977436.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2802%2900051-1http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2802%2900051-1http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2802%2900051-1http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2802%2900051-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11909632http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11909632http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11909632http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fpca.731http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fpca.731http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fpca.731http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1079%2FBJN19920134http://dx.doi.org/10.1079%2FBJN19920134http://dx.doi.org/10.1079%2FBJN19920134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740320808http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740320808http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740320808http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-10http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.106.093203http://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.106.093203http://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.106.093203http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208963http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208963http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208963http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021859600084665http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021859600084665http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021859600084665http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02906893http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02906893http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02906893http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-13http://www.activin.com/Testing%20White%20paper__.htmlhttp://www.activin.com/Testing%20White%20paper__.htmlhttp://www.activin.com/Testing%20White%20paper__.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-14http://www.activin.com/learn/truthopc.pdfhttp://www.activin.com/learn/truthopc.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V#SELFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V#SELFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V#SELFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V#SELFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-15http://www.omegabiotech.com/product_analysis_certification.htmhttp://www.omegabiotech.com/product_analysis_certification.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02491211http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02491211http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02491211http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf035311ihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf035311ihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf035311ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080635http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080635http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080635http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf030081thttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf030081thttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf030081thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12903941http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12903941http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12903941http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-19http://www.blueberry.org/antioxidants.htmhttp://www.blueberry.org/antioxidants.htmhttp://www.blueberry.org/antioxidants.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444566ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444566ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444566ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136085http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136085http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136085http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2F109662003772519831http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2F109662003772519831http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2F109662003772519831http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14977436http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14977436http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14977436http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14977436http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2F109662003772519831http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-21http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136085http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F444566ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Corder06_20-0http://www.blueberry.org/antioxidants.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-19http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12903941http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf030081thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080635http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf035311ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02491211http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://www.omegabiotech.com/product_analysis_certification.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V#SELFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V#SELFhttp://www.activin.com/learn/truthopc.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://www.activin.com/Testing%20White%20paper__.htmlhttp://www.activin.com/Testing%20White%20paper__.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02906893http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-12http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021859600084665http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-11http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208963http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.106.093203http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1820911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-10http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740320808http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-9http://dx.doi.org/10.1079%2FBJN19920134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fpca.731http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-7http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11909632http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2802%2900051-1http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2802%2900051-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier -
8/3/2019 Pro an Tho Cyan Id In
8/12
23.^Nishioka, Kenji; Hidaka, Takayuki; Nakamura, Shuji; Umemura, Takashi; Jitsuiki,Daisuke; Soga, Junko; Goto, Chikara; Chayama, Kazuaki et al. (2007). "Pycnogenol,
French Maritime Pine Bark Extract, Augments Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation
in Humans".Hypertension Research30 (9): 77580.doi:10.1291/hypres.30.775.
PMID18037769.
24.^Ptter, M; Grotemeyer, KH; Wrthwein, G; Araghi-Niknam, M; Watson, RR;Hosseini, S; Rohdewald, P (1999). "Inhibition of smoking-induced plateletaggregation by aspirin and pycnogenol". Thrombosis research95 (4): 15561.
doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(99)00030-4.PMID10498385.
25.^Rsch, Daniel; Mgge, Clemens; Fogliano, Vincenzo; Kroh, Lothar W. (2004)."Antioxidant Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins from Sea Buckthorn (Hippopha
rhamnoides) Pomace".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry52 (22): 67128.
doi:10.1021/jf040241g.PMID15506806.
26.^Kandil, F. E.; Song, L.; Pezzuto, J. M.; Marley, K.; Seigler, D. S.; Smith, M. A. L.(2000). "Isolation of oligomeric proanthocyanidins from flavonoid-producing cell
cultures".In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant36 (6): 492.
doi:10.1007/s11627-000-0088-1.27.^Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods 2007.
November 2007.[page needed]
28.^Cos, P; De Bruyne, T; Hermans, N; Apers, S; Berghe, DV; Vlietinck, AJ (2004)."Proanthocyanidins in health care: current and new trends". Current medicinal
chemistry11 (10): 134559.PMID15134524.
29.^USDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods. August2004.
[page needed]
30.^Murphy, Karen J.; Chronopoulos, Andriana K.; Singh, Indu; Francis, Maureen A.;Moriarty, Helen; Pike, Marilyn J.; Turner, Alan H.; Mann, Neil J. et al. (June 2003).
"Dietary flavanols and procyanidin oligomers from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) inhibit
platelet function".The American journal of clinical nutrition77 (6): 146673.
PMID12791625.
31.^Steigerwalt, Robert; Belcaro, Gianni; Cesarone, Maria Rosaria; Di Renzo, Andrea;Grossi, Maria Giovanna; Ricci, Andrea; Dugall, Mark; Cacchio, Marisa et al. (2009).
"Pycnogenol Improves Microcirculation, Retinal Edema, and Visual Acuity in Early
Diabetic Retinopathy".Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics25 (6):
537540.doi:10.1089/jop.2009.0023.PMID19916788.Lay summaryHorphag
Research (December 2, 2009).
32.^"Antioxidant May Help Lower Blood Pressure".33.^Liu, Ximing; Zhou, Ha-Jun; Rohdewald, Peter (2004). "French Maritime Pine Bark
Extract Pycnogenol Dose-Dependently Lowers Glucose in Type 2 Diabetic Patients".Diabetes Care27 (3): 839.doi:10.2337/diacare.27.3.839.
34.^Schfer, Angelika; Hgger, Petra (2007). "Oligomeric procyanidins of Frenchmaritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) effectively inhibit -glucosidase".Diabetes
Research and Clinical Practice77 (1): 416. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.011.
PMID17098323.
35.^Grape Juice Beats Wine in New Antioxidant Tests
[unreliable medical
source?]
36.^Method for Estimation of Proanthocyanidins Based on Their AcidDepolymerization in the Presence of Nucleophiles. Sara Matthews, Isabelle Mila,
Augustin Scalbert, Brigitte Pollet, Catherine Lapierre, Catherine L. M. Herv du
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Second_Reference_22-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Second_Reference_22-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Second_Reference_22-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1291%2Fhypres.30.775http://dx.doi.org/10.1291%2Fhypres.30.775http://dx.doi.org/10.1291%2Fhypres.30.775http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037769http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037769http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037769http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Third_Reference_23-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Third_Reference_23-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Third_Reference_23-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0049-3848%2899%2900030-4http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0049-3848%2899%2900030-4http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0049-3848%2899%2900030-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498385http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498385http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498385http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf040241ghttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf040241ghttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf040241ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15506806http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15506806http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15506806http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11627-000-0088-1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11627-000-0088-1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11627-000-0088-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-26http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/place/12354500/data/orac/orac07.pdfhttp://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/place/12354500/data/orac/orac07.pdfhttp://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/place/12354500/data/orac/orac07.pdfhttp://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/place/12354500/data/orac/orac07.pdfhttp://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/place/12354500/data/orac/orac07.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134524http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134524http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134524http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-28http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/PA/PA.pdfhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/PA/PA.pdfhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/PA/PA.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-29http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12791625http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12791625http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12791625http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12791625http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12791625http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791625http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791625http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791625http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fjop.2009.0023http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fjop.2009.0023http://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fjop.2009.0023http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19916788http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19916788http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19916788http://www.pycnogenol.com/media/media_press_releases.php?action=detail&id=576http://www.pycnogenol.com/media/media_press_releases.php?action=detail&id=576http://www.pycnogenol.com/media/media_press_releases.php?action=detail&id=576http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-WebMD_31-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-WebMD_31-0http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/news/20040220/antioxidant-help-lower-blood-pressurehttp://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/news/20040220/antioxidant-help-lower-blood-pressurehttp://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/news/20040220/antioxidant-help-lower-blood-pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-American_Diabetes_Association_32-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-American_Diabetes_Association_32-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-American_Diabetes_Association_32-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiacare.27.3.839http://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiacare.27.3.839http://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiacare.27.3.839http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Fourth_Reference_33-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Fourth_Reference_33-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Fourth_Reference_33-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diabres.2006.10.011http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diabres.2006.10.011http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diabres.2006.10.011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17098323http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17098323http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17098323http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-mednews_34-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-mednews_34-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-mednews_34-0http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=15553http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_%28medicine%29http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=15553http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-mednews_34-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17098323http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diabres.2006.10.011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-Medline_Fourth_Reference_33-0http://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiacare.27.3.839http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-American_Diabetes_Association_32-0http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/news/20040220/antioxidant-help-lower-blood-pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-WebMD_31-0http://www.pycnogenol.com/media/media_press_releases.php?action=detail&id=576http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19916788http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fjop.2009.0023http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-30http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791625http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12791625http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12791625http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/PA/PA.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-28http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134524http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/place/12354500/data/orac/orac07.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-26http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11627-000-0088-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-25http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15506806http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf040241ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin#cite_ref-24http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498385http: